Shared Photo: Lizzie Cardish, 15, Convicted Arsonist 1906

+19 votes
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National Archives Flickr Albums. Lizzie Cardish, 15 years old. 1906 mugshot of the convicted arsonist, a Native American, who was found guilty of arson on a government reservation in Wisconsin for burning down part of the Menominee Indian Training school and sentenced to life in prison; to be served at Leavenworth. Her sentence was later commuted to six years until she reached age 21, where she was housed at the Kansas State Penitentiary in Lansing, Kansas. Retrieved 22 Oct 2016.

Repository: National Archives at Kansas City (RM-KC) 400 West Pershing Road, Kansas City, MO. Photographer: official mugshot. Public domain image; free of copyright.

I wanted to share this photo of DuBois Copyright Free & CC Image Cabinet with the community. Location: Wisconsin. Date: 1906.
500px-DuBois_Copyright_Free_CC_Image_Cabinet-30.jpg
Click here for the image details page or here for the full-sized version (3000 x 1639).

WikiTree profile: Lizzie Fox
in The Tree House by Rod DuBois G2G6 Pilot (193k points)
Love the hat. So different from most mug shots I have seen.
It is unique and also interesting that they allowed her to wear it for the photo. Thanks for your thoughts, Susan.
Glad to read that the ridiculous life sentence was commuted. I suspect that the judge knew that it would be, and was just trying to put the "fear of God" into her and her community. She looks contrite

4 Answers

+9 votes
 
Best answer
I would not say that was a very nice person , wonder what makes a young girl do a horrible thing like this. Also ruin her own life. Thank you for sharing
by Susan Laursen G2G Astronaut (3.0m points)
selected by Rubén Hernández
Teenagers personal troubles can look insurmountable to themselves. We don't know the details of Lizzie's home life on the reservation. There won't be any reasonable explanation for her decisions in this case but when she would be finished with her commuted sentence, she would be 21. Hopefully she had someone during or after that who cared, becoming a tough mentor to her, giving her the chance to turn things around. You're very welcome Susan and thank you for commenting.
Yes Rod you are right about her getting help. I wonder if they did that at the time or treat her as a outcast. It was different in the old days
True-crime stories are morbidly fascinating to me....which is how I got involved in the Black Sheep project.  I'd read a biography or an article about some heinous crime and wonder "What led up to that?!". That led me back to the library for biographical material and works from those in law enforcement or psychology who have forensically analyized the perp corresponding to the original story. The overwhelming majority of the criminals about whom I've read have, in my opinion, had horrendous experiences during their formative years. But not all of them have. It is very tempting to assume a direct link between abuse of some sort and the creation of a sociopath but that doesn't explain why not all of the abused become criminals or why any who have had more ideal upbringings still turn to committing evil acts. The bio in this profile reads as a catalogue of crimes but the source material consulted went into FAR greater detail about this man's childhood and experience in juvenile detention. I found myself wondering at what point in this person's life could a changed circumstance have caused his outcome to be totally different or at least significantly better? Other than rewinding to the moment of conception and interrupting it, I don't know that anything different would have made this fellow turn out better. It is truly a sad story from all angles. https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Panzram-3

It would certainly be interesting to read about this girl and try to speculate on her motivations. Truth is, I doubt we will be able to fully understand why criminals make their choices.
She's Native American and burned a training school in 1906.

Just read up on how many Native American tribes were forced to send their children to "white" schools, often very religiously Christian, where the children were severely punished for speaking their own language or keeping anything about their cultural heritage, and forced to conform to "white man ways".

While I don't know the details of her story, I wouldn't be surprised if it was based on something similar.

Shall we (everybody in this conversation thread) research her story and make a profile? Other group projects have been introduced on this forum although I'm not certain what criteria is used to select the subjects of these group projects.  It looks like we have the bare-bones minimim of criteria; a group of people with an interest in the life story of a person who doesn't have a profile.  Here's another photo of her (without the hat).

http://www.kshs.org/km/items/view/223379

Citation:

Kansas Historical Society. "Lizzie Cardish." Kansas Memory. Information Network of Kansas, n.d. Web. 26 Oct. 2016. <http://www.kshs.org/km/items/view/223379>.

There MUST be more to her story. She's inspired an artist to include her in his limited edition set of prints commemorating the American Old West. https://www.etsy.com/listing/205419401/beautiful-rogue-lizzie-cardish-signed

Aha! Here's something that might give a narrative for her trial...

https://books.google.com/books?id=bzk4AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA243&lpg=PA243&dq=Lizzie+Cardish&source=bl&ots=ZSWlQHFvju&sig=iisCQUTCiZIduhp4adqEUaEVFeM&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj6wJHPgPnPAhWpxlQKHSitClgQ6AEIQjAG#v=onepage&q&f=false

 

 

 

Here is Lizzie's profile: Lizzie Cardish. It is open so you may add sources and write biographical info. Her profile has been added to the category: Black Sheep, a American Outlaw  If you can confirm with a source that her given name was Elizabeth, please modify. Thanks for your contributions.

