Census Column Headers 1790 - 1850
The categories were Free White Males under 10, 10-15, 16-25, 26-44, 45 and over and then the same age brackets for Free White Females. "all other persons" (except Indians on Indian property and enslaved people) were lumped into one cell, and there was a single cell for enslaved people.
Here's a link to the blank form: 1810 Federal Census form (archives.gov)