Gruffudd ap Llywelyn (abt. 1010 - 1063)

Born about 1010 in Rhuddlan, Kingdom of Powys, Wales

Ancestors

Husband of Nest Olafsdotter — married 1038 in Kingdom of Dublin

Husband of Ealdgyth Mercia — married 1055 in Wales

Descendants

Died 5 Aug 1063 at about age 53 in Snowdonia, Kingdom of Gwynedd, Wales

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Biography

Summary

Gruffyd ap Llywelyn ...

• son of King Llywelyn ap Seisyll and Angharad, daughter of Maredudd ab Owain.

• King of Wales and had repeatedly defeated the English forces.

• married Ealdgyth, daughter of Earl Ælfgar of Mercia after his abduction of, and marriage to, the unnamed wife of Hywel ab Edwin in 1041.

• had at least three children:
  • (son) Maredudd died at the Battle of Mechain in 1069
  • (son) Idwal died at the Battle of Mechain in 1069
  • (daughter) Nest verch Gruffydd who married Osbern fitzRichard of Richard's Castle. Their daughter Nest ferch Osbern (aka Nesta of Hereford) married Bernard de Neufmarché. Nest verch Gruffydd also was married to Trahaearn ap Caradog before Osbern. They had seven children.
  • may have had another son, Owain ap Gruffudd, who died in 1059.

1011 Birth and Parents

Wolcott estimates that Gruffudd ap Llywelyn ap Seisyll was born about 1011. ^[1]

Wolcott also asserts that Gruffudd ap Llewelyn was the only known child of Angharad ferch Maredudd 2|and Llewelyn ap Seisyll. He estimated that Gruffudd's mother Angharad was born about 993, bring probably not more than 6 years old in 999".^[2] Angharad had grown up in Llywelyn's home; when Cadell, king of Powys, died in 1006 and Llewelyn ap Seisyll was crowned the new king, the young Angharad was a natural choice for his bride. Wolcott estimates that Angharad was perhaps 14 years old and Llewelyn about 28 when they married. Their only known child, Gruffudd, was born c. 1011." ^[2]

Cawley confirms that Gruffydd ap Llywelyn was the son of Llywelyn ap Seisyll King of Gwynedd and his wife Angharad of Gwynedd, noting that his parentage is confirmed by the Chronicle of the Princes of Wales which records that "Bleddyn son of Cynvyn [and] Gruffudd son of Llywelyn…were brothers by the same mother…Angharad daughter of Meredudd king of the Britons". ^[3]

1021 Succession to Gwynedd

Cawley notes that the Gwentian Chronicle records that Grufydd succeeded his father as prince of Gwynedd after "Llywelyn son of Seisyllt" was killed in 1021. ^[3]

Wolcott indicates that Gruffudd, who would have been aged 10 when his father died, completed his childhood in the manor of interim king Cynfyn ap Gwerystan.

1028 Teenage Liaison

Wolcott notes the likelihood that Gruffudd had a base son named Cynyn or Cynid, since a source ^[4] suggests that in about 1022 Rhirid Mawr or Caerwedros had been required to give his daughter Cynfrid as a hostage to llewelyn ap Ceisyll, then aged seven, and that after Llywelyn's death, Cynfrid was still being held by interim king Cynfyn ap Gwerystan. Wolcott speculates that a teenaged Gruffudd seduced Cynfrid, and she took the child with her when she was released to marry her husband Trahaern ap Madog Dda. The child was never acknowledged by Gruffudd. ^[1]

Wolcott estimates Cynyn's birth at 1029, making the liaison occur in 2028, when Gruffudd would have been 17 and Cynfryn 14.

1033 Refuge in Ireland and Marriage to Nest

Wolcott understands that Gruffudd and other members of the Powys Royal family took refuge in Ireland in 1033 when Iago ap Idwal came to power in Gwynedd, and believes that this tends to support the oral tradition that Gruffudd married an Irish lady named Nest who may have been a daughter of Olaf Sictricsson. Wolcott estimates that she was born about 1024 and married Gruffudd in 1038 before he returned to Wales.

