Thomas
Meads
aka Meades, Meade, Mead
Born before in Virginia
Son of Thomas Meads
and Unknown (Unknown) Meades
[spouse(s) unknown]
[children unknown]
Died after
after age 20
[location unknown]
Profile managers:
Patrick Garcia 
[send private message], Heather Brown [send private message], and US Southern Colonies Project WikiTree [send private message]
[send private message], Heather Brown [send private message], and US Southern Colonies Project WikiTree [send private message]Profile last modified
| Created 6 Aug 2010
This page has been accessed 391 times.
The Birth Date is a rough estimate. See the text for details.
| Thomas Meads resided in the Southern Colonies in North America before 1776. Join: US Southern Colonies Project Discuss: southern_colonies |
This profile was previously conflated in part with Thomas Meador. For details, see the Research Notes.
Contents |
Biography
Thomas Meade was probably born about 1638, possibly in Virginia. He was the son of Thomas Meads. The first known record for Thomas names him as the son of Thomas Meade, deceased, on August 6, 1655. The record states he would remain in the custody of William Underwood[1]. He was mentioned again in December of 1655, and in November of 1656, in court cases between William Underwood, his guardian, and George Bryer, the administrator of Thomas Meades' estate[2][3]. He came of age sometime prior to December of 1658 when he sold James Hare 25 acres that he inherited from his father's estate but was yet to be divided[4]. There is no other record known to exist for Thomas after this time. Ann Hobbs, a descendant of his sister Mary Meades Hobbs later owned the whole 700 acres of land.
Research Notes
Additional Source Information
- 1655-12-07, "whereas a court holden the 6th(?) of August last at the house of Mr. George Taylor it was ordered that Mr. Willm Underwood should be guardian to Thomas Meades (the son of Thomas Meads deceased) thi court doth now order thi whole estate belonging unto the said Tho: Meads in the hands of George Brier shall be delivered into the custody on the said Mr Underwood by the said by the said Brir for the use of the said Meads , he to be accountable according to the Act of Assembly[2].
- 1658- 12 -__ , Thomas Meades to James Haire a 25 acres "given unto by my father Thomas Meades, deced and to my bro [missing text] in case that part of the land where the said James Hare is [missing text] my lott at the dividing of the said land. Signed Thomas (his + mark) Meades. Witnesses' first names are missing but last names were Meader, Bryer, and Brownwigg[4]. The clerk recorded the mark of Thomas Meades and it is a mark that has not been seen on any other record.
Disputed Spouse
A previous version of this profile identified his spouse as Sarah. This was based on a conflation of this Thomas with Thomas Meador. Deed records show that Sarah was married to Thomas Meador, son of Ambrose Meador.
Identifying Thomas Meader husband of Sarah is possible through a deed made by Sarah and her second husband Henry Awbrey[5].
- ...Know yee that I Henry Awbrey & Sarah my Wife for a valluable consideration to us paid doe graunt & make over for us & o'r heires all o'r Right tytle Claime & Interest of three hundred acres of land lying in the County of Rapp'a on the North side of the said River of Rapp'a unto Francis Gowre his heirs Exec's Adm's & assignes for ever w'ch Land was formerly the Land of Thomas Medor of Mr. James Williamson as by a Deed of Sale under the hand & seale of the said Williamson mor plainely appearth scituate Lying & adjoyning unto & upon the Land of Thomas Robinson w'ch Land the said Robinson likewise purchased of the above said Ambrose Medor being parte of one thousand acres of land bought of the said Williamson To Have & to Hold the said three hundred acres of Land unto him the said Francis Gowre w'ch the said Gowre is now seated upon & possest withall unto him & his heires for Ever with all Right & Priviledges thereunto belonging... In Witness whereof wee the p'ties abovesaid have hereunto sett o'r hands & seales this fifteenth of Aprill one thousand six hundred & seaventy
- Signed Sealed & DD
- Henry Awbrey
- Sarah [her mark] Awbrey
- in the presents of
- John Awbrey
- Tho: [his mark] Jenkins
- Jno [his mark] Evans
Ambrose Meader made a deed over to his son Thomas Meader August 30, 1658 for 300 acres[6]. On the same day Thomas Meader sold 150 acres of this land to Richard Tomlynson[6]. Two months later, Oct 30, 1658, Thomas sold the other 150 acres to Lambert Lamberson[7]. Lambert Lamberson immediately sold the 150 acres to Robert Sisson[8]. Robert Sisson divided the tract selling 75 acres to John DeYoung in 1659[9] and the other 75 to Jenkin Hall in 1660[10]. Richard Tomlynson sold his 150 acres to Francis Gower in 1661[11]. In 1664 Francis Gower purchased the 75 from John DeYoung and wife Elizabeth[12], then in 1666 he purchased 75 acres from Thomas Colly "being that part thereof that was formerly purchased by Jenkin Hall of Robert Sison"[13]. Thus Francis Gower now owned the 300 acres sold by Thomas Meader in 1658.
Why would Henry and Sarah Awbrey have an interest in this particular 300 acres of land? For someone to have a vested interest in the whole 300 acres, their claim would have to reach back prior to August 30, 1658, as the land was at that time divided in half, with one half being further divided in half[6][7]. It is also of note that the deed only mentions Thomas and Ambrose Meader, James Williamson, who sold the land to Ambrose Meader, and James Robinson an adjoining landowner. It is silent on all of the other men who had owned the land since Thomas Meader sold it, an indication that their prior interest in the land had nothing to do with this transaction. Thomas and Sarah appear to have been married prior to 1658, as in April 1662 Sarah Meader, widow of Thomas Meader, the younger[14], lately dec'd, made deeds of gift to their 3 young children[15]. Sometime after Francis Gower purchased the last 75 acre tract in 1666 and before April of 1670 either Francis Gower or Henry and Sarah Awbrey must have realized that Sarah, as the widow of Thoms Meader, still had an interest in the land. When a married man sold land, it was the normal practice for the wife to relinquish her dower interest so that title would pass free of her potential future claim. If she failed to do so and eventually outlived her husband, she could claim her one-third from whoever owned the land at the time. [16][17][18]. Sarah did not sign the deed from Thomas Meader to Lambert Lamberson[7]. The signature area is missing from the deed to Richard Tomlynson but her name does not appear in what remains of text of the deed[6]. We see from the other deeds involving this land, that it was common practice, at this time in Rappahannock, for wives to join their husbands on the deed. If they did not, they provided a relinquishment of dower to be recorded in court. In fact, the deed recorded right after the Thomas Meader deed to Richard Tomlynson includes a dower relinquishment statement Mary Stewart the wife of Henry Stewart[19]. As the widow of Thomas Meader, Sarah, if she had not relinquished her dower, had a 1/3 interest in the 300 acres now owned by Francis Gower, so it was beneficial for Francis Gower to pay Henry and Sarah Awbrey to get them to relinquish her rights - as now Henry as her new husband, also had an interest in the land. There is no other person other than the widow of Thomas Meader, son of Ambrose, who would have had any established legal right to the whole of the 300 acres.
