Antoinette Landry (abt. 1618 - aft. 1693)

Born about 1618 in France

Wife of Antoine Bourg — married about 1642 in Port-Royal, Acadie, Nouvelle-France

Descendants

Died after 1693 after about age 75 in Port-Royal, Acadie, Nouvelle-France [uncertain]

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Antoinette Landry is an Acadian. Join: Acadians Project Discuss: ACADIA

Biography

Full Sequence mtDNA Haplogroup H3a1 Earliest Known Ancestor

Antoinette Landry is the declared EKA of an mtDNA tester reporting Hg=H3a1^[1].

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Parentage. Her parentage is much-disputed with no conclusive evidence. One theory proposes Étienne Landry and Catherine Goulet as her parents. A common myth is that Jean Claude Landry (whose name was actually just Jean Claude) and Marie Salle were Antoinette's parents. There is an explanation of this myth here.

Note: Please do not add parents for Antoinette Landry. It is unknown who her parents were, so unless some new records come to light, we should refrain from guessing. Unnamed Father Landry should be kept as Antoinette's father, to connect her to her siblings.
Similarly, while Loudun in Poitou has sometimes been suggested as her place of birth, no supporting sources have been identified.

This profile won Profile of the Week the Fifth week of June 2014.

Antoinette Landry migrated from France to Acadia.

In the first three decades of 1600, French agricultural settlement in Acadia failed to develop. Although the land was very fertile, an essential ingredient was missing: women, and the stability of family life.^[2] French pioneer women like Antoinette Landry, known as the "Mothers of Acadia,"^[3] would reverse these previous failures with their fortitude and ability ”to cook and sew, harvest and hoe, and provide solace and affection of home.”^[2]

Antoinette Landry was born in France around 1618 (although her parents and precise place of origin remain unknown as noted above discussion). Her estimated year of birth is based on her age in the 1671 census.^[4]

By the time she was 14, the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye ceded Acadia to France and settlement attempts were started once more by Razilly and D’Aulnay. Antoinette, her brother René (the elder), and her sister Perrine were among those who made their way to Acadia.^[5]

Around 1642, Antoinette caught the eye of Antoine Bourg.^[6]Antoinette (23) married Antoine Bourg (32) (born about 1609 in France; son of Unknown Bourg) in 1642 in Port-Royal, Acadie, Nouvelle-France.^[5] Her last baby was born when she was 49 years of age! Their children were:^[5]

1. François Bourg (abt. 1643–abt. 1685) .
2. Marie Bourg (1645–1730) .
3. Jean Bourg (abt. 1646–bef. 1698) .
4. Bernard Bourg (abt. 1648–aft. 1717) .
5. Martin Bourg (abt. 1650–aft. 1717) .
6. Jeanne Bourg (abt. 1653–bef. 1704) .
7. Renée Bourg (abt. 1655–bef. 1686) .
8. Huguette Bourg (abt. 1657–bef. 1693) .
9. Jeanne Bourg (abt. 1659–bef. 1724) .
10. Abraham Bourg (1662–aft. 1736) .
11. Marguerite Bourg (abt. 1667–1727)

The family had settled in Port-Royal. In 1671,^[7] 4 arpents^[8] of their land holdings were cultivated. They also had 12 cattle and 8 sheep. Antoinette and her family would likely have lived in a house built of wood, clay, and straw, with a large common space, partitioned sleeping areas, and a loft. The base of the hearth would have projected to the exterior of the house, providing some warmth for the animals.^[9]

The family homestead was probably located 7.7 km east of the Melanson settlement on the north bank of the Dauphin (Annapolis) River.^[10] According to the reports of officials throughout the 1600s,^[2][11][12] the land was very fertile and there was an abundance of fresh food. In 1699, Villebon wrote:

“It is more than 60 years since Port Royal was founded and the work of clearing the land and the marshes began. The latter have, up to the present time, been very productive, yielding each year a quantity of grain, such as corn, wheat, rye, peas and oats, not only for the maintenance of families living there but for sale and transportation to other parts of the country.

Flax and hemp, also, grow extremely well, and some of the settlers of that region use only the linen, made by themselves, for domestic purposes. The wool of the sheep they raise is very good and the clothing worn by the majority of the men and women is made of it.

