James Barber's wife Sarah Stancil claimed to be a widow on the 1900 Census, but DNA evidence confirms that he moved to a new state and remarried. James' final child with Sarah was born in Georgia in 1889 and he married Mary in Alabama in 1891. James' descendants via Sarah Stancil and his descendants via Mary Taylor have levels of shared centimorgans consistent with this hypothesis.
DNA evidence also suggests that James (or a close Barber relative of his) fathered a child with his sister-in-law Cleminda Adeline Stancil. LouVenia "Bena" Stancil was born in 1884, while James was still married to her aunt Sarah. Given James' later actions (abandoning his wife and children) it is hardly implausible that he would have had an affair with his wife's sister.
Moving up a generation, James' descendants and his younger siblings' descendants share centimorgan amounts consistent with full cousins, not half cousins, so Elizabeth was very likely the mother of all of the children, even though she was apparently only twelve years old when James was born.
Sources
Paternal and maternal relationships are confirmed by an AncestryDNA test match between James' private great-granddaughter and the private great-grandson of James' sister Mary Leah (Barber) Rowe. Their MRCAs are their great-great-grandparents, Isaiah Barber and Elizabeth Ann Thompson. They share 98 cM across 4 segments. 3rd cousin probability: 29%.
"Georgia Marriages, 1808-1967," database, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.1.1/FWDP-8XT : 24 December 2014), James E. Barber and Sarah R. Stancie, 13 Apr 1878; citing , Mitchell, Georgia; FHL microfilm 522,772.
"United States Census, 1880," database with images, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:M8GF-TNV : 13 July 2016), James Barber, District 625, Mitchell, Georgia, United States; citing enumeration district ED 45, sheet 509A, NARA microfilm publication T9 (Washington D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.), roll 0158; FHL microfilm 1,254,158.
"Alabama County Marriages, 1809-1950," database with images, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:QKZ3-3HQG : 6 November 2017), James Barber and Mary Taylor, 05 Jan 1891; citing Escambia, Alabama, United States, County Probate Courts, Alabama; FHL microfilm 1,289,647.
"United States Census, 1900," database with images, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:M9XT-CLY : accessed 23 July 2020), James E Barber, Beat 1, Perry, Mississippi, United States; citing enumeration district (ED) 87, sheet 13B, family 213, NARA microfilm publication T623 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, 1972.); FHL microfilm 1,240,824.
"United States Census, 1910," database with images, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:MP8Z-ZG6 : accessed 23 July 2020), James E Barber, Beat 3, Forrest, Mississippi, United States; citing enumeration district (ED) ED 16, sheet 22B, family 428, NARA microfilm publication T624 (Washington D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, 1982), roll 739; FHL microfilm 1,374,752.
Son Chesley's Social Security Application: Ancestry.com. U.S., Social Security Applications and Claims Index, 1936-2007 [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2015.
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DNA Connections
It may be possible to confirm family relationships with James by comparing test results with other carriers of his Y-chromosome or his mother's mitochondrial DNA.
However, there are no known yDNA or mtDNA test-takers in his direct paternal or maternal line.
It is likely that these autosomal DNA test-takers will share some percentage of DNA with James: