Iago (ab Idwal) ab Idwal Foel
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Iago (ab Idwal) ab Idwal Foel (908 - 979)

Iago ab Idwal Foel formerly ab Idwal
Born in Kingdom of Gwynedd, Cymrumap
Ancestors ancestors
[spouse(s) unknown]
Descendants descendants
Died at about age 71 in Cymrumap [uncertain]
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Preceded by
Hywel Dda ap Cadell
King of Gwynedd
950 — 979*
Succeeded by
Howel ap Ieuaf

Contents

Biography

908 Birth and Parents

Iago ab Idwal Foel Tywysog Gwynedd was born about 908 in Gwynedd, Cymru. He was the son of Idwal Foel ab Anarawd Brenin Gwynedd, born about 883 in Aberffro, Malltraeth, Ynys Mon, Cymru and Mereddon ferch Cadwr [1]

Iago ab Idwal Foel was the son of Idwal Foel ab Anarawd.[2]

Darrell Wolcott asserts that Iago was nearing age 60 in 974 when he was expelled from his kingdom, suggesting that he was born, say, 915. [3]

Cawley agrees that dating poses difficulties when making Iago a son of Rhodri, but suggestions Iago, to whom Rhodri gave no inheritance, was an illegitimate son born later in life.

Siblings

The following siblings and their children are shown for Iago ab Idwal Foel.

King Idwal Foel left six sons. [4][5]:

  1. Meurig ap Idwal, born 907 Aberffro. Meurig the eldest, being set aside as unworthy[5]
    1. Ionfal[5]
    2. Idwal[5]
  2. Iago ap Idwal, born 908 Gwynedd. Iago
    1. Custinnen
    2. Owain
  3. Ieuaf ap Idwal. born 918, Gwynedd. Iefan, blinded by brother Iago c. 969[5]
    1. Howel (d. 985) (blinded his uncle Meurig after 0972)
    2. Cadwallon (d. 986)[5]>
  4. Idwal ap Idwal, born 919, Gwynedd. Idwal Fychan, killed by his nephew, Howel ap Iefan[5]
  5. Cynan ap Idwal, born 920, Gwynedd. Cynan
  6. Rhodri ap Idwal, born 925, Gwynedd. Rhodri died 967[5]

Marriage

The name of Iago's wife is not known. [6]

942 Flourished

Iago ab Idwal Foel flourished 942-79. [7]

942 Driven out of Gwynedd

Iago was driven out of Gwynedd by Hywal Dda when Idwal Foel died in 942. [7]

Driven out of Gwynedd by Hywel Dda when his father died in 942, he and his brother Ieuaf gained restoration when Hywel died in 950. He defeated Ieuaf in 969, but was imprisoned about 10 years later by Ieuaf's son, Hywel Ddrwg, the Bad, who then became King of Gwynedd. [2]

943 Reign

Iago ab Idwal Voel (fl 943-979), king of Gwynedd, probably succeeded to the throne of North Cymru immediately on the death of his father, Idwal Voel, in 943, as joint ruller with his brother Iemacv. [7]

Iago ab Idwal Voel succeeded jointly with his brother leuav to the sovereignty of North Wales, on the death of Hywel Dda in 948. [8]

948 Battle of Mynydd Carn

And Howel the Good, son of king Cadell, chief and glory of all the Britons, died. And Cadwgan, son of Owain, was killed by the Saxons. And then the action of Carno [9] took place between the sons of Owain, son of Howel, and the sons of Idwal.

950 Restored

Iago and his brother, Ieuaf were restored when Hywel died in 950. [7]

Civil strife followed, ending in Ieuaf's defeat in 969; in 979. [7]

Iago was in turn imprisoned by Ieuaf's son, Hywel ap Ieuaf, who thereupon became king of Gwynedd. [7]

In 950, the year of the death of Howel Dda, a long struggle between the representatives of the royal houses of Gwynedd and Dyved commenced. In that year Iago and Iemacv fought a battle at Carno in Montgomeryshire against the sons of Howel, and two years later they carried the war into the latter's territory by making two raids on Dyved. [7]

To avenge themselves upon the sons of Hywel for the injuries they had received from the father, they invaded South Wales with a powerful army, laying claim to its sovereignty as the eldest branch of the line of Cunedda; and though they met with a spirited opposition on the Carno mountains, they gained a complete victory, and in the year following, they again invaded South Wales, and laid waste the county of Pembroke. [8]

In 952, the sons of Hywel Dda retaliated by laying waste the territory of North Wales as far as the Conwy, but they were again defeated at Llanrwst, and obliged to retreat precipitately, and submit at length to the brothers lago and leuav as sovereigns of all Wales. [8]

Iago and his brother Ieuaf gained restoration when Hywel died in 950. [2]

Iago ab Idwal reigned as King of Gwynedd from 950 to 979 and possibly also Powys. [10]

When his father, King Idwal the Bald, died in combat in 942, his uncle Hywel the Good invaded Gwynedd and seized the throne. On Hywel's death in 950, Iago and his brother Idwal (called "Ieuaf") were able to drive out their cousins at the Battle of Carno and reclaim the kingdom. [10]

Iago ab Idwal was King of Gwynedd jointly with his brother Idwal. [6]

950 Ravage of Dyved

Nine hundred and fifty was the year of Christ, when Iago and Ieuav, sons of Idwal, ravaged Dyved twice; and Dunwallon was slain by their men.

And then Dyvnwal and Rhodri, sons of Howel, died.

952 Devastation of Ceredigion

The Annales Cambriæ record that "Iago et Idwal filii Idwal" laid waste to "Dewet" in 952. The Chronicle of the Princes of Wales records that "Iago and Ieuav, sons of Idwal, ravaged Dyfed twice" in 950. [6]

And then, a year after that, a great slaughter took place been the sons of Idwal and the sons of Howel, in the action of Conwy at Llanrwst. And Hirmawr and Anarawd were killed by the Pagans; they were sons of Gwriad. And after that Ceredigion was devastated by the sons of Idwal. And Edwin, son of Howel the Good, died.[11]

954 Battle on Conwy

In 954 Howels' sons marched as far north as Llanrwst, and a battle was there fought on the banks of the Conwy, and soon after the North Welsh made a return raid into Ceredigion (Cardiganshire) and laid the country waste, but, the 'Gwentian Chronicle' adds, they were driven back, with great slaughter, by the sons of Howel. [7]

954 Victory

In the contests maintained for the sovereignty of Wales between the sons of Hywel Dda and those of Edwal Voel, the former, assembling their forces in South Wales, laid waste the territory of North Wales, as far as the river Conway, on the banks of which they were encountered by the latter at Llanrwst, where, after a sanguinary conflict, the sons of Edwal Voel were victorious, pursuing their enemies into South Wales, and retaliating upon their territories the evils which had been inflicted on their own.[12]

Fighting continued, with the brothers raiding as far south as Dyfed in 952 and their cousins raiding as far north as the Conwy Valley in 954. The southern princes were finally defeated at the Battle of Llanrwst and chased back to Ceredigion. [10]

962 Tribute Refused

In 962, being elated with then- good fortune, the latter refused to pay the tribute claimed by Edgar king of England, who invaded and devastated North Wales, and substituted for the former tribute a yearly payment of three hundred wolves' heads, which was paid by the Welsh princes for three or four years, when those destructive animals were nearly extirpated. [8]

The Gwentian Chronicle records that "King Edgar…went to Gwynedd and causing Iago son of Idwal to come to him, he imposed upon him a tribute of three hundred wolves´ heads yearly" in 962. [6]

963 Danes

Taking advantage of this domestic strife, the Danes, who were at this time established in Ireland and the Isle of Man, made frequent raides upon the coast. Towyn was laid waste by them in 963, and the sons of Herald, Marc and Gotbric (Gotffrid), harried Anglesea, and in 970 brought the whole of the island into subjection. [7]

967 English

About 967 the English laid waste the lands of the sons of Idwal, probably because Iago refused to pay the usual tribute to Edgar. Finally, it is said that the payment was communted for a tribute of three hundred wolves' heads annmaclly, but that this was paid for only three years, because in the fourth year there were no more wolves to be found. In 967 Iago seized Iemacv, deprived him of his sight, and hanged him. [7]

In 967, lago assumed the entire sovereignty, and kept his brother leuav in prison, whom he deprived of sight. [8]

Murders Brother

Wikipedia reports that "having won, the brothers then began to quarrel among themselves. Iago took Ieuaf prisoner in 969. [10]

Boyer also states that in 969, Iago defeated Ieuaf. [2]

Cawley, reporting "The Chronicle of the Princes of Wales" records that "Iago son of Idwal blinded his brother Ieuav son of Idwal, and Ieuav was imprisoned, and after that hanged" in 967. [6]

972 Iago Deposed

Different sources give different dates for the end of Iago's reign:

  • 972. He was deposed in 972: the Chronicle of the Princes of Wales records that "Iago was expelled from his territory, and Howel ruled in consequence of his victory" in 972. The Chronicle of the Princes of Wales records that "Iago was captured, and Howel son of Ieuav had the victory and conquered the territory of Iago" in 978. [6]
  • 974. In 974 Hywel ab Ieuaf managed to expel his uncle, Iago ab Idwal Foel, with whom he had been sharing the rule of Gwynedd. [13] During the late 10th century wars for control of Gwynedd between the sons and grandsons of Idwal Foel, Iago ap Idwal Foel had been expelled from Gwynedd in 974 by his nephew Hywel ap Ieuaf. [3]
  • 978. In 978 Hywel, with English assistance, raided the monastery of Clynnog Fawr. Presumably this, otherwise unaccountable attack, was directed at Iago. [13]
  • 979 Imprisonment. Ten years after 969, when Iago defeated Ieuaf, Iago was imprisoned by Ieuaf's son, Hywel Ddrwg, the Bad, who then became King of Gwynedd. According to the DNB [10:107], Hywel Ddrwg had attended King Edgar of England at Chester in 973, and was probably called "the Bad" because of his willingness to associate with foreigners. Hywel won the battle of Hirbarth in 979. According to DNB he was betrayed by the Saxons and killed in 984." [2] "The following year, Iago was captured. The C-text of the 'Annales Cambriae' says it was by Vikings", but it is likely they were allied with Hywel, who promptly conquered Iago's territories, and Iago is never heard from again. [13]

972 Edgar

In 972 Edgar, after being crowned at Bath, proceeded to Chester, where six underkings swore allegiance to him. Florence of Worcester and William of Malmesbury mention eight kings by name, among them Iago or Jacob, and they relate how Edgar was rowed down the Dee by them, while he himself steered. Iago's name also appears a Jacob, with the names of the other seven kings, as a witness to a very suspicious charter of Canterbury dated at Bath at Whitsuntide 966. [7]

In 972, lago was driven from his country by Hywel the son of leuav, but by the interposition of Edgar, he was restored in 975, and he reigned jointly with his nephew until 978, when he was finally deposed by him. [8]

973 Submission to Edgar

Only Iago can be identified with reasonable confidence among the Welsh who, together with other vassal kings, submitted to Edgar, at Chester, in 973, an event which inspired the legend of Edgar's triumphal passage along the Dee. [7]

According to the DNB (10:107), Hywel Ddrwg had attended King Edgar of England at Chester in 973, and was probably called "the Bad" because of his willingness to associate with foreigners. [2]

Flight to Chester

Wolcott states that when Iago ap Idwal Foel had been expelled from Gwynedd in 974 by his nephew Hywel ap Ieuaf, Iago took his sons, Custinnen and Owain, and fled to Chester. Iago was nearing age 60 and his sons were then about 22 and 14 respectively. [3]

They were received by Leofwine I, Earl of Mercia, to whom Iago gave his oath of fealty, preferring that his sons grow up to fight real enemies rather than their own kin. [3]

If Iago was nearing age 60 in 974, he was born, say, 914. If Custinnen and Owain were 22 and 14, respectively, in 974, Custinnen was born in 952 and Owain in 960.

979 Death

Iago was living in 979. [2]

Iago died in 979. [1]

The date of his death is unknown. Pedigress ascribe to him another son, Cystennin, who founded no family. [7]

980 Custinnen Ravages Llyn and Anglesey

Iago's son, Custennin allied himself with the Viking Guthfrith Haraldsson and in 980 they attacked Mon (Anglesey) and the Llyn peninsula. (Guthfrith had previously ravaged Anglesey in 972). [13]

But in 980 after Iago died, young Custinnen had come of full age for Welsh kingship; he forsook the safety of Mercia and joined up with the viking Godfrey Haroldsson to ravage Llyn and Anglesey. His cousin, Gwynedd king Hywel ap Ieuaf, met the raiders in battle and killed Custinnen. [14]

985 Death

There appears to be no surviving record of Iago's fate.[10]

Cawley suggests a death date for Iago of 985. [6]

