Henry Vane (1613 - 1662)

Born Mar 1613 in Essex, England [uncertain]

Ancestors

Husband of Frances (Wray) Vane — married 1 Jul 1640 in St Mary At Lambeth, Lambeth, Surrey, England

Descendants

Died 14 Jun 1662 at age 49 in Tower Hill, London, England

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Henry Vane migrated to New England during the Puritan Great Migration (1621-1640). (See The Great Migration (Series 2), by R. C. Anderson, vol. 7, p. 161) Join: Puritan Great Migration Project Discuss: pgm

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Biography

Henry Vane is Notable.

Henry Vane immigrated to New England between 1621 and 1640 and later departed for England

Origins

Sir Henry Vane (26 March 1613 – 14 June 1662) was the eldest surviving son of Sir Henry Vane the Elder, an ambitious courtier in great favor at the English court of King Charles I.^[1] The son, baptized at Debden, Essex on May 26, 1613,^[2] was often referred to as Harry Vane the Younger to distinguish him from his father, as they were both in Parliament in the 1640s. The father wished to bring up his son for a career at court. Young Harry was sent to Westminster School and then to Magdalen Hall at Oxford; in 1631 his father sent him to Vienna as an assistant to the English ambassador.^{[3] [4]}

However, at about age 15, while he was still at school, the young Harry Vane developed the radical puritan convictions that would guide his life thenceforth, and which put him at odds with the program of King Charles, who was attempting to shift the Anglican church in a direction the puritans considered "papist". Harry Vane refused to kneel for the sacrament, refused to take the oath of allegiance and supremacy at Oxford (thus foregoing a degree).^[5]

Massachusetts Bay

Seeing no career for himself in Charles I's court, Harry Vane decided to remove to the puritan commonwealth of Massachusetts Bay Colony in New England, and the king graciously gave him leave to go for three years. He arrived on the ship Abigail 6 October 1635, and was welcomed as a "noble gentleman" by prior governor John Winthrop.^[6] Harry Vane was immediately (1 November) admitted a member of the church of Boston.

Harry Vane so impressed the people of Boston by reconciling former governors Winthrop and Dudley and proposing a committee for arbitration in lawsuits that on 25 May (3rd month) 1636, only 2 months after being made a freeman (as Henry Vane Esq)^[7] and at the age of 23 years, he was elected governor of the colony. His administration would be called "disastrous".^[4] "It was, indeed, unfortunate for his reputation that he accepted the appointment."^[8] Yet, ". . . the greatest mistake was that made by the colonists themselves, when, out of deference to birth and rank, they set a young and inexperienced stranger to deal with problems which tasked the wisdom of their ablest heads."^[3]

Two great crises beset the Massachusetts Bay Colony in that year, with which Governor Vane did not cope well - and the second he dangerously exacerbated. One was the Pequot War against a warlike tribe of Indians. The second was the Antinomian Controversy centered around the activities of Anne Hutchinson, which cleft the entire colony into disputatious factions, splitting hairs about such distinctions as "justification" and "sanctification",^[3] "by occasion whereof no man could tell . . . where any difference was."^[9] "Let it suffice to say, that she spoke slightingly of outward shows of sanctity and laid stress on certain inward spiritual experiences as evidence of the right standing of the soul before God."^[10] Governor Vane took the side of Mrs Hutchinson, along with her brother-in-law Rev John Wheelwright and their church in Boston. Most of the rest of the colony opposed them.[9]

So much damage was done by this dispute that, when a force was ordered to take the field against the Pequots, the Boston men, a most important part of the contingent, refused to go, because they suspected the chaplain to be under a 'covenant of works.'"^[11] When he found himself at a disadvantage, Governor Vane asked to be allowed to leave his post and return to England, which request his church denied him, but this incident damaged his reputation. His friend Hugh Peter rebuked him: "that before he came, within less than two years since, the churches were at peace . . ."[10] At the next election, John Winthrop was returned again as governor, and soon afterward Wheelwright and Hutchinson were both exiled, along with their followers, while an ordinance forbid persons with non-conforming views to reside in the colony. Harry Vane issued a strong rebuke to this intolerance: "such (as are religious) shall be blessings wheresoever they come. . . . Such as are confirmed in any way of error are not to be denied cohabitation, but are to be pitied and reformed."^[12]