Port Royal is a little Normandy for apples... [Several] varieties of apple tree are found at Port Royal, and russet pears. There are other varieties of pears, and cherries… There is an abundance of vegetables for food... cabbage, beets, onions, carrots, chives, shallots, turnips, parsnip, and all sorts of salads; they grow perfectly and are not expensive. Fine green peas… beef…. The sheep are very large… suckling pig…. Hens, cocks, capons, pullets, tame geese... eggs, butter.... These are the things which can be obtained from them for food. They are hunters... hare and partridge are very numerous... there are also wild fowl."^[12]

"Much was available: nothing without labour."^[13] Women like Antoinette had several roles:^[14]

"The care of animals was sometimes a joint effort and the care of hens, ducks, and geese was usually left to women. Their tasks also included the provision of three meals a day, with no running water and open fires rather than stoves... the Acadians were particularly fond of thick soup, based on turnips, cabbage, onions and flavoured with pork.... Apart from the provision of meals... and the immediate care of the very young, one of the most important daily tasks for women was the maintenance of a healthy environment for the family. A great deal of work was involved in keeping the clothing and household linens clean, with soap, sometimes imported, but more often made from wood ash, and animal fat. There was the seasonal labour in the garden and kitchens: harvesting fruits and vegetables, preserving food for the winter... weaving, spinning, knitting, sewing and mending had to be done at a time when the daylight hours were stretched only by candles and oil lamps."^[14]

While Antoinette would be solely responsible for the early years of child raising, she would have shared the role with her husband when the children were older.^[14] They both would have overseen their elder children's chores which included caring for their younger siblings as well as working on the farm. Antoinette and Antoine would also have helped the children to acquire a great deal of practical and traditional knowledge.^[15] They also taught them to assert their rights with constituted authority. Around 1687 Gargas, a querulous bureaucrat, who clashed not only with his superiors, but also the settlers,^[14] called one of Antoinette's offspring "one of the most rebellious and independent inhabitants of Acadie... [possessing] more relations than almost anyone else in Port-Royal."^[13][16]

In 1686, at Port Royal, Antoine [sic] LANDRY, aged 80 [sic], was living with her husband, Antoine BOURC [sic], aged 95 [sic], and their daughter, Marguerite, ages 18.^[17]

The Roman Catholic Church would have been an important part of their life:

"The 1686 map shows a large cross, parish church (no. 2), presbytery, enclosed cemetery (no. 4), and a large formal garden with a cross at one corner. Described by Abbé Saint-Valier as "pretty enough and reasonably equipped," the church had a spire topped by a rooster... Parishioners from up and down the river gathered at Port-Royal on Sundays and feast days to hear mass celebrated by Father Petit, assisted by ten or twelve local young men in red gowns and surplices. Petit taught catechism to girls at the church while Pierre Chenet Dubreuil, a forty year old Parisien, gave lessons to boys in the presbytery... In 1685 Saint-Vallier sent a sister of the Congrégation de Notre-Dame to teach Acadian girls and, in 1686, a young supplican priest Abbé Geoffrey... built girls' and boys' schools at his own expense. Saint-Vallier hoped that [the sister's school] would be a gathering place for Acadian women and girls, and that some of them would learn to read and write well enough to assume the duties of schoolmistress."^[11]

The birch bark canoe (acquired from the Mi'kmaq) was an essential mode of transportation for most of the year, as well as snowshoes in winter. Visitor Lamothe Cadillac remarked that both men and women used canoes and "were quite fearless in the water."^[14]

Between 1687 and 1693, Antoinette lost her beloved Antoine. That time period was not only difficult personally, but also politically with the start of King William's War (1689-1697) with France. Antoinette's family would have felt its effects in May 1690 when Sir William Phipps^[18] captured Port-Royal, destroyed the church, plundered the settlement, and forced the inhabitants to swear an oath of allegiance to the English crown. Charles La Tourasse, a former sergeant of the French garrison, was appointed to serve as English commandant and leader of a council to keep the peace and to administer justice.^[19] Phipps left Port-Royal within only 12 days of his arrival. Before the end of the summer, seamen from two ships looted Port-Royal and burned and looted between 28 and 35 homes and habitations including the parish church. There was another raid in 1693.^[11]

Unlike some Acadians, who were convinced to move by the raid and the lure of available land in the newer villages, the Bourgs stayed in Port-Royal through the 1690s. Antoinette had the comfort of her family and her original homestead in her last years. In 1693, 75 year old Antoinette was living at the homestead with her youngest son Abraham and his family. Her son Bernard had a farm nearby. Antoinette died sometime after 1693^[20] at Port-Royal.