Nephew Howell

Iago's brother, Iemacv, he left behind him a son, Howel, who watched his opportunity to avenge his father's wrongs. About the time of Edgar's visit to Chester, Howel succeeded, with Edgar's support, it is stated, in seizing Iago's throne. Iago probably fled to Lleyn, where Howel and his English allies made a raid about 979. The following year Iago was captured by the Danes, who sailed in a fleet to Chester, and laid the city waste. Howel ab Iemacv thus aquired the complete sovereignty of Gwynedd, and Iago is not hear of again. [7]

Hywel won the battle of Hirbarth in 979. According to DNB he was betrayed by the Saxons and killed in 984.[2]

Issue

Cawley: One child

Charles Cawley shows Iago & his wife with one child, Constantine (Custennin).

    1. Custennin Ddu ap Iago or Constantine; killed in battle Hirbarth 979. The Chronicle of the Princes of Wales records that "Constantine son of Iago and Godfrey son of Harold devastated Lleyn and Mona" in 979, but that "Constantine son of Iago was killed by Howel son of Ieuav in the battle called the action of Hirbauth" in the same year[160]. [The Gwentian Chronicle records that "Constantine son of Iago son of Idwal came to Mona accompanied by a host of black Danes" in 978 and "Gotfrid son of Harallt and Constantine went from thence to Lleyn and ravaged the country in the same manner and there…Constantine the Black was slain in the action of Hirbarth"[161].] [6]

Wolcott: Two children

Darrell Wolcott shows Iago with two sons, Custennin and Owain. Wolcott has estimated that Iago was "approaching 60" when he was deposed from Gwynedd in 974, which would place his birth as, say, 915. Wolcott estimated that Iago's sons were aged 22 and 14, respectively in 974, which would give Custennin a birth year of 952 and Owain a birth year of 960. [3]

  1. Custennin, shown by some genealogies as born in 915, but Wolcott estimates birth as 952. Boyer shows as child of Iago; died 980. [2]
  2. Owain, born 960.

Owain is not shown as a son of Iago by Cawley [6] or Murray [13]

Boyer: Three children

Boyer [2] shows three children, Custennin Ddu, d. 980; Owain, and Angharad.

Assuming they had a sister Angharad, place her birth between them, 956. [3]

  1. Custenning, born 952.
  2. Angharad ferch Iago, born 930, Aberffraw Castle, Gwynedd -->revised birth 956 Boyer shows as child of Iago. [2]
  3. Owain ab Iago, born 970, Wales --> revised birth 960 Boyer shows as child of Iago. [2][15]

Ancestors of Malpas Line

Boyer [15] and Wolcott [3]both show Iago as the father of Owain, ancestor of the Malpas line. Cotgreave mentions Iago ab Idwal at the top of his Figure 3, Relationships of Ralph ab Einion. [16]

Research Notes

Disputed Grandparents

In his article on the Malpas family, Wolcott begins with Idwal Foel and takes no stand as to Idwal Foel's ancestry. [3] Other sources, however, disagree.

Iago ab Idwal ap Rhodri

Cawley asserts that Iago was the son of Idwal, an illegitimate son of Rhodri, and not the son of Idwal Foel ap Anarawd ap Rhodri. [6] Cawley cites the Gwentian Chronicle which records that "the Welsh gained their freedom…through the bravery and wisdom of Eidwal the Bald and his brother Elisseu…and Idwal son of Rhodri the Great" in 940." This establishes that Idwal the Bald and Idwal ap Rhodri are two different people. [6]

Wikipedia agrees that Iago ab Idwal [10] was the son of Idwal ap Rhodri.

Iago ab Idwal Foel ab Anarawd ap Rhodri Mawr

Boyer names Iago as "iago ab idwal Foel ab Anarawd ap Rhodri Mawr in his account of the descendants of Rhodri Mawr.[2]

Lewys Dwnn appears to suggest on page 9 of his Heraldic Visitations that Idwal Voel was the son of Anarau / Anarawd and grandson of Rhodri Mawr, rather than a son of Rhodri directly. [17]

Willougby also lists Afandreg dau of Mervyn as the spouse of Idwal Voel and the mother of Iago ap Idwal on p. 205 of [18]

Wikipedia and many sources state Iago was the son of the earlier King Idwal the Bald (Idwal Foel), son of Anarawd ap Rhodri. [10]