On 3 August 1637, Harry Vane took ship to return to England.^[3]

This brief time in New England gave Harry Vane an education in government and practical politics that he would soon put to good use. It also gave him the conviction that a puritan minister could be as much an enemy to freedom of conscience as any archbishop, and henceforth he was a champion of religious toleration - a position already held by his friend Roger Williams, who was sent into exile by Massachusetts almost at the same time as his own arrival there. Later, he assisted Williams to obtain a charter for his colony in Rhode Island.^[13] The two remained friends, and Vane hosted Williams twice when he traveled to England.

Marriage and Children

Harry Vane's stay in New England had done him no harm at the English court. In January 1639, the senior Sir Henry, now Secretary of State, obtained for him the lucrative post of joint-treasurer of the navy.^[3] On 23 June 1640, he was knighted by King Charles.^[14] And on 1 July 1640 at St Mary at Lambeth, Surrey,^[2]he married Frances Wray, daughter of Sir Christopher Wray. ^{[15][16] [17]} Sir Henry and Frances probably had seven sons and seven daughters, about every year of their marriage, many of whom died young without issue. According to R C Anderson,^[7] these were:

Frances - b. abt 1641, m. by license Edward Kekewich 6 Oct 1664, bur. 4 June 1683.

Henry - b. abt 1642, bur. 25 Nov 1660.

Edward - b. abt 1643, d. 17 Feb 1648/9.

Albinia - b. abt 1644, m. by license John Forth 17 April 1668

Cecil - b. abt 1646, d. 9 March 1646/7

Cecil - b. abt 1647, d. 30 March 1647

Dorothy - bp. 10 Feb 1647/8, m. by license Thomas Crisp 28 Aug 1677

Anne - b. abt 1650, bur. 26 April 1669

Margaret - b. abt 1651, m. by license James Tilley 14 Oct 1680, bur. 11 April 1682

Thomas - b. abt 1652, m. Frances Liddell 20 May 1675, d. 25 June 1675

Christopher - b. 21 May 1653, m. Elizabeth Hollis 9 May 1676

Elizabeth - b. 5 July 1654, bur. 6 February 1654/5

Ralph - b. 4 Dec 1655, bur. 19 April 1656

Katherine - bp. 11 Nov 1657, d. 14 March 1678, unmarried

Long Parliament

For eleven years, since 1629, King Charles I, clinging to the doctrine of the divine right of kings, had ruled without calling Parliament. In 1640, desperate for money following unnecessary, disastrous wars with Scotland, he was finally forced to call elections. In November, Sir Henry Vane the Younger was elected MP for Kingston upon Hull, beginning his true career as a champion of Parliament.

Sir Henry Vane the younger was zealous for religious reform, and he made his first great speech in Parliament for the "Root and Branch" bill abolishing episcopacy.^[18] He pointed out that the recent disastrous Bishops Wars against Scotland were due to their interference. However, episcopacy was not in fact abolished until October 1646.^[19]

Parliament acted more decisively in the case of Thomas Wentworth, newly raised to be Earl of Strafford, King Charles' primary advisor in military affairs. Within a week of its first meeting, the House, led by its leader John Pym, indicted first Strafford for treason. Strafford was brought to trial on 22 March 1641 in the House of Lords, but Pym's difficulty soon appeared, for he had no real case to support such a charge. At that point, he revealed the contents of a paper that young Sir Henry Vane had found in a cabinet of his father's, notes from a secret meeting of the king's council, in which Strafford, then Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, supposedly told the king: "In this case of extreme necessity and for the safety of your kingdom, you are loose and absolved from all rules of government. . . . You have an army in Ireland; you may employ it to reduce this Kingdom."^[20]

It is not clear whether young Sir Henry Vane had betrayed his father's confidence, or if the two Vanes had conspired to pretend it was so; Strafford was a longtime enemy of the elder Sir Henry. The younger Sir Henry declared piously that "(His regard for) the common parent, his country, had provoked him to trespass against his natural father."^[21] In revenge for Strafford's death, the king deprived both Vanes of their government posts, but Parliament restored them in August 1642, as open hostilities broke out between Parliament and king.^{[4] [3]} Belatedly, the elder Sir Henry, with no alternative, also joined the party opposed to the king.

