Richard (York) of England KG (1452 - 1485)

Born 2 Oct 1452 in Fotheringhay Castle, Northamptonshire, England

Ancestors

Son of Richard (York) of York KG and Cecily (Neville) of York

Husband of Anne (Neville) York — married before 18 Mar 1472 in Westminster Abbey, London, England

Died 22 Aug 1485 at age 32 in Leicestershire, England

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Biography

Richard III (York) of England KG is a member of the House of York.

Richard III ruled as King of England from 26 June 1483, when he deposed his nephew Edward V, until his death on 22 August 1485, when he was killed in battle defending his crown.

Family

Richard of York, Duke of Gloucester, was born of royal blood as a descendant of King Edward III. His royal kinsmen had a history of deposing their predecessors in dynastic violence.

Table of Descendants of Edward III, King of England

He was born on 2 October 1452 at Fotheringhay Castle, Northampshire, the youngest son of Richard Duke of York and his wife Cecily (the Rose of Raby), daughter of Ralph Neville, 1st Earl of Westmorland. ^{[1] [2] [3] [4]} His siblings were:

• Anne - eldest surviving sister, b. 10 August 1439; m. Henry Holand; d. January 1476
• Henry - b. 1441; died young
• Edward IV of England - b. 28 April 1442
• Edmund Earl of Rutland - b.1443; d. 1460
• Elizabeth Duchess of Suffolk - b. 22 April 1444; m. de la Pole; d. about 1504
• Margaret Duchess of Burgundy - b. 3 May 1446; m. Charles Duke of Burgundy; d. 1503
• William - b. 7 July 1447; d. young
• John - b. 7 November 1448; d. young
• George Duke of Clarence - b. 21 October 1449; d. 1478
• Thomas - b. 14150/1; died young
• Ursula - 22 July 1455; d. young

His life took place in the course of the dynastic violence of the Wars of the Roses between York and the rival House of Lancaster, in which his father and two of his elder brothers - Edmund Earl of Rutland, George Duke of Clarence - lost their lives. It was only with his own death that the conflict finally came to an end.

Youth and Warfare

When Richard was one year old, the reigning Lancaster king, Henry VI, suffered a fit in which "his wit and reson wtdrawen." ^[5] Richard Duke of York was named his Proctector during his incapacity, and soon began to form ambitions to take the throne in his own right, arguing that his own descent was superior to Henry VI's, having already in 1448 assumed the royal surname Plantagenet. ^{[1] [4]} On 22 May 1455, York, with his allies Richard Neville the Earl of Salisbury, the duchess's brother, and Richard Neville the Earl of Warwick, defeated the Lancastrian forces at the First Battle of St Albans].

After the Yorkist forces fled the field at Ludford Bridge in October 1459, Cecily Neville and her three youngest children - Richard, his brother George and their sister Margaret - were taken into custody by the Lancastrians while Duke Richard planned another campaign, which turned to disaster at the Battle of Wakefield on 30 December 1460, when Duke Richard, Edmund Earl of Rutland and the Earl of Salisbury were all killed. Richard was then eight years old. For their safety, Cecily Neville sent the youngest children to the court of Burgundy (Margaret in 1468 married Charles Duke of Burgundy). ^[6]

But following Wakefield, her eldest son, Edward Earl of March - succeeded as Duke of York - and with her nephew Warwick once again raised their forces. On 4 March 1461, following a victory at The Battle of Mortimer's Cross, Parliament declared Henry VI deposed and Edward of York as King Edward IV. On 29 March, King Edward decisively defeated the Lancastrians at the Battle of Towton, and on 28 June he was crowned at Westminster Abbey. ^[1] By that time, his younger brothers were back in England to take part in the ceremonies. Richard was then eight years of age.^[7]

Duke of Gloucester

On the eve of the coronation, both brothers were among the 28 who were made Knights of the Bath. ^[8] George, however, three years older and his unmarried brother's heir presumptive, was also made a Knight of the Garter on that occasion ^[9] as well as Duke of Clarence. Richard was made Duke of Gloucester, but not until 1 November, after his ninth birthday, and only made Knight of the Garter in 1465. ^{[10] [1]} By age ten, on 12 August 16 1462, he was granted the office of Admiral of the seas, as well as the castle of Gloucester and numerous other offices and properties. ^[11] In 1465, when his brother George was declared of age, Richard at age thirteen was sent to the guardianship of his uncle the Earl of Warwick in Yorkshire for the traditional training in knighthood. ^[12] It may be about that time that he developed 80 degree scoliosis, discovered in postmortem examination. ^{[13] [14]}