Also See Thomas Meador Research Revisited
Sources
- ↑ Lancastor County, VA Deeds and Wills Vol 1 page 209. https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:3Q9M-C9PF-HG3R
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Lancastor County, VA Deeds and Wills Vol 1 page 233. https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:3Q9M-C9PF-HLT7
- ↑ Lancastor County, VA Deeds and Wills Vol 1 page 293. https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:3Q9M-C9PF-HGWR
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Rappahannock County, Virginia Deed Book 2 page 53. https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:3QS7-L9P6-367Z
- ↑ Rappahannock County, VA Deeds 1668-1672 Vol 4 page 298-299. image 174. https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:3QS7-89P6-3NX6?i=173
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 August 30 1658 - Ambrose Meader to "my son" Thomas Meader 300 acres "being a part of one thousand acres conveyed unto me Ambrose Meader by Mr James Williamson". Adjoining land recently sold to Thomas Robinson. Thomas Meader of Rappahannock to Richard Tomlynson of Rappahannock. "lately given and granted" [missing text] "Thomas Meader by Ambrose Meader" With part of the page missing only the words "fifty acres" is visible but from later deeds it appears to have been 150 acres. Rappahannock County, VA Deeds 1656-1664 Vol 2 page 45. image 45 https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:3QS7-L9P6-3D14
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 October 30, 1658 Thomas Meader to Lambert Lamberson 150 acres. Rappahannock County, VA Deeds 1656-1664 Vol 2 page 51. image 48 https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:3QS7-L9P6-36SK
- ↑ October 1658 John Sherman, for Lambert Lamberson, to Robert Sisson 150 acres. Rappahannock County, VA Deeds 1656-1664 Vol 2 page 51. image 48 https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:3QS7-L9P6-36SK
- ↑ December 26, 1859 - Robert and Ayme Sisson to John DeYoung "one half part of a parcel of land containing one hundred & fifty acres". While parts are missing the deed recites the chain of title from Ambrose Meader to Thomas Meader for three hundred acres, the deed from Thomas Meader to Lambert Lamberson, who then by his attorney John Sherlock, sold the land to Robert Sisson. Rappahannock County, VA Deeds 1656-1664 Vol 2 page 101-102. image 73 https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:3QS7-L9P6-3D1G .
- ↑ Robert and Amy Sison to Jenkin Hall "seventy five acres being a part of three hundred acres of land sold and conveyed unto me by John Sherlock being true and lawfully attorney for Lambert Lamberson". Rappahannock County, VA Deeds 1656-1664 Vol 2 page 155-156. image. 100 https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:3QS7-L9P6-3DTH
- ↑ December 24, 1661 - Richard Tomlynson to Francis Gower 150 acres "said Tomlynson my heirs or assigns or by from or under the before named Thomas Meader & Ambrose Meader". Richard Tomlynson, Judah Tomlynson. Rappahannock County, VA Deeds 1656-1664 Vol 2 page 228-229. image 136 https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:3QS7-L9P6-3D2F
- ↑ April 9 1664 John and Elizabeth DeYoung to Francis Gower 75 acres. Rappahannock County, VA Deeds 1656-1664 Vol 2 page 410. image 211 https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:3QS7-L9P6-3DND
- ↑ Rappahannock County, VA Deeds 1656-1664 Vol 3 page 196-197 . image 341 https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:3QS7-L9P6-3688
- ↑ The words "the younger" could have been used here to identify which of the two deceased Thomas Meader/Meades she was the widow of. Thomas Meades died circa 1655.
- ↑ Rappahannock County, VA Deeds 1656-1664 Vol 2 page 247-248. image 146 https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:3QS7-L9P6-3DGG?i=145&cat=413447
- ↑ Bob's Genealogy Filing Cabinet Article Dower and curtesy. Section titled Relinquishment of Dower. https://genfiles.com/articles/dower-and-curtesy/
- ↑ “Virginians … some time before 1674, had adopted a system of ‘bargain and sale’ procedure for land transactions. Both bargain-and-sale and fine-and-recovery transactions required the private examination of the wife to ascertain if she agreed to the sale. If a husband sold land without his wife’s agreement, she could, at his death, return to claim a third of the family’s real estate and possess it during her lifetime. Purchasers would be wary of acquiring land if they realized the seller’s widow might return to haunt them for the ‘thirds’ to which she was entitled during her lifetime. To solve this problem, a buyer could require the seller’s wife to renounce her dower rights at the time the land was sold. In order for the sale to be valid, the wife had to renounce her claims and agree that she did so without compulsion. The courts developed a procedure to examine the wife privately (with her husband absent) to verify that she granted her consent to the sale without his compulsion.” A CAVALIER ATTITUDE: AN ESSENTIAL PRIMER ON COLONIAL VIRGINIA GENEALOGY by Jeffrey Thomas Chipman on May 30, 2011, https://tao221.wordpress.com/2011/05/30/a-cavalier-attitude-an-essential-primer-on-colonial-virginia-genealogy/ citing Linda L Sturtz Within Her Power, Propertied Women in Colonial Virginia published by Taylor & Francis2013 p. 45
- ↑ For further reading see The William and Mary Quarterly Vol. 39, No. 1, The Family in Early American History and Culture (Jan., 1982), pp. 114-134 (21 pages) Published by: Omohundro Institute of Early American History and Culture. Free to read at JSTOR; https://www.jstor.org/stable/1923419
- ↑ See the release of Mary Stewart recorded in court right after the deed of Thomas Meader to Richard Tomlynson; Rappahannock County, VA Deeds 1656-1664 Vol 2 page 46. image 45 https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:3QS7-L9P6-3D14
Acknowledgments
- Temp for Gedcom Lynch imported the data for Thomas Meador from Lynch-Tree.ged, 6 Aug 2010 Five other people have also submitted gedcoms for Thomas Meador
- Thank you to Jerry Ferren and Janet Ariciu for publishing your information on-line for easy access by other researchers.