As one of the recognized Mothers of Acadia and as matriarch of the Acadian Bourg family, she leaves an important legacy. The Bourg village at the original homestead prospered in Port-Royal. Other descendants eventually moved to Beaubassin (Amherst NS), Mines (Hansport NS), Cobeguit (Truro NS) and Île Saint-Jean (Prince Edward Island).^[21] Antoinette's daughters and granddaughters married into the large^[21] families of LeBlanc, Boudrot, Richard, Comeau, Melanson, Thériot, Daigre, Belliveau, Allain, Breau, Babineau, Aucoin, Dugas, Brun, Guilbeau, Granger, Broussard, and Fougère.^[5]

DNA. The Mothers of Acadia Maternal DNA project is conducting ongoing research to verify their origins. As early as 2010, Stephen White reported Antoinette Landry had an H haplogroup. More results here (two entries) and here (as of May 2021, 15 descendants) have reported an H haplogroup, indicating European origins.

Timeline

b1605 First Nations Peoples occupy the region around the Te'wapskik (Mi'kmaq name for Dauphin/Annapolis River) for thousands of years using it as an overland route^[11]

1605 French found first permanent European settlement in North America, north of St. Augustin Florida, and build the Port-Royal Habitation.^[11]

1613 Virginia English Admiral burns the Port-Royal Habitation, starting a 150 year battle between the French and English in the area. The French continue to maintain a presence^[11]

c1618 Born, Antoinette in France

1629 Scots establish a settlement further upriver near present day Fort Anne^[11]

1632 Treaty Saint-Germain-en-Laye cedes Acadia to France; Razilly brings ~300 elite men^[22]

1636 D'Aulnay brings the first French families to settle permanently^[21][11]

c1642 Marriage to Antoine Bourg

c1643 Birth of son François Bourg

c1645 Birth of daughter Marie Bourg

c1646 Birth of son Jean Bourg

c1649 Birth of son Bernard Bourg

c1650 Birth of son Martin Bourg

c1653 Birth of daughter Jeanne Bourg

1654 British capture Port-Royal; French settlement ceases^[23]

c1655 Birth of daughter Renée Bourg

c1657 Birth of daughter Huguette Bourg

c1659 Birth of daughter Jeanne Bourg

c1662 Birth of son Abraham Bourg

c1667 Birth of daughter Marguerite Bourg

1667-70 Treaty of Breda cedes Acadia to the French; settlement resumes^[24]

1671 Residence, Port-Royal

1678 Residence, Port-Royal

1686 Residence, Port-Royal

1687 War of the League of Augsburg (King William’s War) starts between England and France^[14]

1690 Phipps captures and sacks Port-Royal, coerces inhabitants' oaths of allegiance to English Crown, sets up local Peacekeeping Council and leaves within 12 days.^[18][25][19] Seamen from two ships later loot and burn between 28 and 35 homes/habitations including the parish church.^[11]

1693 Port-Royal raid with looting and burning.^[11]

1693 Residence, Port-Royal

a1693 Died, in Port-Royal, Acadia

Biographie

Au cours des trois premières décennies de 1600, la colonisation agricole française en Acadie tarda à se développer. Bien que la terre était très fertile, un ingrédient essentiel manquait : des femmes et la stabilité de la vie familiale.^[2] Les femmes pionnières françaises comme Antoinette Landry, reconnue comme étant une Mère de l'Acadie "Mothers of Acadia,"^[3] sauraient éviter ces échecs précédents. Leur succès s'explique par leur courage et leur capacité " à cuisiner et à coudre, à travailler la terre et récolter la moisson, et de fournir du réconfort et de l'affection à la maison."^[2]

Antoinette Landry est née en France vers 1618^[4] Ses parents ne sont pas connus. (Voir la section de discussion.) Quand elle avait 14 ans, le traité de Saint-Germain-en-Laye cédait l'Acadie à la France et les tentatives de colonization ont débuté une fois de plus par Razilly et d'Aulnay. Antoinette, son frère René (l'aîné), et sa sœur Perrine ont été parmi ceux qui ont fait leur chemin en Acadie. ^[5]

Vers 1642, Antoinette a attiré l'attention d'Antoine Bourg.^[6] Ils se sont mariés fort possiblement à Port-Royal. Entre 1643 et 1666, Antoinette a donné naissance à 11 enfants : François , Marie , Jean , Bernard , Martin , Jeanne , Renée , Huguette , Jeanne , Abraham , et Marguerite ^[5] Son dernier bébé est né quand elle avait 49 ans!