One writer ^[5] names Gruffud's first wife as Nest daughter of "Alfred". By the description given, this was an error for "Amlaib"" otherwise known as "Olaf", son of Sitric Silkbeard. This author then immediately conflates this lady with Ranulf (actually Rhanillt) ferch Olaf who was mother to the first Gruffudd ap Cynan. Such a Nest would have been born c. 1024 and might have married Gruffudd ap Llewelyn about 1038 and been the mother of Owain ap Gruffudd in 1039 ^[1]

Given this estimated of Gruffudd's marriage year to his first wife, Wolcott attributes all but one of his legitimate children to her, having her die, possibly in childbirth, before Gruffudd's marriage to Eadgyth in 1055. ^[1]

Other sources disagree with Wolcott's construction of Gruffudd's marriages and children.

1037 Succession to Powys

The Chronicle of the Princes of Wales records that "Iago king of Gwynedd was slain" in 1037 and that "Gruffudd son of Llywelyn son of Seisyl governed in his stead", adding that the latter "from beginning to end pursued the Saxons and the other nations and killed and destroyed them…first…at Rhyd y Groes on the Severn".^[3]

The Gwentian Chronicle goes further, to specify it was Gruffudd who defeated and killed "Iago son of Idwal prince of Gwynedd" and "took the government of Gwynedd and so became king of Wales from the Irish Channel to the Severn sea". ^[3]

1041 War with Deheubarth and Howel's Wife

After securing Powys, Gruffudd's turned his attention to Deheubarth. Early in the process of conquering Deheubarth, he defeated King Hywel ab Edwin and took his wife as part of "the spoils of war" in 1041 ^[6]

Wolcott notes that the three principal versions of the Brut differ as to what Gruffudd had in mind when he took the lady.

Concubine

Gruffudd took her for his own^[7], i.e. took her for a mistress.

Wife

Gruffudd tok her as his own wife ^[8]

Cawley supports this version. For Cawley there was no earlier wife, and he states that in 1039 Gruffudd married firstly as her second husband, ---, formerly wife of Hywel, Prince of South Wales, and daughter of ---. Cawley cites the Chronicle of the Princes of Wales records that "Gruffudd son of Llywelyn son of Seisyl overcame Howel and captured his wife and took her to be his own wife". Cawley also cites the Gwentian Chronicle which records that "Grufudd son of Llywelyn son of Seisyllt" defeated "Hywel son of Edwin and took his wife from him and kept her as his concubine" in 1038. ^[3]

Hostage

Took her and controlled her. ^[9] In this version Gruffudd simply kept Hywel's wife as a hostage, a common occurrence in warfare during that era.

Wolcott favors this version since in Wolcott's chronology, Gruffudd already had a wife, the Irish Nest. In addition, Wolcott suggests the likelihood that Hywel's wife was a daughter of Earl Leofric of Mercia.^[10] Wolcott suspects that Hywel's wife was taken as a bargaining chip in the event Mercia interfered with his plans to take Deheubarth and, indeed, all of Wales.

1044 King of Gwynedd

Wolcott notes that while "Gruffudd ap Llewelyn became king of Powys by birthright in 1039, he became king of Gwynedd that same year by conquest.

In 1044 Gruffudd went on to become of Deheubarth also by conquest.

1056 King of All Wales

By conquest, Gruffdd by 1056 had become king of all the other territories which comprised Wales."^[1]

Writing in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Jones states that Gruffudd was an aggressive and powerful ruler of Gwynedd from 1039 to 1063. After a series of attempts to secure the south, he ruled Deheubarth from 1055 until his death.^[6]

Gruffudd's reign was important for Wales. Territorial gains which he had made along the northern frontier as far as Bistre, (Bishopstree, near Mold), and which he and Gruffudd ap Rhydderch had made in the south, extended Welsh rule eastwards. His alliance with Mercia gave him greater influence in English affairs than any other Welsh ruler of the eleventh century.^[6] Llewelyn-34_Sources />