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DNA
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- Comments on Thomas (Meador) Meades Jul 11, 2022.
- Request for overview by someone in Southern Colonies Project Jul 10, 2022.
Rejected matches › Thomas S. Meador (abt.1766-bef.1843) › Thomas (Meador) Meadows Jr. (abt.1711-1776) › Thomas Meador (bef.1633-bef.1662)
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Categories: Pack Name Study | Estimated Birth Date | Virginia Colonists
Renee
I have included our reasoning and the sources, so you all can see why we reached this conclusion. Renee
Identifying Thomas Meader husband of Sarah is possible through a deed made by Sarah and her second husband Henry Awbrey[1].
...Know yee that I Henry Awbrey & Sarah my Wife for a valluable consideration to us paid doe graunt & make over for us & o'r heires all o'r Right tytle Claime & Interest of three hundred acres of land lying in the County of Rapp'a on the North side of the said River of Rapp'a unto Francis Gowre his heirs Exec's Adm's & assignes for ever w'ch Land was formerly the Land of Thomas Medor of Mr. James Williamson as by a Deed of Sale under the hand & seale of the said Williamson mor plainely appearth scituate Lying & adjoyning unto & upon the Land of Thomas Robinson w'ch Land the said Robinson likewise purchased of the above said Ambrose Medor being parte of one thousand acres of land bought of the said Williamson To Have & to Hold the said three hundred acres of Land unto him the said Francis Gowre w'ch the said Gowre is now seated upon & possest withall unto him & his heires for Ever with all Right & Priviledges thereunto belonging... In Witness whereof wee the p'ties abovesaid have hereunto sett o'r hands & seales this fifteenth of Aprill one thousand six hundred & seaventy Signed Sealed & DD Henry Awbrey Sarah [her mark] Awbrey in the presents of John Awbrey Tho: [his mark] Jenkins Jno [his mark] Evans
Ambrose Meader made a deed over to his son Thomas Meader on August 30, 1658, for 300 acres[2]. On the same day, Thomas Meader sold 150 acres of this land to Richard Tomlynson[2]. Two months later, Oct 30, 1658, Thomas sold the other 150 acres to Lambert Lamberson[3]. Lambert Lamberson immediately sold the 150 acres to Robert Sisson[4]. Robert Sisson divided the tract selling 75 acres to John DeYoung in 1659[5] and the other 75 to Jenkin Hall in 1660[6]. Richard Tomlynson sold his 150 acres to Francis Gower in 1661[7]. In 1664 Francis Gower purchased the 75 from John DeYoung and wife Elizabeth[8], then in 1666 he purchased 75 acres from Thomas Colly "being that part thereof that was formerly purchased by Jenkin Hall of Robert Sison"[9]. Thus Francis Gower now owned the 300 acres sold by Thomas Meader in 1658.