Not son of Idwal ap Meurig

Iago is not to be confused with Iago ab Idwal ap Meurig. [10]

  1. Angharad ferch Iago b: in Gwynedd, Cymru [1] Angharad, possible daughter, m. Lluddica ap Tudur Trefor. [2]
  2. Custennin Ddu ab Iago [1], d. 980. [2]
  3. Owain ab Iago Arglwydd Bromfield ac Holt [1] [2]

There are two different women with similar names who should not be confused:

  • Angharad ferch Iago, born at Aberffraw Castle, Gwynedd, daughter of Iago (908-985) ap Idwal (883-942) ap Anarawd (857-915) ap Rhodri Mawr (789-878). An estimated birth date for Angharad would be about 930.
  • Angharad ferch Iago, born at Mongeomeryshire, Wales, daughter of Iago III. (974-1039) ap Idwal (945-976) ap Meurig (907-986) ap Idwal (883-942) ap Anarawd (857-915) ap Rhodri Mawr (789-878). This Angharad is therefore two generations farther away from Rhodri Mawr than the other. This Angharad is currently shown with a birth year of 960, 14 years before the birth of her father. A more reasonable estimated birth year would be 1000.
  • The Angharad whose reasonable birth year is 1000 is currently shown married to Lluddica, born 930. It may be more reasonable that the other Angharad, born 930 is his wife.

Angharad ferch Iago, born 960 was previously shown as the mother of a child born 965, which is biologically imossible, and as the daugther of Iago ab Idwal, born 974, and his wife Afandreg ferch Gweir. also born 974, which is chronologically impossible. Angharad has therefore been de-linked from these parents pending further research.Day-1904 16:33, 27 June 2019 (UTC)

Angharad ferch Iago was born in Gwynedd, Cymru, the daughter of Iago ab Idwal Foel Tywysog Gwynedd b: ABT 0908 in Gwynedd, Cymru. [1] Her son being born 965, her one birth is estimated as 945. This estimate is highly speculative and useful only for placing a person in the correct time period.

She married Lluddica ap Tudur Trefor born in Dinbych, Cymru [1]

Lluddoca was Lord of Chirk, Whittington, Oswestry and Maelor Saesnaeg.[14]

Lluddoca married Angharad verch Howel[19]

Llydock married Angharad, dau of Iago ap Idwall, King of North Wales, AD 1021, [20]

He is said to have married Angharad (daughter of Iago ap Idwal of north Wales). However, Angharad would have been a granddaughter of Idwal Foel, not a daughter of King Iago ap Idwal whose rule began in 1033. [14]

Angharad was the daughter of Iago who was Prince of North Wales from 1021 to 1031. Iago in turn was son of Idwal ab Meurig ab Idwal Voel ab Anarawd, eldest son of Rhrodri Mawr, king of all Wales, whom he succeeded in 913. [21]

Lluddocca, lord of Chirk and Whittington, m. Angharad, d. of Iago, Prince of Gwynedd. [22]