La famille s'est installée à Port-Royal. En 1671,^[7] 4 arpents^[8] de leurs terres étaient cultivés. Ils avaient également 12 bêtes à cornes et 8 brebis. Antoinette et sa famille auraient probablement vécu dans une maison construite en bois, d'argile et de paille, avec un grand espace commun, zones de couchage cloisonnés, et un grenier. La base du foyer aurait projeté à l'extérieur de la maison, offrant un peu de chaleur pour les animaux.^[9]

La ferme familiale fut probablement située 7,7 km à l'est de l'emplacement des Melansons sur la rive nord de la rivière Dauphin (Annapolis).^[10] Selon les rapports des administrateurs durant le 17ème siècle,^[2][11][12] la terre était très fertile et il y avait une abondance de produits frais. En 1699, Villebon a écrit:

"Cela fait plus de 60 ans que Port Royal a été fondé et que les travaux de défrichement des terres et des marais ont commencé. Ces derniers ont, jusqu'à présent, été très productifs, donnant chaque année une quantité de céréales, telles que le maïs, le blé, le seigle, les pois et l'avoine, non seulement pour l'entretien des familles qui y vivent, mais aussi pour la vente et le transport à d'autres parties du pays.

Le lin et le chanvre poussent aussi extrêmement bien, et certains des colons de cette région n'utilisent que le lin fabriqué par eux-mêmes, à des fins domestiques. La laine des moutons qu'ils élèvent est de très bonne qualité et les vêtements portés par la plupart des hommes et des femmes en sont faits.

Port Royal, c'est un peu la Normandie, pour les pommes ... [Plusieurs] variétés de pommier se trouvent à Port-Royal, et les poires rousses. Il existe d'autres variétés de poires et cerises ... Il y a une abondance de légumes pour se nourrir ... le chou, les betteraves, les oignons, les carottes, la ciboulette, les échalotes, navets, panais, et toutes sortes de salades; ils poussent parfaitement et ne sont pas chers. Petits pois verts ... bœuf ... Les moutons sont très gros ... cochon de lait ... Poules, coqs, chapons, oies apprivoisées poulettes, ... œufs, beurre ... Voilà les choses que l'on peut obtenir d'eux pour se nourrir. Ils sont chasseurs ... lièvre et perdrix sont très nombreux ... il y a aussi des oiseaux sauvages."^[12]

"Beaucoup était disponible: rien sans le travail."^[13] Les femmes comme Antoinette avaient plusieurs rôles:^[14]

"Les soins des animaux était parfois un effort conjoint et le soin des poules, des canards, des oies était généralement laissé aux femmes. Leurs tâches comprenaient également la fourniture de trois repas par jour, sans eau courante et les feux ouverts plutôt que les poêles... les Acadiens étaient particulièrement friands de soupe épaisse, à base de navets, choux, oignons et ajout de porc ... Outre la préparation des repas ... et la prise en charge immédiate des tout-petits, l'une des tâches quotidiennes les plus importantes pour les femmes était le maintien d'un environnement sain pour la famille. Garder les vêtements et le linge de maison propres, avec du savon, parfois importé, mais le plus souvent à base de cendre de bois et de graisse animale, demandait beaucoup de travail. Il y avait le travail saisonnier dans le jardin et les cuisines : récolter les fruits et légumes, conserver les aliments pour l'hiver... le tissage, le filage, le tricot, la couture et le raccommodage devaient se faire à une époque où les heures de clarté n'étaient prolongées que par les bougies et les lampes à huile.."^[14]

Alors qu'Antoinette serait seule responsable des premières années d'éducation des enfants, elle aurait partagé le rôle avec son mari quand les enfants étaient plus âgés.^[14] Ils aurait tous deux surveillé les tâches de leurs enfants plus âgés notamment s'occuper de leurs frères et sœurs plus jeunes ainsi que travailler à la ferme. Antoinette et Antoine auraient également aidé les enfants à acquérir beaucoup de connaissances pratiques et traditionnelles.^[15] Ils leur apprennent aussi à faire valoir leurs droits à l’autorité constituée. Vers 1687 Gargas, un bureaucrate querelleur, qui se heurte non seulement avec ses supérieurs, mais aussi les colons,^[14], qualifia l'un des descendants d' Antoinette "l'un des habitants les plus rebelles et indépendants de l'Acadie ... [possédant] plus de relations que presque quelqu'un d'autre à Port-Royal."^[13][16]

