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Red Cloud was a war leader and a chief of the Oglala Lakota. He led a campaign known as Red Cloud's War from 1866–1868, for control of the Powder River Country in northeastern Wyoming and southern Montana.[1]
Maȟpíya Lúta (Red Cloud) [2] was born about 1822 in present-day North Platte, Nebraska near the forks of the Platte River, son of Lone Man, a Brulé Lakota chief and his wife Walks As She Thinks.[3] There are multiple stories regarding the meaning of his name. Some claim he was called Red Cloud because there were crimson clouds in the sky when he was born.[4] Biographer George Hyde suggests that the name came from the appearance of a meteor in the sky in the winter of 1821-22. [5] Red Cloud's father died when he was young and he and his siblings were largely raised by Smoke, an Oglala Lakota chief who was his mother's brother. [5]
According to his "autobiography" (assembled by several people from conversations with Red Cloud from 1893), Red Cloud wanted to excel as a warrior and had his first enemy encounter with the Pawnee at the age of sixteen. [6]
Red Cloud married a woman named Pretty Owl about 1849, at Raw Hide Buttes, Lakota Territory.[7][8] Accounts vary, but Red Cloud and Pretty Owl had several children, including son Jack, and daughters Wears War Bonnet, Tells Him, [6] [9] Comes Back [10] Louise [11] and Charges at Him.
Red Cloud, age 62, appears on the 1890 census of the Pine Ridge Agency with his wife listed as "Mary." [12] In their later years, Red Cloud and Pretty Owl were baptized as Christian and given the names of John and Mary. [13]
Chief Red Cloud died 10 Dec 1909 on the Pine Ridge Reservation and is buried at the Red Cloud Cemetery, Pine Ridge, South Dakota.[14] [15] The New York Times printed an obituary that said in part,
Red Cloud resisted the white expansion into his people's land, refusing to sign several treaties with the U.S. government. In 1866, he left negotiations that were taking place at Fort Laramie in Wyoming. On December 21, 1866, a party of 80 soldiers that was led by Captain William Judd Fetterman, were sent to eliminate their Native American problem. But more than 1,000 Indian warriors were waiting. This became known as the Fetterman massacre.[17][18] By the spring of 1868, General Ulysses S. Grant decided to abandon the forts in the northern part of the Bozeman trail. Even though Red Cloud signed a treaty later that year [19] he resisted government from moving him and his people from their lands.[20] "Red Cloud's War" was the name the US Army gave to a number of conflicts against the United States Army between 1866 and 1868.
At the end of Red Cloud's war he signed the Second Treaty of Fort Laramie.[21] The U.S. promised it would abandon the Bozeman Trail. The U.S. also gave the Lakota Sioux possession of what is now the western half of South Dakota, along with large parts of Wyoming and Montana. Red Cloud agreed to stop fighting and moved onto a reservation in Nebraska known as the Red Cloud Agency. After the war, Red Cloud served his people as a diplomat.[22]
In 1870, Red Cloud visited Washington with other Native American leaders where they met President Grant.[23] In 1875 Red Cloud met with Grant again. Grant offered $25,000 to the Sioux if they would give up their rights to hunt along the Platte River in Dakota Territory. The leaders Red Cloud, Spotted Tail, and Little Wound refused.
Red Cloud's son still wanted to fight for their land and way of life. After Sitting Bull's total defeat of General George Armstrong Custer's Seventh Cavalry in June 1876 whites began an aggressive campaign against Native Americans in the West. But Red Cloud still would not go to war.
In 1878, Red Cloud moved to Pine Ridge Agency. The Indian agent at the Pine Ridge Agency, treated the Indians dreadfully.[citation needed] Red Cloud fought for their rights and he succeeded in having the agent dismissed. Red Cloud continued his work to keep the Indian lands and to maintain the power of traditional Native American leaders.
American Tribes.com - Mary Good Road also known as Pretty Woman also known as Pretty Owl Bad Face Band, Oglala Wife of Red Cloud. It is written that Red Cloud had only one wife, but it was reported by Mrs. James Cook in J. Olson, Red Cloud and the Sioux Problem, that in his younger days that Red Cloud had 5 wives. Although it seems that Pretty Owl would not share her husband with other women, she supposedly said to an old friend, Charles P. Jordan.[citation needed] "When he, Red Cloud was a young man, I was very jealous of him and used to watch him very closely for fear some other woman would win him from me."
Another source claims Chief Red Cloud had two wives and eight children.[citation needed] Extensive additional material previously included in this profile can be found at Extra information from Red Cloud profile
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L > Lakota > Mahpiya Luta l Lakota
Categories: Activists and Reformers | Battle of the Little Bighorn | Lakota
deleted by Sarah Mason
edited by Jillaine Smith
Represent the same individual. Neither last name at birth is accurate. Or if you have a source for either please provide it.
I suspect that Joseph Desmet Lewis was a regular in this area, just as much as Chief Redcloud, the Clark family, and the Lewis family. Even my own ancestor, John Mansker, lived on those islands and during those times, and undoubtedly traded and mingled among them. The traders and settlers of Old Kaskaskia were French, and got along well with the Sioux and other tribes of Indians, and intermarried with them. joseph Desmet Lewis would have been among the first to have Virginian blood, as opposed to French blood.
So it is likely that the Brule Sioux represents those families who intermarried, but who retained the Native American lifestyle as opposed to the European lifestyle.
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Sarah, you could add a section, just above Sources, called Research Notes, and place a discussion of discrepancies there.
This profile also uses a formatting style that is no longer recommended. I'll reach out to the profile manager to made these edits.
https://catalog.archives.gov/id/523664
Photo includes Oglala Sioux taken before 1876. Seated from left to right are Red Dog, Little Wound, Red Cloud, American Horse, and Red Shirt. Standing behind is John Bridgeman, interpreter.