Civil War

With the outbreak of war, the members of Parliament found that they had to take on the functions of executive as well as legislature - and this while short-handed, as many members had joined the king and others were absent in the field as military commanders. To run the war, a Committee of Safety was formed in June 1642 ^[4] with the younger Sir Henry Vane a member, speaking for the "war party" opposed to negotiations with King Charles,^[3] which were doomed at any rate to failure, as the king's forces were then successful in the field, giving him good hope of total victory by force of arms.

In 1643, the leadership of Parliament sought allies in Scotland, sending Sir Henry Vane at the head of a delegation which negotiated a treaty with the Scots - the Solemn League and Covenant - including a pledge to reform the English church along the lines of the Presbyterian church in Scotland. While Vane favored church reform, he was opposed to the Presbyterian form with its "oppressing uniformity", so it has been claimed that he re-wrote the agreement in ambiguous language - "according to the Word of God" - to justify his intended default.^{[22] [23] [3]} The agreement earned Vane a reputation for slyness and deceit, while it bought England an army of twenty thousand men.

With this agreement, the Committee of Safety was replaced in February 1644 by a Committee of Both Kingdoms, taking another step closer to constituting Parliament as a working government. With the death of Pym in December 1643, Sir Henry Vane took over his leadership role. "He was that within the House that Cromwell was without."^[24]

Although Parliament's fortunes on the battlefield improved in 1644, the Solemn League and Covenant was not an unqualified success, as Vane and his faction, now called Independents,^[25] began to press for both republicanism - a government without a king - and religious toleration. (The moderates favoring a uniform national church and a constitutional monarch, were now being called Presbyterians.^[26]) In September, the Scots Commissioner Robert Baillie complained bitterly that "The great shot of Cromwell and Vane is to have a liberty of all religions, without any exceptions." "Our greatest friends, Sir Henry Vane and (St John), are the great procurers in all this; and that without any regard to us, who have saved their nation, and brought these two persons to the height of the power they enjoy, and use to our prejudice."^[27]

Unable to completely rely on the Scots, the solution devised by General Oliver Cromwell and the Independents was to new-model the army, which led to the removal of the moderate noblemen who had been the military commanders.^[4] The means was the Self-Denying Ordinance of December 1644, forbidding members of Parliament to hold other commands or offices during the course of the war.^[28] [Fairfax-235|Sir Thomas Fairfax]] was appointed Lord General of the entire army, with Oliver Cromwell second in command - it having been decided that the Self-Denying Ordinance did not apply to him.^[29] This was the birth of the New Model Army which, as Winston Churchill memorably declared, "beat the lot."^[30] The Battle of Naseby in June 1645 effectively ended the civil war - for the moment.^[4]

Second Civil War

Those who hoped for peace after King Charles surrendered to the Scots in 1646 were doomed to disappointment. Presbyterians in Parliament continued making attempts to negotiate with the king, who continued to refuse any concessions. Then Charles escaped captivity, and on 26 December 1647 he made a deal with the credulous Scots, which he certainly never meant to honor, assuming that "everybody would submit to what His Majesty should think fit to be done."^[31] Thus began the second civil war.