L'Église catholique romaine aurait été une partie importante de leur vie :

"La carte de 1686 montre une grande croix, l'église paroissiale (n°2), le presbytère, le cimetière clos (n°4), et un grand jardin formel avec une croix dans un coin. Décrit par l'abbé de Saint-Valier comme "assez jolie et relativement bien équipé," l'église a un clocher surmonté d'un coq ... Les paroissiens de la région se réunissaient à Port-Royal le dimanche et les jours de fête pour entendre la messe célébrée par le Père Petit, assisté de dix ou douze jeunes hommes de la région en robes rouges et surplis. Petit enseignait le catéchisme aux jeunes filles à l'église tandis que Pierre Chenet Dubreuil, un Parisien de quarante ans, donnait des leçons aux garçons au presbytère ... En 1685, Saint- Vallier envoya une sœur de la Congrégation de Notre-Dame enseigner aux filles acadiennes et, en 1686, un jeune prêtre "supplican" abbé Geoffrey ... fait construire à ses frais des écoles pour les filles et les garçons.. Saint- Vallier espérait que [l’école de la sœur] serait un lieu de rassemblement pour les femmes et les jeunes filles acadiennes, et que certaines d'entre elles d'apprendraient à lire et écrire suffisamment pour assumer les fonctions de maîtresse d'école."^[11]

Le canot d'écorce de bouleau (acquis des Mi'kmaq) était un mode de transport essentiel la majeure partie de l'année, ainsi que des raquettes en hiver. Le visiteur Lamothe Cadillac a fait remarquer que les hommes et les femmes utilisaient des canots et "étaient tout à fait intrépides dans l'eau."^[14]

Entre 1687 et 1693, Antoinette perd son bien-aimé Antoine. Ce période n'était pas seulement difficile personnellement, mais aussi politiquement avec le début de la guerre du roi William (1689-1697) avec la France. La famille d'Antoinette en aurait ressenti les effets en mai 1690 lorsque Sir William Phipps^[18] prise de Port -Royal, détruisit l’église, pilla la colonie, et contraint les habitants à prêter un serment d’allégeance à la couronne d’Angleterre. Charles La Tourasse, un ancien sergent de la garnison française, a été nommé au poste de commandant anglais et chef d'un conseil pour maintenir la paix et administrer la justice.^[19] Phipps a quitté Port-Royal dans les 12 jours suivant son arrivée. Avant la fin de l’été, les marins de deux navires ont pillé Port-Royal et ont incendié entre 28 et 35 maisons et habitations, y compris l'église paroissiale. Il y a eu un autre raid en 1693.^[11]

Contrairement à certains Acadiens, convaincus de déménager en raison du raid et l'attrait des terrains disponibles dans les nouveaux villages, les Bourgs restent à Port-Royal pendant les années 1690. Antoinette a connu le confort de sa famille et de sa ferme d'origine dans ses dernières années. En 1693, Antoinette, 75 ans, vivait à la ferme avec son plus jeune fils Abraham et sa famille. Son fils Bernard avait une ferme à proximité. Antoinette est morte quelque temps après 1693^[20] à Port-Royal.

En tant qu'une des "Mères de l'Acadie" et ancêtre de la famille acadienne Bourg, Antoinette Landry laisse un héritage important. Le village des Bourg, où était situé la ferme d'origine, a prospéré à Port-Royal. D'autres descendants ont finalement déménagé à Beaubassin (Amherst NS), aux Mines (Hansport NS), Cobeguit (Truro NS) et l'île Saint-Jean (Île-du-Prince-Édouard).^[21] Les filles et les petites-filles d'Antoinette marièrent dans les grandes^[21] familles des LeBlanc, Boudrot, Richard, Comeau, Melanson, Thériot, Daigre, Belliveau, Allain, Breau, Babineau, Aucoin, Dugas, Brun, Guilbeau, Granger, Broussard, et Fougère.^[5]