Sources

  1. 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 Sir Arthur E Turner-Thomas, V.C., G.C., K.G.(Wales), K.C.B. Celtic Royal Genealogy Iago ab Idwal Foel Tywysog Gwynedd also Angharad ferch Iago Updated 8 December 1010. Cites Robert Williams, M. A. A Biographical Dictionary of Eminent Welshmen Llandovery: William Rees, MDCCCLII. Accessed 6/27/2019 jhd Updated 21 November 2009. Cites Peter Clement Bartrum, Welsh Genealogies AD 300-140, 8 Vols. Cardiff, 1974, microfiche edition, 1980. Tudur Trefor 1, p. 870. Accessed 6/27/2019 jhd
  2. 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.10 2.11 2.12 2.13 2.14 2.15 Carl Boyer 3rd. Medieval Welsh Ancestors of Certain Americans. By the author: Santa Clarita, California, 2003. Rhodri Mawr. Iago ab Idewal Foel ab Anarawd ap Rhodri Mawr is #8 on page 285.
  3. 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 Darrell Wolcott, Ancient Wales Studies:The Malpas Family in Cheshire. Wolcott's special contribution is review of older genealogies from the perspective of chronological plausibility and to propose revisions when necessary. Accessed 2/21/2019 jhd
  4. Mike Ashley, The Mammoth Book of British Kings and Queens] (Google eBook). Constable & Robinson, June 7, 2012 Idwal Foel (retrieved 2014-05-30, amb)
  5. 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 Jane Williams, A History of Wales: Derived from Authentic Sources. (Google eBook). Longmans, Green, and Company, 1869 - Wales [http://books.google.com/books?id=7AM-AAAAcAAJ&dq=meurig+idwal&source=gbs_navlinks_s pages 151-160 Retrieved 2014-05-30, amb)
  6. 6.00 6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07 6.08 6.09 6.10 Cawley, Charles. Foundation for Medieval Genealogy. Medieval Lands: A Prosopography of Medieval European Noble and Royal Families, Iago Accessed 2/12/2019 jhd
  7. 7.00 7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05 7.06 7.07 7.08 7.09 7.10 7.11 7.12 7.13 Dictionary of Welsh Biography, p. 407-408. Cited by Sir Arthur E Turner-Thomas, V.C., G.C., K.G.(Wales), K.C.B. Celtic Royal Genealogy Iago ab Idwal Foel Tywysog Gwynedd Updated 8 December 1010. Accessed 6/27/2019 jhd
  8. 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 Brut y Tywysogion. Myv. Arch. ii. 495. Cited by Sir Arthur E Turner-Thomas, V.C., G.C., K.G.(Wales), K.C.B. Celtic Royal Genealogy Iago ab Idwal Foel Tywysog Gwynedd Updated 8 December 1010. Accessed 6/27/2019 jhd
  9. Darrell Wolcott. The Battle of Mynydd Carn
  10. 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 10.7 Wikipedia.Iago ab Idwal Citing John Edward Lloyd (1911). A history of Wales: from the earliest times to the Edwardian conquest. Longmans, Green & Co. Accessed November 14, 2017. jhd
  11. Mary Jones Brut y Tywysogion, retrieved 2014-06-09, amb
  12. Samuel Lewis, Institute of Historical Research. 'Denbigh - Denbighshire', A Topographical Dictionary of Wales (1849), pp. 288-304. Accessed: 17 June 2014. amb
  13. 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 Stephen J. Murray. From Dot to Domesday: A History of Britain to the Domesday Book. III. Early Medieval, 410-1066. Dynastic Disputes Accessed 2/12/2019 jhd
  14. 14.0 14.1 14.2 Darrell Wolcott, The Clan of Tudor Trevor. http://www.ancientwalesstudies.org/id55.html Accessed August 26, 2015
  15. 15.0 15.1 Carl Boyer 3rd. Medieval Welsh Ancestors of Certain Americans. By the author: Santa Clarita, California, 2003. Iago is the father of Owain ab Iago, who is #1 on page 246.
  16. Peter Cotgreave The barony of Malpas in the twelfth century. Transactions, Historic Society of Lancashire and Cheshire, 2008, 157.2. pp. 1-32. Figure 3, Relationships of ralph ab Einion given in sixteenth century pedigrees, page 27.
  17. Lewid Dwnn 'Heraldic visitations of Wales and part of the Marches between the years 1586 and 1613, under the authority of Clarencieux and Norroy, two kings at arms; transcribed from the original manuscripts, and edited with numerous explanatory notes ; by Sir Samuel Rush Meyrick ; published for the Welsh Mss. Society. Accessed 2/22/2019 jhd
  18. Hon. Elizabeth Sophia Heathcote Drummond Willoughby Chronicles of the House of Willoughby de Eresby (Google eBook), Removed Afandreg as spouse and mother of his children. amb 08:34, 24 July 2014 (EDT)
  19. Starr, pp. 42 & 46
  20. Landed Gentry
  21. The Tribe of Ednowain Bendew at Downing, (i.e. Tre Ednowain Welsh Journals Online, Archaeologia Cambrensis, Fourth Series No. XXVII July 1876, p. 201; retrieved 2014-06-12, amb
  22. H. F. J. Vaughn. Oswestry, Ancient and Modern, and Its Local Families, pp. 193-224, in Archaeologia Cambrensis. The Journal of the Cambrian Archaeological Association. Vol I, 5th Series, Table, p. 210. London: Pickering and Co, 1884 https://books.google.com/books?id=PtU4AQAAMAAJ&lpg=PA211&ots=_0j1QTangt&dq=madoc%20lloyd%20iorwerth&pg=PA212#v=onepage&q=madoc%20lloyd%20&f=false

Acknowledgements





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