In a motion to quash indictment in United States v Cardish, her attorney named the defendant "Lizzie Cardish", not Elizabeth. It may be possible that the diminutive is her given name. The court papers are quite formal and antiquated by today's standards. I'd be quite surprised to learn that he took the liberty of using a nickname on a defense motion. Doesn't mean that it didn't happen...but it would be unusual, don't you think?
Please add the docs as a source and if we locate a birth cert. and discover another name, it can be changed. Thanks, Michele.
We still need photos on the profile......
Profile photo added.
Well, we've made some progress....but the answer to "Why?" still remains elusive.

Since her accomplice was another teenage girl at the school, I wonder if the two had gotten into some mischief that got out of control and became much more serious than intended. Her life sentence was commuted after only 6 years so the governor must not have been concerned about her recidivism. I'd love to get my hands on the court transcript.

An unsubstantiated family tree on the internet suggests that she married soon after release and had two children. If true, that would explain Kakah appearing as her surname on the marriage record cited on her profile. That sourced marriage would have been her second.
Eric,  On schedule 1 of the 1900 federal census, her father self identified as having a white grandparent. Obviously someone in her lineage wasn't concerned about giving "white man ways" a wide berth. We have no evidence to suggest that the state run training school she attended provided religious training as part if the curriculum. We do know that she was married by a justice of the peace and that suggests that any conversion she might have had didn't make a large enough impresion to prompt a christian ceremony.
In one place I read that it was Teddy Roosevelt that commuted the sentence and after her release she was the 2nd wife of a polygamist. No sources on that though, but an interesting story.
Research award goes to Rod! Where did you find anything to read about this? I've been giving my search engines a workout to no avail. Did you get access to the National Archives they've got stored in the midwestern limestone caves?

Not me, its the link you provided to the artists Etsy commercial page above. I'll duplicate it here at Lizzie Cardish profile art. Scroll down and read the History section. Again, no sources are given but it can be used as a lead so at least you know what you are looking for; ie. President Roosevelt's commuted sentences and the first marriage; and we know that the last name of the first husband should be Kakah. 

Also, this is what I love about the 1900 US Census and I've scored this way before. It states that Lizzie was born Jan 1893 and that she was 7 years old. Bingo! I'll let one of you make the change to the bio; whomever.

Another question was answered when looking up the locations on the map. The question is: Did she ever return to the reservation in Wisconsin? The answer is YES! Keshena, Wisconsin is the town on the reservation where Lizzie and her second husband John Fox were both born. They crossed just over the border to Menominee, Michigan to elope.

 
 
Hi All,

Please take a look at the sources on the profile. While the 1900 Census says birth year was 1893. The 1910 Census says 1891.

I wouldn't be so quick to pronounce based upon one source.

"A man with one watch always knows what time it is. A man with two watches is never sure."
This still might not decide it but the 1910 census only lists her as 19 years old, not that she was born in 1891, which the indexer assumed. The names, ages and info on the 1910 census were most likely transcribed from institutional records (leaving room for error), not by interviewing the inmate girls, would be my guess. The 1900 census gives a month and year and would have been a proclamation of her parents, saying that she is 7 years old. The 1920 marriage record states she is 27 and not 29. Those are my thoughts on the difference between the two dates but its not something I'd go to Vegas and bet the farm on.
Thank you. If you hadn't pointed out that art site had an history  section, I would have completely overlooked it and never revisted to see it.
You're welcome, Michele. You and Eric are doing an exceptional job on her profile. I'm sure there are more docs out there on Lizzie that will turn up. Thanks for the collaboration.

By the way, "midwestern limestone caves," that was a good one! Legend/fiction always makes a better story than reality. Thanks, Michele.

I looked at your question above again and thought no, really? Then looked it up. Obviously, I had never heard of the Limestone Caves before and now find that fascinating. What I thought was a complete joke is actually in multiple locations. Touché!

Truth is stranger than fiction, indeed. :-)

Oooookay....back to the profile. I just found the 1920 census from the reservation on which Lizze is enumerated as Frank Kakkak's second wife. Frank lived to a ripe old age as evidenced by his other census records. In fact he was alive when Lizzie's marriage to John Fox occurred. Was the taking of a "2nd wife" on the reservation legally treated as were polygamist "spiritual marriages" in Utah - i.e. not legally recognized? That would explain how she was able to marry on the other side of the state line while still having a living "husband" back on the reservation. Any thoughts? I have to go look at some maps to get a geographic perspective on how the events of her life might have occurred.
Another piece to the name puzzle. On the 1920 census, taken on the reservation, 27 year old Lizze was listed as the wife of Frank Kakkak under the name Elizabeth C. (is that for Cardish?) Kakkak. It might be designated that was because we see another Lizzie in this family group, also designated as Frank's wife, 54 year old Lizzie Kakkak. Interestingly, the marital status for all three was marked "D" for divorced...despite living together with a child from each of the women.  Perhaps the enumerator was flummoxed as to how these relationship(s) could be properly described on the census form - seeing as how bigamy is illegal - and just decided they should all be divorcees. Or, perhaps there were consecutive legal marriages and divorces between the parties for which we just haven't found records.

The man had 2 wives, one being old enough to have given birth to the younger, both with the same name living under the same roof. As a woman, I can imagine what fun that must have been....and also why our Lizzie jumped ship to have an(other) at-least-legal marriage performed the month after this census. Of course, I may just be projecting my own 21st sensibilities on the situation.
Susan, the more we discover about this girl's life, the more it looks like the cards were stacked against her in every way imaginable. It has more drama than a Greek tragedy.
I think she looks nice, if not "very nice", and I am inclined to think that her experience with the "Menominee Indian Training school" was probably  traumatic. The fact that it called itself a "training school" suggests a place where young aboriginal people were not educated, but indoctrinated into abandoning their own heritage and adopting a white persona, etc.
Thank you, that was interesting
In order for us to learn from the mistakes of our past we must first understand what they were. Thanks for sharing, William.
+8 votes
https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Project:Black_Sheep

Rod, have you considered adding this girl's profile to the Black Sheep project? It would qualify.
by Michele Britton G2G6 Mach 2 (20.6k points)

I agree that it would qualify for the Black Sheep Project if someone desired to create the profile. Thanks for sharing, Michele.

Edit: Profile created for Lizzie Cardish.

 

+5 votes

Has anybody tried looking her up on the http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/Content.aspx?dsNav=N:1220 site? It is the main Wisconsin Historical website or at least Main Offical one. 

I think I'll actually go look her up on it and see if I can find anything.

by Amanda Frank G2G6 Mach 5 (55.9k points)
Great, let us know if you find anything interesting, Amanda.
Now while I did not find any records on the actually website they do give you links and ideas for other places to look. I went to one of the newspaper ones and I sure did find things, both for Lizzie and for my own family. With Lizzie I got 9 results and all tell a bit of the story involving the fire. Since I'm on my phone typing this I'm going to make a separate comment for each article so I have less of a chance of losing what I've typed when going back and forth between windows.

So the Oshkosh Daily Northwestern dated March 2, 1906 pg. 6 says this about Lizzie

For the second time, two Indian girls, Lizzie Cardish, aged fifteen, and Louise La Motte. aged seventeen, have been placed on trial in United States court at Milwaukee on charges of having set fire to the school on the Keshena reservation. Their attorney filed a demurrer and the case was taken under advisement.

http://access.newspaperarchive.com/us/wisconsin/oshkosh/oshkosh-daily-northwestern/1906/03-02/page-6?tag=lizzie+cardish&rtserp=tags/lizzie-cardish?psb=dateasc

This next one from Oshkosh Daily Northwestern June 13, 1906 page 8 you just have to read for yourself. http://access.newspaperarchive.com/us/wisconsin/oshkosh/oshkosh-daily-northwestern/1906/06-13/page-8?tag=lizzie+cardish&rtserp=tags/lizzie-cardish?psb=dateasc

It gives more clarity to some things.

Now we actually have a small mention from an Iowa paper. From the Postville Review June 22,1906 on page 2

Life imprisonment at the government penitentiary at Fort Leavenworth was the sentence of Lizzie Cardish, the Indian girl who pleaded guilty to setting fire to the reservation school at Oneida, Wis.

http://access.newspaperarchive.com/us/iowa/postville/postville-review/1906/06-22/page-2?tag=lizzie+cardish&rtserp=tags/lizzie-cardish?psb=dateasc

The Eau Claire Leader on August 21, 1906 (page 3) is the first mention of her possibly being pardoned.

Inquiries received from the department of justice by federal court officials at Milwaukee, lead to the belief that Lizzie Cardish, the Oneida Indian girl recently sentenced to Fort Leavenworth for life for setting fire to a school house on the reservation is to be pardoned.

http://access.newspaperarchive.com/us/wisconsin/eau-claire/eau-claire-leader/1906/08-21/page-3?tag=lizzie+cardish&rtserp=tags/lizzie-cardish?psb=dateasc

Now are getting close to the end of Lizzie's tale. From the Des Moines Daily News September 12, 1906 on page 10.

PRESIDENT PARDONS A GIRL

MUST REMAIN IN INDUSTRIAL SCHOOL UNTIL OF AGE

MILWAUKEE, Wis, Sept.- Lizzie Cardish, the 15 year old Indian girl sentenced to imprisonment for life- has had her sentence commuted by President Roosevelt to imprisonment in some industrial school until she is 21 years old. Lizzie and a companion were arrested for firing a schoolhouse on the Keshena reservation. Lizzie admitted the crime and under the antiquated laws it was the duty of Judge Quaries to sentence her to life imprisonment and she was taken to the penitentiary at Lansing, Kan. A petition for commutation of her sentence was prepared immediately and signed by Judge Quaries and the government officials.

http://access.newspaperarchive.com/us/iowa/des-moines/des-moines-daily-news/1906/09-12/page-10?tag=lizzie+cardish&rtserp=tags/lizzie-cardish?psb=dateasc

There are maybe 2-3 more articles to go and one is a twist but its going to have to wait till tomorrow.

These are wonderful news sources Amanda. Perhaps someone will write citations for them and add them in-line to her biography. Well done.
Thank you and thanks for reminding me to finish up the last couple ones.

Okay, we skip one from Wisconsin because it has all the information as the previous one but shortened. This one comes from the Des Moines Daily News September 27, 1906 page 5.

INDIAN GIRL HATED SCHOOL; BURNED IT

MILWAUKEE, Wis, Sept 26- Little Lizzie Cardish, of tanned face and arms, won't go to prison for life for burning the Keshena Indian school. 

But she's going to a reform school until she know's better. Then she will be free to live her care-free life again. A United States Judge doesn't think she will burn any more schools.

Lizzie is an Indian girl of 15. She has passed all her life on a Wisconsin reservation. But she didn't like it. She pined for a change of scene. First of all she wanted to go to Carlisle. But the commissioner wouldn't allow her. He told her to stay in the school at Keshena.

So Lizzie thought the best way to get to Carlisle would be to burn the Keshena school. She did it.

With another Indian girl, Louisa LaMotte, she clambered into the building and set the fire. It cost the government $75,000 to replace it. She is an Indian. When the Indian hates, he burns. Lizzie hated the school. She burned it.

First off she was arrested, but because of a faulty indictment she was released. But the next grand jury fixed it and Lizzie Cardish was sentenced to prison for life. She took all the blame for the burning.

Under the indian laws, imprisonment for life was the only punishment for the Indian girl. She got it. No soon had the sentence been pronounced when the officers of the court asked for her pardon or at least a commutation of sentence. Now it has been granted by President Roosevelt and Lizzie will leave the awful Ft. Leavenworth prison.

http://access.newspaperarchive.com/us/iowa/des-moines/des-moines-daily-news/1906/09-21/page-5?tag=lizzie+cardish&rtserp=tags/lizzie-cardish?psb=dateasc

Now you can tell who ever wrote that has some issues with Native Americans but I also need to give this mystery writer because this is the most detailed account of all the events leading up to this in the papers so far.

We hear of Lizzie Cardish one last time in the newspapers (or at least from what I can find) in the Ogden Standard Ogden City Utah April 19, 1910 page 1. The article is called Taft Pardons Three Persons, I'll skip to the part where they talk about her.

Lizzie Cardish, an Indian girl, has had her sentence, of confinement in a reform school until she reached the age of 21, commuted to expire immediately. When she was 15 years old, she pleaded guilty in the United States court for the easter district of Wisconsin, to a charge of arson. She acted under the influence of older students.

http://access.newspaperarchive.com/us/utah/ogden-city/ogden-standard-ogden-city-utah/1910/04-19?tag=lizzie+cardish&rtserp=tags/lizzie-cardish?psb=dateasc&page=2

And that is where the story of Lizzie Cardish ends.

+7 votes
Lizzie is my relative through her second marriage. I would suggest to everyone that has posted regarding Lizzie and her arson conviction that you do some research on the residential/boarding school issue with Native American and First Nations peoples. Children had less of a chance of surviving residential school than a soldier fighting in an active conflict. These schools were meant to "Kill the Indian, save the man." She grew up to be an amazing woman who spent her life empowering Menominee women in the community.
by
I appreciate your excellent contribution to the discussion. The value of this perspective is crucial in balancing the struggle of Native Americans living under the pressure of government structured education and policy with media reports. I am delighted to hear that Lizzie became such a positive influence. Thanks for sharing and you are more than welcome to add to the conversation.

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