Sources

1. ↑ Savard, Denis, Administrator, Mothers of Acadia mtDNA Project reports mtDNA Test Results (Accessed 30 Nov 2023) EKA: Antoiniette Landry, born 1618. FTDNA Kit: 439995. Haplogroup: H3a1.
2. ↑ ^{2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5} Andrew Hill Clark, Acadia: The Geography of Early Nova Scotia to 1760 (Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press, 1968) pp. 85-6 (1606/7 Lescarbot's description of productive farming and husbandry on the shores of present-day Annapolis Basin; p. 87 (arpent of land); p. 88-89 (role of women in the success of agriculture).
3. ↑ ^{3.0 3.1} According to Lucie LeBlanc Constantino, there is a list of “Mothers of Acadian people” preserved on large yellowed paper in the Maritime Archives (Ministry of the Colonies), in Paris.
4. ↑ ^{4.0 4.1} See text from 1671 Census below. This is also supported by the note correcting her age in the 1686 census, though the source of that note is unclear.
5. ↑ ^{5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6} Stephen A. White, Patrice Gallant, and Hector-J Hébert, Dictionnaire généalogique des familles acadiennes (Moncton, N.-B.: Centre d'études acadiennes, Université de Moncton, 1999) pp. 914, 915, 221, 222
6. ↑ ^{6.0 6.1} Their marriage date is based on the fact that their first child, François, was born around 1643.
7. ↑ ^{7.0 7.1} Charles Trahan's translations adding land holdings to 1671 Census
8. ↑ ^{8.0 8.1} Statistics Canada defines an arpent as 0.845 acres. According to Clark (see reference page 87), "The arpent was a basic French unit of land measurement, both linear and areal, but its size at the time is uncertain. In length, 200 feet may be a rough equivalent for an arpent in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries; it was later standardized to 192 feet. An areal arpent may have been something less than an acre (the usual equivalent was .845 acres) although it has been given the equivalent of as much as an acre and a half in some twentieth century definitions."
9. ↑ ^{9.0 9.1} Jean Daigle, "Un pays qui n’est pas fait," pp.61-77, in Phillip A. Buckner and John G. Reid, The Atlantic Region to Confederation: A History (University of Toronto Press, 1994) p.65 (Native and French relations); p. 70 (seigneury); p. 75 (health); pp. 75-76 (population growth, housing).
10. ↑ ^{10.0 10.1} In 1707, sons Abraham and Bernard were farming there. When Antoinette was widowed she lived with her youngest son Abraham and his family. See map: Au Coeur de l'Acadie, Acadian Settlement on the Annapolis River, 1707 Map, Parks Canada
11. ↑ ^{11.00 11.01 11.02 11.03 11.04 11.05 11.06 11.07 11.08 11.09 11.10 11.11 11.12} Brenda Dunn, A History of Port Royal / Annapolis Royal 1605-1800 (Nimbus Publishing) pp. vii,ix,1-12 (early European settlement); p.13 (1629 Food abundance Scottish settlement); p. 32 (Church and School 1686); pp. 40, 43 (1693 PR raid); pp. 44-45 (1697 Treaty of Ryswick); pp. 52-53 (1702 Queen Anne’s War); pp.61-62 (Blockade of PR); pp. 71-73 (1707 Attack on PR); pp. 82-85 (1710 Siege of PR).
12. ↑ ^{12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3} John Clarence Webster, Acadia at the end of the Seventeenth Century: Letters, Journals, and Memoirs of Joseph Robineau de Villebon, Commandant in Acadia 1690-1700 (Saint John, NB: The New Brunswick Museum, 1934) p. 128 (Port Royal 1699 agricultural produce; clothing wool and linen)
13. ↑ ^{13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3} Naomi E.S. Griffiths, The Contexts of Acadian History 1786-1784 (Montreal: McGill University Press for Center for Acadian Studies Mount Allison University) p. 31 (dispute between Gargas and a Bourg); p. 56 (Diereville); p. 60 (travel, cooking, preserving, farming, husbandry, health).
14. ↑ ^{14.00 14.01 14.02 14.03 14.04 14.05 14.06 14.07 14.08 14.09 14.10} Griffiths, Naomi E.S., From migrant to Acadian : a North-American border people, 1604-1755 (Montreal (Québec), McGill-Queen's University Press, 2005) pp. 143-144(Gargas' clashes with authorities and settlers); pp.147-151 (King William’s War); pp. 176-177 (women's and children's roles); p. 180 (canoe transport); p. 267-268 (oaths of allegiance)
15. ↑ ^{15.0 15.1} Anselme Chiasson, "Traditions and Oral Literature in Acadia," in Jean Daigle (ed.), The Acadians of the Maritimes (Moncton NB: University of Moncton Centre d’études acadiennes, 1982) pp. 477-512. p. 488 (children)
16. ↑ ^{16.0 16.1} I am assuming that the Bourg mentioned by Gargas in his dispute over a canoe was an offspring and not Antoinette's husband Antoine. Antoine died after the 1686 census and would have been close to 80 when Gargas wrote his account of Acadie in 1687-88. Need to follow up reference: "Sojourn of Gargas in Acadie, 1687-8," in William Inglis Morse, Acadiensis Nova, 1:168-9 (London 1935.)
17. ↑ Tim Hebert; Transcription of the 1686 Acadian Census, at Port-Royal, Acadie 1686 Census Transcribed. The original census can be found at Acadian Census microfilm C-2572 of the Library and Archives Canada “Acadie Recensements 1671 – 1752,” Images 15-60;