1045 Conflicts

Boyer notes that Gruffudd ap Llywelyn had been at peace with England since 1039, and that in 1045 the brothers Gruffudd ap Rhydderch and Rhys ap Rhydderch, who had been expelled from the throne of Deheubarth by Edwin of Mercia, stirred up opposition to Gruffudd, who had been rewarded by England with a grant of all English lands west of the River Dee. ^[11]

Cawley adds that Gruffudd accompanied Svein Godwinsson, son of Godwin Earl of Wessex, on an expedition into South Wales in 1046. He made himself ruler of all of Wales. ^[3]

In 1046, in defense against the sons of Rhydderch, Gruffudd "joined forces with Sweden, the son of Godwin, the Earl of the southern border lands, in an expedition against the Rhydderch sons. Despite this, in 1047, the nobles of Ystrad Towy and Dyfed rose against Gruffudd ap llywelyn, who laid waste their territories. ^[11]

In 1055 Gruffudd ap llywelyn, already king of Gwynedd and Powys, killed Gruffudd ap Rhydderch and became King of the Britons in north and south, king of all Wales.^[11]

1052 War with England

Gruffudd had become the first Welsh ruler since Cadwallon with the power to interfere in English affairs and in 1052 he joined Aelfgar the outlaw, son of Leofric as well as the brother of that Eadwine killed by Gruffudd in 1039, against King Edward and Harold of England, and destroyed Archenfield in Herefordshire before retreating to South Wales. ^[11]

Allied with Ælfgar ex-Earl of East Anglia, son of Leofric Earl of Mercia, Gruffudd invaded England and sacked Hereford Oct 1055. Peace was negotiated by Leofric Earl of Mercia and Harold Earl of Wessex, under which Gruffydd swore allegiance to King Edward "the Confessor". ^[3]

Leofgar, recently appointed Bishop of Hereford, led an army against Gruffydd but was defeated and killed 16 Jun 1056[406]. ^[3]

Aelfgar of Mercia was accused of treason in 1055, thereupon joining the Norsemen and Gruffudd ap Llywelyn of Wales against the English, but he made peace with Harold. ^[12]

In 1058 Aelfgar was outlawed a second time, but was restored by Gruffudd and Norse fleet. Gruffudd was then quiet until his father-in-law died, breaking Gruffudd's last tie to England.

1055 Marriage to Ealdgyth of Mercia

Sources agree that Gruffudd married Ealdgyth, or Edith, daughter of Aelfgar of Mercia, and probably in her early 20's at the time, born about 1041.

For Wolcott, this was Gruffudd's second marriage and presumed the death of his first wife Nest. He believes the marriage of Gruffudd and Eadgyth would have been about 1055 when Gruffudd and Aelfgar were known to be allies. ^[1]

In Boyer's view, however, it was about 1057 when Edith married Gruffudd ap Llywelyn. ^[12] Boyer gives more detail on Eadgyth's family:

• Grandfather: Leofric, Eadgyth's grandfather, who died in Bromley, Staffordshire, 31 August 1057, was founder of the church of Coventry, and was of record as thegn from 1005, "dux" from 1026, and as Earl of Mercia by 1032. He married by 1030, possibly as her second husband, Godfifu, the "Lady Godiva" of legend, who was born about 1010, sister of Thorold of Buckingham, the Sheriff of Lincolnshire. While she was of an old noble family, her ancestry is uncertain. ^[11]
• Father: Edith or Ealdgyth, was the daughter of Aelfgar, who became Earl of East Anglia in 1053 and Earl of Mercia in 1057, dying shortly after 1062. ^[12] Some historians disagree as to whether Gruffudd, in marrying Aeldgyth, married a sister of Aelfgar or instead Aelfgar's daughter. ^[1]

Wolcott also seeks to promote disagreement with the supposition of some that Aeldgyth was the same lady that Gruffudd had taken from Hywel in 1041, noting that the chronology does not fit. The lady widowed in 1063 bore 2 sons to Harold before 1066, but the lady taken from Hywel would have been in her mid or late 40's by then.^[1]

Boyer's Alternative Carl Boyer offers an alternative construction of Gruffudd's marriages which present a different number and naming of Gruffudd's children. .