Why would Henry and Sarah Awbrey have an interest in this particular 300 acres of land? For someone to have a vested interest in the whole 300 acres, their claim would have to reach back prior to August 30, 1658, as the land was at that time divided in half, with one half being further divided in half[2][3]. It is also of note that the deed only mentions Thomas and Ambrose Meader, James Williamson, who sold the land to Ambrose Meader, and James Robinson an adjoining landowner. It is silent on all of the other men who had owned the land since Thomas Meader sold it, an indication that their prior interest in the land had nothing to do with this transaction. Thomas and Sarah appear to have been already been married in 1658, as in April 1662 Sarah Meader, widow of Thomas Meader, the younger[10], lately dec'd, made deeds of gift to their 3 young children[11]. Sometime after Francis Gower purchased the last 75-acre tract in 1666 and before April of 1670 either Francis Gower or Henry and Sarah Awbrey must have realized that Sarah, as the widow of Thoms Meader, still had an interest in the land. When a married man sold land, it was the normal practice for the wife to relinquish her dower interest so that title would pass free of her potential future claim. If she failed to do so and eventually outlived her husband, she could claim her one-third from whoever owned the land at the time. [12][13][14]. Sarah did not sign the deed from Thomas Meader to Lambert Lamberson[3]. The signature area is missing from the deed to Richard Tomlynson but her name does not appear in what remains of text of the deed[2]. We see from the other deeds involving this land, that it was common practice, at this time in Rappahannock, for wives to join their husbands on the deed. If they did not, they provided a relinquishment of dower to be recorded in court. In fact, the deed recorded right after the Thomas Meader deed to Richard Tomlynson includes a dower relinquishment statement by Mary Stewart the wife of Henry Stewart[15]. As the widow of Thomas Meader, Sarah, if she had not relinquished her dower, had a 1/3 interest in the 300 acres now owned by Francis Gower, so it was beneficial for Francis Gower to pay Henry and Sarah Awbrey to get them to relinquish her rights - as now Henry as her new husband, also had an interest in the land. There is no other person other than the widow of Thomas Meader, son of Ambrose, who would have had an established legal right to the whole of the 300 acres.
↑ Rappahannock County, VA Deeds 1668-1672 Vol 4 page 298-299. image 174. https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:3QS7-89P6-3NX6?i=173 ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 August 30 1658 - Ambrose Meader to "my son" Thomas Meader 300 acres "being a part of one thousand acres conveyed unto me Ambrose Meader by Mr James Williamson". Adjoining land recently sold to Thomas Robinson. Thomas Meader of Rappahannock to Richard Tomlynson of Rappahannock. "lately given and granted" [missing text] "Thomas Meader by Ambrose Meader" With part of the page missing only the words "fifty acres" is visible but from later deeds it appears to have been 150 acres. Rappahannock County, VA Deeds 1656-1664 Vol 2 page 45. image 45 https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:3QS7-L9P6-3D14 ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 October 30, 1658 Thomas Meader to Lambert Lamberson 150 acres. Rappahannock County, VA Deeds 1656-1664 Vol 2 page 51. image 48 https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:3QS7-L9P6-36SK ↑ October 1658 John Sherman, for Lambert Lamberson, to Robert Sisson 150 acres. Rappahannock County, VA Deeds 1656-1664 Vol 2 page 51. image 48 https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:3QS7-L9P6-36SK ↑ December 26, 1859 - Robert and Ayme Sisson to John DeYoung "one half part of a parcel of land containing one hundred & fifty acres". While parts are missing the deed recites the chain of title from Ambrose Meader to Thomas Meader for three hundred acres, the deed from Thomas Meader to Lambert Lamberson, who then by his attorney John Sherlock, sold the land to Robert Sisson. Rappahannock County, VA Deeds 1656-1664 Vol 2 page 101-102. image 73 https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:3QS7-L9P6-3D1G . ↑ Robert and Amy Sison to Jenkin Hall "seventy five acres being a part of three hundred acres of land sold and conveyed unto me by John Sherlock being true and lawfully attorney for Lambert Lamberson". Rappahannock County, VA Deeds 1656-1664 Vol 2 page 155-156. image. 