By 1464, King Edward had married Elizabeth Wydeville, widow of Lancastrian knight John Grey, who gave him a son and heir Edward (born November 1470) ^[1] but also a horde of rapacious kinsmen who looked for riches and power from the Crown. This marriage precipitated a breach between the king and his uncle Warwick, who had hoped to marry his daughters Isabel and Anne to Edward's brothers, which matches were opposed by Edward. Both Warwick and George Duke of Clarence wanted the alliance for their mutual benefit, both opposed the riches and power going to the Wydevilles, and on 11 July 1469, the marriage between Clarence and Isabel Neville took place in the Warwick stronghold of Calais. ^[15] At the same time, a Warwick-fomented rebellion broke out in the north, with Warwick issuing a manifesto in its support, blaming the king's evil councillors (Wydevilles) for heavy taxation. ^[16] The king summoned his brother Richard of Gloucester to join him in confronting the rebellion, for which Gloucester needed to borrow money. ^[17] Warwick had insufficient support, and the king duly rewarded his one loyal brother, making him Constable of England on 17 October 1469 ^[18] and Warden of the Marches of Wales. ^[19]

Warwick then made an alliance in 1470 with Margaret of Anjou, exiled queen of imprisoned King Henry VI and mother of his heir, Edward of Lancaster, sometime Prince of Wales, marrying him to his younger daughter Anne Neville. ^[20] His forces falling away, King Edward and his brother Gloucester fled to the Low Countries to recruit allies and reinforcements; during his absence Edward's heir Edward Prince of Wales was born in November. The king was able to regain his throne in early 1471 after George of Clarence defected from Warwick and returned to the side of his royal brother. Gloucester, however, was a leader of the king's forces at the Battle of Barnet on 17 April when Warwick was killed, (Gloucester wounded in action) and commanded the vanguard at the Battle of Tewksbury] 4 May when Edward of Lancaster was killed, probably executed. ^[21]

Magnate

Richard of Gloucester was then, at age eighteen, an experienced battlefield commander and a growing power in his brother's kingdom, being the recipient of the estates and offices forfeited by Warwick, bestowed by his grateful brother the king. He also received the estates of John de Vere, Earl of Oxford, in 1471.

Gloucester's acquisition of the Neville estates gave him an independent power base in the north, where he set about building up his own support. His closest advisors in his kingship came from those days: Francis Lovell, William Catesby, and Richard Ratcliff. During his last days of unpopularity, Richard III was mocked by the verse: "The Catte, the Ratte and Lovell our dogge rulyth all Englande under a hogge" in reference to Richard's badge of a white boar. But in the north, he was well-regarded, and the population knew that service with him would be rewarded. ^[22] He could easily call up a substantial fighting force.

In 1481-2, he led English forces in a minor war with Scotland - a traditionally approved role for northern magnates, and an opportunity for knighthoods to be made. More pacifically, he arbitrated disputes, opened fairs, and endowed colleges. ^[23] It was probably the most relatively peaceful decade of his life. Later, as king in 1484, he established the Council of the North, perhaps his most lasting accomplishment in government. ^[24] For a partial list of his titles, see: ^[25]

Marriage

In 1472, Gloucester became a married man, taking to wife Anne Neville, widow of Edward of Lancaster. The marriage had issue: son Edward of Middleham - born 1476 at Middleham Castle, Yorkshire, the former home of the Earl of Warwick, her father, which would be Gloucester's primary residence.^[1]

Gloucester also had acknowledged illegitimate children: ^{[1] [26]}

• John of Gloucester aka John of Pontefract (c. 1466 - 1499).
• Katherine Plantagenet m. before 1484 William Herbert (dsp. probably before 25 Nov 1487).