It was a brief affair, ended when Cromwell's Army defeated the Scots at the Battle of Preston in August 1648.^[4] But Sir Henry Vane found himself in an unusual position. All his life he had been among the most radical. But the Army had adopted a wide variety of positions far more radical than his: Levellers and Fifth Monarchists who denounced Vane as an oppressor of the people.^[4] He was caught between the extremes, sometimes seeming to favor, sometimes opposing more negotiations with the king.^[32]

In December, Sir Henry Vane made a speech to Parliament declaring, "there was nothing wanting, but their own consent and resolution, to make themselves the happiest nation & people in the world; and to that purpose desired, that they might, without any more loss of time, return to their former resolution of making no more addresses to the King, but proceed to the settling of government without him . . . " His resolution was defeated, 140 to 104.^[33]

While the factions in Parliament were trapped in a self perpetuating loop of failure, the radically Independent Army took matters into its own hands. On 6 December 1648, troops under Colonel Robert Pride surrounded the Houses of Parliament and arrested those 140 members whom they suspected would oppose the trial of the king for treason.^[4] Sir Henry Vane was not among the excluded, but he refused to take any part in the trial or execution, absenting himself from the House. While he had argued for government without a king, this apparently did not extend to approval of his execution; he also strongly disapproved of the Army controlling Parliament, when Parliament, as representative of the people, was the proper source of power.^[3]

Commonwealth and Protectorate

Following the king's execution in January 1649, the remaining members of Parliament (known as the Rump,ie, "the sitting part") proceeded to establish what Sir Henry Vane had long desired: a republic, officially abolishing the monarchy and the House of Lords. The Commonwealth was officially declared in May.^[34] A Council of State was appointed as the executive body and Sir Henry Vane elected to it, but he refused to take his seat under the terms of the Oath of Engagement, which required members to swear approval of the king's execution. As several other members also objected, the clause was removed.^[35]

Once in the Council of State, Sir Henry Vane had much to do as an administrator.^{[3] [4] [22]}The Commonwealth was a militant state, engaged in several wars during this time. A third civil war broke out when young King Charles II persuaded the Scots to support his monarchy, Cromwell conducted a bloody campaign of re-conquest in Ireland, and England fought a naval war against the Dutch, which required much activity from Vane as head of the admiralty committee. He worked closely with Cromwell keeping his armies and the navy supplied. His functions as a member of the Council of State were much like those of the civil war years, except that through diplomacy and war the Commonwealth was establishing itself as a legitimate state to be respected and even feared. But even if he were still a leader in Parliament, Oliver Cromwell was the leader of the Army.

It was also during this period that Sir Henry Vane supported his old friend Roger Williams in retaining the independence of Rhode Island colony and rebuked Massachusetts for its religious intolerance.^[3] But Vane's support of religious freedom put him at odds with Cromwell, who, Massachusetts-like, wanted an established state church.

but the same difficulty presented itself as before. An election so free . . . would be likely to return a Parliament in which their enemies would preponderate, and in that case all the political and religious freedom which had cost such a bitter struggle, would be certain to be sacrificed. Cromwell was much oppressed by the difficulties of the situation. In his idea, the Rump must come to and end, yet the election of the new Parliament must be postponed.^[36]

Against this proposal, Sir Henry Vane advocated an immediate election with a limited franchise. On 20 April 1653, he brought it to the House where it was on the point of a vote when Cromwell, tipped off by a supporter, came into the House with troops. As MP Edmund Ludlow reported: Cromwell shouted, "You are no Parliament, I say you are no Parliament; I shall put an end to your sitting; call them (the troops) in, call them in!" Sir Henry Vane protested, "This is not honest, yea, it is against morality and common honesty." Cromwell replying in a temper, "O, Sir Henry Vane, Sir Henry Vane, the Lord deliver me from Sir Henry Vane!" And thus the Rump Parliament was dissolved.^{[37] [4]}

From that point until his death, Oliver Cromwell ruled as Lord Protector, which Sir Henry Vane condemned as dictatorship and a betrayal of the republican cause. He refused to join any of Cromwell's successive governments and retired to his estates to write.