100 https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:3QS7-L9P6-3DTH ↑ December 24, 1661 - Richard Tomlynson to Francis Gower 150 acres "said Tomlynson my heirs or assigns or by from or under the before named Thomas Meader & Ambrose Meader". Richard Tomlynson, Judah Tomlynson. Rappahannock County, VA Deeds 1656-1664 Vol 2 page 228-229. image 136 https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:3QS7-L9P6-3D2F ↑ April 9 1664 John and Elizabeth DeYoung to Francis Gower 75 acres. Rappahannock County, VA Deeds 1656-1664 Vol 2 page 410. image 211 https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:3QS7-L9P6-3DND ↑ Rappahannock County, VA Deeds 1656-1664 Vol 3 page 196-197 . image 341 https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:3QS7-L9P6-3688 ↑ The words "the younger" could have been used here to identify which of the two deceased Thomas Meader/Meades she was the widow of. Thomas Meades died circa 1655. ↑ Rappahannock County, VA Deeds 1656-1664 Vol 2 page 247-248. image 146 https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:3QS7-L9P6-3DGG?i=145&cat=413447 ↑ Bob's Genealogy Filing Cabinet Article Dower and curtesy. Section titled Relinquishment of Dower. https://genfiles.com/articles/dower-and-curtesy/ ↑ “Virginians … some time before 1674, had adopted a system of ‘bargain and sale’ procedure for land transactions. Both bargain-and-sale and fine-and-recovery transactions required the private examination of the wife to ascertain if she agreed to the sale. If a husband sold land without his wife’s agreement, she could, at his death, return to claim a third of the family’s real estate and possess it during her lifetime. Purchasers would be wary of acquiring land if they realized the seller’s widow might return to haunt them for the ‘thirds’ to which she was entitled during her lifetime. To solve this problem, a buyer could require the seller’s wife to renounce her dower rights at the time the land was sold. In order for the sale to be valid, the wife had to renounce her claims and agree that she did so without compulsion. The courts developed a procedure to examine the wife privately (with her husband absent) to verify that she granted her consent to the sale without his compulsion.” A CAVALIER ATTITUDE: AN ESSENTIAL PRIMER ON COLONIAL VIRGINIA GENEALOGY by Jeffrey Thomas Chipman on May 30, 2011, https://tao221.wordpress.com/2011/05/30/a-cavalier-attitude-an-essential-primer-on-colonial-virginia-genealogy/ citing Linda L Sturtz Within Her Power, Propertied Women in Colonial Virginia published by Taylor & Francis2013 p. 45 ↑ For further reading see The William and Mary Quarterly Vol. 39, No. 1, The Family in Early American History and Culture (Jan., 1982), pp. 114-134 (21 pages) Published by: Omohundro Institute of Early American History and Culture. Free to read at JSTOR; https://www.jstor.org/stable/1923419 ↑ See the release of Mary Stewart recorded in court right after the deed of Thomas Meader to Richard Tomlynson; Rappahannock County, VA Deeds 1656-1664 Vol 2 page 46. image 45 https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:3QS7-L9P6-3D14
edited by Ruth (Hundley) Hodges
You can remove me as a profile manager, yet leave me on the trusted list. Out or respect for our ancestors and the need for solid sources/data, I have not made changes because I do not think I am qualified to do so. Thanks!
Scott, I see that Sypniewski-1 has been inactive for 3 years…
Thanks for overseeing this!
Renee Newman
edited by Renee Newman
David
VR, David
https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Space:Thomas_Meador_Research_Revisited
edited by David Martin
As said already, you are doing a great job of providing access to actual records. So far, there is nothing in those records, however, to warrant the major changes you are proposing.
That said, none of them disprove the information provided by Meador. If anything, they simply strengthen the relationships he reported.
There is nothing in any of the records, including in the original copy of the land grand to Thomas Meads (Sr) to suggest that it was "intentionally ambigously-worded" (your description), it was clearly the land inherited by his named son Thomas Meades "Orphan", it was clearly the land inherited by Thomas Meades "Ophan"'s son John and disposed of by him later. The line of descent is therefore, Thomas Meades, Thomas Meades "Orphean", John Meador. No conspiracies on the part of unnamed government officials or other's present living at the time.