For Boyer, Gruffudd married, first, about 1057, as her first husband, Ealdgyth Mercia, (or Edith, Ealgyth, Aldgyth) born 1042 in Mercia, daughter of Aelfgar (or Elgar), King of Mercia, son of Leofric, son of Leofwine, the earl of Mercia who died before 1032. Eadgyth's grandmother was Lady Godiva. ^[11] Cawley agrees: In 1058 Gruffudd married secondly as her first husband, Ealdgyth of Mercia, daughter of ÆLFGAR Earl of Mercia & his first wife Ælfgifu. ^[3]

There is no disagreement that Gruffudd was Eadgyth's first husband and King Harold the second: Orderic Vitalis records that "Edwinus…et Morcarus comites, filii Algari…Edgivam sororem eorum" married firstly "Gritfridi…regis Guallorum" and secondly "Heraldo". In a later passage, the same source names her “Aldit”. ^[3]

Eadgyth married secondly ([1064/early 1066) Harold II King of England. There is no source which pinpoints the date of Ealdgyth´s second marriage. Freeman suggests that the absence of any reference to his queen in the sources which record the circumstances of Harold´s accession and coronation may indicate that his marriage took place afterwards. ^[3]

Boyer observes that Aelfgar, Ealdgyth's father, was of age in 1051 (therefore born before 1030), was Earl of East Anglia in 1053, Earl of Mercia in 1057, was banished in 1058, and died shortly after 1062. He married Aelfgifu, and they had three known sons, Eadwine, Morkere, and Burchand (whose issue is unknown) as well as daughter Ealdgyth. ^[11]

Regardless of dates and configuration of family, according to Benoit de Sainte More, a later French writer (see Chroniques Anglo Norm, 1:178), his wife Ealdgyth (Edith) was devoted to him. (DNB, B:749). ^[11]

1062 Renewed War with England

In 1062, after Aelfric, Earl of Mercia died, Gruffudd started raiding England again, moving beyond the Severn. However, at Christmas, Harold was sent with a small force of Norsemen to push him back, and penetrated Gruffudd's castle of Rhuddlan. While Gruffudd was able to escape by sea, Harold burned his palace, his ships and his stores. England then launched a full-scale campaign against him, led by Tostig Earl of Northumbria invading north Wales and Harold raiding the southern coast. ^[3]

The Gwentian Chronicle records that "Caradoc son of Rhydderch [error for son of Grufudd son of Rhydderch?] son of Iestin hired Harallt to come with an army to S. Wales" and together they defeated Prince Gruffydd in 1060. ^[3]

On 26 May 1063 Harold, using Bristol as his base, sailed against Wales again, navigating along most of the Welsh coast, while Harold's brother Tostig invaded by land, plundering Wales until the Welsh people revolted against Gruffudd and drove him into exile. ^[11]

1063 Death

Gruffudd ap Llywelyn was then slain by his own men somewhere in Snowdonia on 5 August 1063. ^{[12] [3]}The Chronicle of the Princes of Wales records that "Gruffudd son of Llywelyn…fell through the treachery of his own men" in 1061. Simeon of Durham records that "Griffin king of the Britons" was killed by his own men "Non Aug" in 1064. Gruffydd was not caught by this pincer movement but was killed by his own men. ^[3]

Wolcott observes that "At his death in 1063, his empire did not survive intact. Whether it might have if his sons had been old enough to succeed him is debatable; they weren't and it didn't."^[1]

"When Gruffudd was slain by his own men his head was given to Harold, who delivered it to the King of England. Gruffudd's lands were given to his half-brothers, Bleddyn and Rhiwallon sons of Cynfyn; they became vassals of Edward the Confessor and later Harold. ^[11]