Retirement

Sir Henry Vane's writings from this period focus on two subjects: religion and government. The works on religion have been largely unread, both in his own time and later; the term repeated applied to them is "unintelligible."^[38] Among many other matters, Vane reveals his millenarian beliefs in the imminent thousand-year reign of Christ on Earth.^[39]

They are to have and enjoy the freedom (by way of dutiful compliance and condescension from all the parts and members of this society) so set up meet persons in the place of supreme judicature and authority among them, whereby they may have the use and benefit of the choicest light and wisdom of the nation that they are capable to call forth, for the rule and government under which they will live.

The essay also made the first reference to the "good old cause" for which the armies of Parliament originally fought, which would become a watchword in years to come.

This work was condemned by the Protectorate as seditious, and Vane committed to prison where he was forbidden free communication. It seems likely that this was to prevent him from standing for a seat in the 2nd Protectorate Parliament; at the end of the year, he was released.^{[40] [3]}

Downfall

The Lord Protector Oliver Cromwell died 3 September 1658, naming his incapable son[Cromwell-36|Richard Cromwell]] as his successor, and without that one power that had held them all in awe, his government immediately split into factions: Protectorate, Parliament, and Army. Sir Henry Vane would have been well-advised to remain in retirement, but instead he rushed back into the government, finding a seat in the Third Protectorate Parliament. He took the side of Parliament, succeeding in having the Rump Parliament restored, and was named again to the Council of State.^[22] But the Army proved the strongest party.

The spirit of the nation was against Sir Henry Vane; they wanted the return of the monarchy, and they got it. While Vane knew it was coming,^[41] he persisted until the inevitable, and his futile efforts only resulted in his vilification. John Thurloe remarked in January 1660 that Vane was "lying under the most catholic prejudice of any man I ever knew."^[3]

Despite this, just as Cromwell had feared his influence, so did the Royalists. Because of his millenarian beliefs, he was associated with the violent Fifth Monarchists and considered dangerous.

The events of the Restoration proceeded as follows: ^{[42] [4]}

• 24 May 1959 - Richard Cromwell resigned as Protector
• 25 October 1659 - Council of State dissolved by Army, Committee of Safety formed with Sir Henry Vane as a member
• 26 December 1659 - Rump Parliament restored, Committee of Safety dissolved
• 9 January 1660 - Vane expelled from Parliament
• 4 April 1660 - Declaration of Breda, Charles II agreed to amnesty for persons who would swear loyalty to the crown, with some exceptions possible
• 25 April 1660 - Convention Parliament assembled
• 14 May 1660 - Arrest of regicides ordered
• 29 May 1660 - Charles II restored to throne
• 1 July 1660 - Sir Henry Vane arrested on the orders of the king
• 29 August 1660 - King Charles accepts the Bill of Indemity and Oblivion, Sir Henry Van is excepted

Sir Henry Vane's situation was perilous. No one could argue that he was a regicide, but the Convention Parliament claimed the authority to add more exceptions to the Indemnity bill. On 24 August 1660, a Cavalier MP named William Thomas^[43] "moved to have somebody die for the kingdom as well as the King, and named Sir Henry Vane."

It seems clear that he was chosen for prosecution, not so much for what he had done, but for what he might do; in January 1661, an uprising of Fifth Monarchy Men^[44] was connected to Vane, and later he was sent to a distant prison in the Scilly Islands where againt his contacts were restricted.^[45] King Charles had called for new Parliamentary elections at the end of 1660, and the new Cavalier Parliament, which assembled in May 1661, was a body of zealous Royalists. While Charles might have been content to hold him in prison indefinitely, they demanded Vane's head.

The trial of Sir Henry Vane opened on 6 June 1662 at the Court of King's Bench. The outcome was never in doubt. While he heroically defended himself, the jury had already received their instructions.^[46]

King Charles, during the Convention Parliament, had already agreed on clemency for Vane, but hearing of his defense, he changed his mind, writing to his chancellor: "The relation that has been made to me of Sir Henry Vane's carriage yesterday in the hall, which, if I am rightly informed, was so insolent as to justify all he had done, acknowledging no supreme power in England but a parliament, . . . certainly he is too dangerous a man to let live, if we can honestly put him out of the way."^{[47] [3]}

He was beheaded 14 June 1662 on Tower Hill.

Samuel Pepys, chronicler of the Restoration, was a witness and reported that the government was so afraid to let the people hear him speak that they constantly interrupted his last words with trumpets.

He changed not his colour or speech to the last, but died justifying himself and the cause he had stood for; and spoke very confidently of his being presently at the right hand of Christ. And in all things appeared the most resolved man that ever died in that manner, and showed more of heate than cowardize, but yet with all humility and gravity.(14 June) And(18 June) "I hear the Courage of Sir H. Vane at his death is talked on everywhere as a miracle."^[48]

Legacy

Sir Henry Vane's body was given to his family for burial in the vault at St Giles Church, Shipbourne, Kent. He was not attainted, and his estate passed to his heirs. His descendants continued in the service of the country. Only one son, Christopher Vane,^[49] lived to produce issue. He inherited Raby Castle, and was created Baron Barnard of Barnard Castle by William III (8 July 1699); a descendant, William Vane, was named 1st Duke of Cleveland.^[50] Sir Henry's eldest son, Henry Vane, died on 2 Nov. 1660, aged 18^[3]; Thomas, the next surviving son, was elected MP for the county of Durham on 21 June 1675, and died four days later.^[51]

In death, Sir Henry Vane passed into the Oblivion he was denied in law, and he is not now widely remembered, except perhaps for his term as governor in Massachusetts. But he has the lasting memorial of a sonnet written in his praise by his fellow republican Milton in 1652.

VANE, young in years, but in sage counsel old,
Than whom a better senator ne’er held
The helm of Rome, when gowns, not arms, repelled
The fierce Epirot and the African bold,
Whether to settle peace, or to unfold
The drift of hollow states hard to be spelled;
Then to advise how war may best, upheld,
Move by her two main nerves, iron and gold,
In all her equipage; besides, to know;
Both spiritual power and civil, what each means,
What severs each, thou hast learned, which few have done.
The bounds of either sword to thee we owe:
Therefore on thy firm hand Religion leans
In peace, and reckons thee her eldest son. ^[4]