    at Port Royal: Antoine BOURC 95, Antoine LANDRY 80; child: Marguerite 18. (A note in the records says Antoine was 77 and Antoinette was 68.) In the original 1686 census at Port Royal, Bourg was listed as Bourc and Antoinette Landry was listed as Antoine Landry, but "tte" was handwritten in after Antoine on the original. Also, on the original census, 95 was crossed out and 77 handwritten in. And also, 80 was crossed out and 68 was handwritten in.

18. ↑ ^{18.0 18.1 18.2} C.P.Stacey, “PHIPS, SIR WILLIAM,” in Dictionary of Canadian Biography, vol. 1 (University of Toronto/Université Laval, 2003) accessed November 20, 2013
19. ↑ ^{19.0 19.1 19.2} C.Bruce Fergusson,“LA TOURASSE, CHARLES,” in Dictionary of Canadian Biography, vol. 1 (University of Toronto/Université Laval, 2003) accessed November 20, 2013
20. ↑ ^{20.0 20.1} Based on the fact that she was listed in the 1693 census but not in the 1698 or 1700 census.
21. ↑ ^{21.0 21.1 21.2 21.3 21.4} Geneviève Massignon, Les parlers français d'Acadie, enquête linguistique (Paris: Librairie Klincksieck, 1962) p. 32 first French families in Acadia; p. 49 (Bourg family); pp. 42-68 (size of families)
22. ↑ George MacBeath, Biography – RAZILLY, ISAAC DE – Volume I (1000-1700) – Dictionary of Canadian Biography (Toronto/Université Laval, 2003) accessed November 20
23. ↑ William I. Roberts, 3rd, “SEDGWICK, ROBERT,” in Dictionary of Canadian Biography, vol. 1 (University of Toronto/Université Laval, 2003) accessed November 20, 2013
24. ↑ In collaboration, “MORILLON DU BOURG,” in Dictionary of Canadian Biography, vol. 1, University of Toronto/Université Laval, 2003–, accessed November 20, 2013
25. ↑ Biography of William Phipps

See also:

• 1671 Acadian Census at Port Royal: Antoine BOURC, 62, wife Antoinette LANDRY 53; Children (4 married): Marie 26, Francois 27, Jehan 24, Bernard 22; (not married) Martin 21, Jeanne 18, Renee 16, Huguette 14, Jeanne 12, Abraham 9, Marguerite 4; cattle 12, sheep 8.

• 1678 Acadian Census at Port Royal: Anth(oin)e Bourg & Thoinette Landry / 3 acres; 6 cattle; 1 gun / 1 boy 10-1660 [sic](Abraham); 1 girl 11-1667 (Marguerite).

• 1693 Acadian Census at Port Royal: Anthoinette LANDRY widow (of Anthoine BOURG) 76, Abraham BOURG her son 31, Marie BRUN his wife 35, Jean Baptiste their son 9, Marguerite 7, Claude 5, Pierre 4, Marie 2; 12 cattle, 20 sheep, 8 hogs, 26 arpents, 1 gun.

• Stephen A. White. "Dictionnaire des Acadiens d'Archange Godbout" and "Dictionnaire généalogique de l'ancienne Acadie"