"The "only Welsh king ever to rule over the entire territory of Wales (john Davies, 100), Gruffudd was remembered as the King of the Britons by the Welsh, and was described in the Brut y Trwysogion as "the head and shield and defender of the Britons" ^[13]. According to the Gwentian chronocler, "He and his father were the noblest princes that had been, until their time, in Wales; and the best for bravery and war, and for peace and for goverment, and for generosity and justice." ^[11]

1063 Widow Ealdgyth married Harold

After Gruffudd's death, his wife Edith married Harold II, King of England, who also had many children by a "Danish wife" Edith Swanneck. ^[12]Ealdgyth survived Gruffudd and married Harold Godwinson, by whom she had one or more children.^[1] Walter Map wrote of a wife of great beauty whom Gruffudd loved; that may be a reference to Ealdgyth, noted for her beauty.^[6] Llewelyn-34_Sources />

Ealdgyth married second, about 1064, Harold II, Earl of East Anglia, who became King of England and was slain at Hastings in 1066. ^[11]

Listed in Domesday in 1086, Ealdgyth had been in turn Queen of Wales and Queen of England.

1069 Death of Surviving Sons

Grufudd's surviving sons Ithel and Maredudd died in 1069 at the Battle of Mechain^[1] at the hands of Gruffudd's half-brothers Rhiwallon and Bleddyn ap Cynfyn...^[14]

Issue

Gruffudd had children, but who their mothers were reflects the different theories on who Gruffudd's wives were.

Cawley has Howell's wife as Grufudd's first wife and Eadgyth as the second wife. He shows these children:

1. Owain, child of first wife (Howell's wife). Cawley adds the note that it is not certain Gruffudd was the father.
2. daughter who married Aelfgar, child of first wife (Howell's wife)
3. Maredudd, not certain
4. Idwal, not certain
5. Nesta, daughter of Grufudd and Eadgyth

Boyer shows these children, all by Ealdgyth except for Cynin:

1. Nest (1)
2. Maredudd
3. Ithel
4. Nest (2)
5. Idwal
6. Cynin, illegitimate

Wolcott -- these children with the first four assigned to the Irish wife and the fifth (second named Nest) to Ealdgyth.

1. Owain, born c. 1039, died in 1059
2. Ithel, born c. 1041, killed in 1069.
3. Maredudd, born c. 1043, died in 1069.
4. Nest (1) born c. 1050, married Trahearn ap Caradog. c 1065
5. Nest (2), born c. 1056, married Osbern fitz reichard c. 1070, had a daughter Nest, born c. 1071, who married Bernard Newmarch.

The various children, supposed and actual, presented in birth order:

1. Cynyn, who Wolcott estimates was born about 1029, an unacknowledged and base-born child reported by Wolco4tt ^[1] would apparently be Gruffudd's first. An early source says that while Cynfryd (born about 1015) ferch Rhirid Mawr (born about 980) was a hostage, she had a son by Gruffudd before later marrying Trahaearn ap Maelog Dda (born about 995). Cynyn is attributed to Gruffudd by Cynfryd (b c1015) ferch Rhirid Mawr:^[1] Rhiryd Mawr of Caerwedros had been required to give his daughter as a hostage to Llewelyn ap Seisyll about 1022 and that lady was still being held by interim king Cynfyn ap Gwerystan (at whose manor Gruffudd lived after his father died^[15]). Wolcott believes that a teenaged Gruffudd seduced the young lady who likely took the resulting child with her when she was later released to marry Trahaearn. The child was never acknowledged by Gruffudd as his legitimate son. ^[1] Following her marriage to Trahearn, Cynfyn then had a child Brochwel, born about 1030, by Trahaearn.
2. Owain ap Gruffudd, born c. 1039, died at the age of 20. Clearly a man of importance, because the Brut has an obituary and the Brut only does it for ordinary men ^[1]. Cawley reports his death in 1057. ^[3]
3. Unnamed daughter of Gruffudd, born c. 1041. This daughter is reported only by Cawley who states that the primary source which confirms her parentage and marriage has not yet been identified. She married in 1058 as his second wife, ÆLFGAR Earl of Mercia (who died in 1062) son of Leofric of Mercia & his wife Godiva --- (-1062). ^[3]
4. Ithel or Idwal, was born about 1041. Wolcott believes Nest was his mother. Both Ithel and his brother Maredudd died in 1069 at the hands of Rhiwallon and Bleddyn ap Cynfyn. ^[16]
5. Maredudd was born about 1043, also a child of Gruffudd and Nest, and died in 1069 after fleeing the battlefield. ^[16] Boyer states is child of Gruffudd and Edith. ^[11]
6. Nest (1) according to Wolcott, was born about 1050 ^[17]o Wolcott, was born about 1050 and married Trahaearn ap Caradog.
7. Nest (2) or Nesta, according to Wolcott, was born about 1056. ^[1] Cawley refers to her as the daughter of Gruffydd and his second wife. She married Osbern FitzRichard.