Sources

1. ↑ The History of Parliament Online: Vane (Fane) Sir Henry (1589-1655)[1]
2. ↑ ^{2.0 2.1} Great Migration 1634-1635, T-Y. (Online database. AmericanAncestors.org. New England Historic Genealogical Society, 2012.) Originally published as: The Great Migration, Immigrants to New England, 1634-1635, Volume VII, T-Y, by Robert Charles Anderson. Boston: New England Historic Genealogical Society, 2011. Sketch of Henry Vane.subscribers$
3. ↑ ^{3.00 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 3.08 3.09 3.10 3.11 3.12 3.13 3.14} Firth, Charles Harding. Vane, Henry (1613-1662). Dictionary of National Biography.[2]
4. ↑ ^{4.00 4.01 4.02 4.03 4.04 4.05 4.06 4.07 4.08 4.09 4.10 4.11 4.12} Wikipedia: Henry Vane the Younger.[3]
5. ↑ Hosmer, James Kendall. The life of young Sir Henry Vane. Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin and company, 1888. pp 5-11.[4]
6. ↑ Winthrop, John. Journal. New York: Scribner, 1908. p. 162.[5] The Vanes were not then members of the nobility, but Winthrop seems to have been overly impressed by Sir Henry's post as comptroller of the king's house.
7. ↑ ^{7.0 7.1} Great Migration 1634-1635, T-Y. (Online database. AmericanAncestors.org. New England Historic Genealogical Society, 2012.) Originally published as: The Great Migration, Immigrants to New England, 1634-1635, Volume VII, T-Y, by Robert Charles Anderson. Boston: New England Historic Genealogical Society, 2011.[6]
8. ↑ Willcock, John. Life of Sir Henry Vane the Younger. London: St Catherine Press, 1913. p. 40.[7]
9. ↑ Hosmer, p. 57.
10. ↑ Willcock, p. 45.
11. ↑ Hosmer, p. 72.
12. ↑ Willcock, pp 58-61.
13. ↑ Hosmer, p. 67.
14. ↑ Shaw, William Arthur. The Knights of England. London: Sherratt and Hughes, 1906. p, 207.[8]
15. ↑ St Mary at Lambeth register sharing link - https://www.ancestry.com/sharing/8478068?mark=7b22746f6b656e223a2258394665665565304c627563735766784b304b6131674747384a3433613)
16. ↑ England Marriages, 1538–1973. Index, FamilySearch, Henry Vane Knight and Frances Wray, 01 Jul 1640; citing Shipbourne,Kent,England, reference.[9]
17. ↑ transcript of register Kent County Council, parish register: St Giles, Shipbourne]
18. ↑ Willcock, p. 105.
19. ↑ BCW Project: Episcopalians.[10]
20. ↑ Willcock, p. 94.
21. ↑ Hosmer, p. 129.
22. ↑ ^{22.0 22.1 22.2} BCW PRoject: Biography of Sir Henry Vane.[11]
23. ↑ Hosmer, pp. 172-188.
24. ↑ Hosmer, p, 191.
25. ↑ BCW Project: Independents[12]
26. ↑ BCW Project: Presbyterians[13]
27. ↑ Hosmer, p. 228
28. ↑ Hosmer, pp 231-238.
29. ↑ Hosmer, p. 239.
30. ↑ Churchill, Sir Winston. A History of the English-Speaking Peoples, vol II. Barnes & Noble Books, 1958. p. 192.
31. ↑ Hosmer, p. 276-7
32. ↑ Willcock, pp 168-9.
33. ↑ Hosmer, p. 309.
34. ↑ BCW Project: The Commonwealth, 1649-1653 [14]
35. ↑ BCW Project: The Oath of Engagement [15]
36. ↑ Hosmer, p. 401.
37. ↑ Hosmer, p. 409. Hosmer presents alternate reports of the event, which do not differ in significant particulars.
38. ↑ Willcock, p. 254, 256.
39. ↑ Hosmer, pp, 429-430.
40. ↑ Willcock, pp. 264-266
41. ↑ Willcock, p. 286.
42. ↑ The History of Parliament.[16]
43. ↑ History of Parliament Online: Thomas, William [ [17]
44. ↑ BCW Project: Venner's Uprising[18]
45. ↑ Willcock, pp. 317-319.
46. ↑ Willcock, p. 329.
47. ↑ Willcock, p. 328.
48. ↑ Pepys, Samuel. Diary, 1662.
49. ↑ History of Parliament Online: Vane, Christopher.[19]
50. ↑ Wikipedia: William Vane, 1st Duke of Cleveland [20]
51. ↑ History of Parliament Online: Vane, Thomas.[21]

See also:

• Rowe, Violet A. THE POLITICAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE CAREER OF

SIR HENRY VANE THE YOUNGER: 1640 TO APRIL 1653 Dissertation

• Anderson, Robert. "Great Migration Directory" p. 349.
• Moore, Susan Hardman. "Abandoning America. Life Stories From Early New England" p. 350, 351.
• Ruth E. Mayers, ‘Vane, Sir Henry, the younger (1613–1662)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, May 2015
• Moore, Jacob Bailey. Lives of the Governors of New Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay (C. D. Strong, Boston, 1851) Page 313-34
• Capen, Nahum (ed) (1851). The Massachusetts State Record, Volume 5. Boston: James French. OCLC 1770853. Pages 53-54
• Hart, Albert Bushnell (ed) (1927). Commonwealth History of Massachusetts. New York: The States History Company. OCLC 1543273. A multi-volume history of Massachusetts, structured as a series of essays on many topics. Page 1:607
• Life of Sir Henry Vane, Fifth Governor of Massachusetts, NEHGR (NEHGS, Boston, Mass., 1848) Vol. 2, Page 121-43.