Research Notes

Legendary Wives

The following were shown as spouses and children of Gruffudd ap Llewelyn, born 1011 but have no factual support and in some cases have contradictory dates. They have been de-linked from Gruffudd. Day-1904 06:29, 6 January 2018 (EST)

• Agatha (Unknown) ap Llewelyn. No birth year. Supposed spouse.
• Guereta Deheubarth, born 1005, Deheubarth, Monmouthshire. Supposed spouse.
• Guenta Filae Griffyth, born Wales, 995. Supposed child.
• Unknown ferch Gruffydd ap Llywellyn, born 1039. Supposed child.
• Llewellyn ap Gruffydd, born 1040. Supposed child.

Appearance in Fictional Ancestries of Scottish Stuart Dynasty

Gruffydd ap Llewelyn appears in fictional ancestries of the Stuart Dynasty of Scotland in which Walter FitzAlan, the first High Steward of Scotland is the son of Alan FitzFlaald (a real person) who in turn is the son of Guenta Filiae Griffyth, fictional daughter of Gruffydd. See Space: Legendary Scottish Stewart Ancestry. Also see Wikipedia: Alan_fitz_Flaad.

Nest and the Scottish Stewart Legend

In stories of the legendary Banquo and his son Fleance, as recounted in Raphael Holinshead's Chronicles, ^[18] Fleance—in fear of Macbeth—flees to Wales and marries Nesta verch Gruffydd, daughter of Gruffydd ap Llywelyn, the last native Prince of Wales.

They have a son named Walter who makes his way back to Scotland and is appointed Royal Steward. According to legend, he fathered the Stuart monarchs of England and Scotland. ^[19]

Gruffydd's daughter Nest is a real person, but the rest of this account has no basis in fact. Neither Banquo nor Fleance ever existed, and the Walter of this story was Walter FitzAlan, son of Alan FitzFlaald. Alan began his life in Brittany but was awarded lands by King Henry in Shropshire, adjacent to Wales. Walter grew up in Shropshire and moved on to Scotland to serve the kings there as High Steward of Scotland.

Sources

1. ↑ ^{1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.15} Darrell Wolcott, Ancient Wales Studies. The Consorts and Children of Gruffudd ap Llewelyn Accessed July 8, 2015
2. ↑ ^{2.0 2.1} Darrell Wolcott, Ancient Wales Studies. The Era of Llewelyn ap Seisyll accessed July 8, 2015)
3. ↑ ^{3.00 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 3.08 3.09 3.10 3.11 3.12 3.13 3.14 3.15 3.16} Charles Cawley. Foundation for Medieval Genealgy. Medieval Lands Database. Wales Gruffydd ap Llywelyn ap Seisyll Accessed October 23, 2018 jhd
4. ↑ HLG (1) k, cited by Darrell Wolcott, Ancient Wales Studies. The Consorts and Children of Gruffudd ap Llewelyn Accessed July 8, 2015
5. ↑ Mrs Matthew Hall, "Queens Before the Conquest", 1854, vol ii, pp 386/387. Cited by Darrell Wolcott, Ancient Wales Studies. The Consorts and Children of Gruffudd ap Llewelyn Accessed Jan 6, 2018. jhd
6. ↑ ^{6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3} Llewelyn-34_Sources>
   Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
   Wynn, J (1878). The history of the Gwydir family. Oswestry: Woodall and Venables.
7. ↑ Brut y Tywysogyon, Peniarth Ms 20 version. Cited by Darrell Wolcott, Ancient Wales Studies. The Consorts and Children of Gruffudd ap Llewelyn Accessed Jan 6, 2018. jhd
8. ↑ Brut y Tywysogyon, Red Book of Hergest version. Cited by Darrell Wolcott, Ancient Wales Studies. The Consorts and Children of Gruffudd ap Llewelyn Accessed Jan 6, 2018. jhd
9. ↑ Brenhinedd y Saesson version, Cited by Darrell Wolcott, Ancient Wales Studies. The Consorts and Children of Gruffudd ap Llewelyn Accessed Jan 6, 2018. jhd
10. ↑ Wolcott states, "We make this identification in the paper "The 1039 Battle at Rhyd y Groes" elsewhere on this site." Darrell Wolcott, Ancient Wales Studies. The Consorts and Children of Gruffudd ap Llewelyn Accessed Jan 6, 2018. jhd
11. ↑ ^{11.00 11.01 11.02 11.03 11.04 11.05 11.06 11.07 11.08 11.09 11.10 11.11 11.12} Carl Boyer 3rd. Medieval Welsh Ancestors of Certain Americans. By the author: Santa Clarita, California, 2004. Gruffudd ap Llywelyn is #18 on page 287.
12. ↑ ^{12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4} Carl Boyer, III. Medieval Welsh Ancestors of Certain Americans. By the author. Santa Clarita, California, 2004. "Mercia", page 259.
13. ↑ Dictionary of National Biography, 8:750
14. ↑ Ancient Wales Studies Powys Dynastic Family 945-1385,"
15. ↑ Llewelyn ap Seisyll died 1023 (#Dictionary)
16. ↑ ^{16.0 16.1} Darrell Wolcott, Ancient Wales Studies. The Consorts and Children of Gruffudd ap Llewelyn Accessed Jan 6, 2018. jhd
17. ↑ Dwnn ii, 107; LB 7. Cited by Darrell Wolcott, Ancient Wales Studies. The Consorts and Children of Gruffudd ap Llewelyn Accessed Jan 6, 2018. jhd
18. ↑ Bevington, David. Four Tragedies. Bantam, 1988. ISBN 0-553-21283-4, p.714. Cited by Wikipedia. Fleance Accessed Feb 6, 2018. jhd
19. ↑ Shakespeare, William and Nicholas Brooke. The Tragedy of Macbeth. Oxford Oxfordshire: Oxford University Press, 1998. ISBN 0-19-283417-7, p. 68. Cited by Wikipedia. Fleance Accessed Feb 6, 2018. jhd

See also:

• https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gruffydd_ap_Llywelyn

• Dictionary of Welsh Biography, the National Library of Wales:
  • Gruffudd ap Llywelyn, article by Professor Thomas Jones, D.Litt., Aberystwyth
  • Llywelyn ap Seisyll, article by Professor Thomas Jones Pierce, M.A., F.S.A., (1905-1964), Aberystwyth
  • Maredudd ab Owain ap Hywel Dda (father of Angharad), article by Professor Thomas Jones Pierce, M.A., F.S.A., (1905-1964), Aberystwyth

See also:

• Wikipedia:
  • Gruffydd ap Llywelyn
  • Llywelyn ap Seisyll
  • Rulers of Wales
  • Rulers of Powys (accessed July 13, 2015): House of Manaw:
    • "Llywelyn ap Seisyll (999–1023), son of Anghered by her first husband. Anghered is the daughter of Maredudd ab Owain" note: Anghered was Llywelyn's wife, not his mother. Llywelyn was her first husband. Wikipedia's article on Llywelyn has the relationship correct.
      
    • "Rhydderch ap Iestyn (1023–1033)"
      
    • "Iago ap Idwal (1033–1039)"
      
    • "Gruffydd ap Llywelyn (1039–1063)"