And

• Richard Plantagenet of Eastwell Kent (1469-1550) Not acknowledged. ^[27]

A major obstacle to Goucester's marriage was his brother the redeemed traitor Duke of Clarence, who exhibited a strong jealously against the brother who had been loyal. By virtue of his marriage to the eldest Warwick daughter Isabel, he had half the estates formerly held by the earl by right of his countess, Anne Beauchamp; he wanted the rest. The brothers were apparently ready to duel over the issue. The king supported Gloucester, but it was the countess who eventually paid the price, her property being divided between her sons-in-law "as if (she) were naturally dead." ^[28] In fact, she survived until 1492, outliving both daughters and both their husbands. ^[29]

In December 1476, Clarence's duchess Isabel died in childbirth, along with a newborn son, and Clarence immediately took the opportunity to press a suit for his sister Margaret's stepdaughter Mary, daughter of the recently-deceased Duke of Burgundy, Charles the Bold. After Edward denied approval for the marriage, Clarence was implicated in a design of "'imagining and compassing' the king's death" - employing magic to learn the death of the king and his son. ^[30] Parliament met on 16 January 1477/8, pronounced the Duke guilty, attainted, and he was executed on 18 February (with or without the legendary butt of malmsey). ^[31] Most damning charges: (Appendix I) "He also said that the king was a bastard, not fit to reign, and made men take oaths of allegiance to him without excepting their loyalty to the king. He accused the king of taking his livelihood from him, and intending his destruction. He secured an exemplification under the great seal of an agreement made between him and Queen Margaret promising him the crown if Henry VI's line failed."

While there is no evidence that Richard of Gloucester was involved in this prosecution, he benefited greatly from the outcome. He was left the only adult male of the Yorkist family, although his brother by then had a second son, Richard Duke of York, born 17 August 1473. Gloucester's son Edward was given the forfeited title Earl of Salisbury on 15 February 1477/8. ^[32]

Edward V

Gloucester was at his castle of Middleham in Yorkshire when news came that his brother King Edward IV had unexpectedly died on 9 April 1483 - apparently too far for him to reach London for the king's funeral on the 16th. Edward had left his brother Gloucester as Protector to his twelve-year-old son and heir, now Edward V. News also reached him that the queen and her Wydeville kinsmen meant to take control over the new king. Edward V was at Ludlow Castle in his capacity as Prince of Wales, but he left for London about 23 April with an escort of 2000 armed men under the leadership of his uncle Anthony Wydeville, Lord Rivers, for a coronation scheduled for 4 May, after which, they may have believed, the Protector's authority would be superseded. The two factions apparently saw each other as a threat and both took pre-emptive action. Gloucester was supported by William Hastings Lord Hastings, probably Edward IV's most trusted and loyal advisor and opposed to the Wydevilles. According to the contemporary chronicler Dominicus Mancini, Henry Stafford, Duke of Buckingham, another enemy of the Wydevilles, apparently also saw this as a threat, as he joined Gloucester on his march to intercept the new king before he reached London. ^{[33] [34]}

Gloucester struck first. On 29 April, the two parties met at Northampton with apparent good-will, but the next day Gloucester arrested Rivers, his nephew Richard Grey, half-brother of the new king, and Sir Thomas Vaughan, and sent them north under guard, despite the protests of King Edward. This news so alarmed the queen, with her support cut off, that she immediately fled with her younger son and her daughters into sanctuary at Westminster Abbey. Soon after reaching London, Edward was installed in the royal apartments in the Tower of London - a traditional residence - but cut off from contact with his mother and her advisors. His coronation was postponed, first to 22 June, at last indefinitely. At a meeting of the council on 10 May, Gloucester was officially confirmed as Protector. He proposed the condemnation of Lord Rivers and Richard Grey for treason, but the council refused him, leaving the possibility that they might return to power and oppose him. ^[35]

The Duke of Buckingham was rewarded by the Protector for his support of the coup with extensive lands and powers, mainly in Wales. ^[36] Numerous other appointments were made, as Gloucester put his own supporters into office. But on about 10 June, he wrote to Yorkshire requesting armed reinforcements "to aid and assist us against the queen, her blood adherents and affinity, which have intended and daily doeth intend, to murder and utterly destroy us and our cousin, the Duke of Buckingham, and the old royal blood of this realm ..." On 13 June, at a secret meeting of the council, Lord William Hastings was summarily seized and beheaded. As Ross points out, Hastings' loyalty had always been, not to the queen, but to Edward IV and his line, ie, to his heir. ^{[37] [38]} Events thereafter proceeded rapidly and inexorably: ^[39]

16 June - Richard Duke of York removed from sanctuary, ostensibly to attend his brother's coronation

22 June - Public sermons preached (perhaps by a theologian Ralph Shaa or Shaw) declaring that Edward IV's marriage had been unlawful and his children thus illegitimate - an accusation as old as Warwick and Clarence in 1469

23 June - Writs of supersedeas sent out, cancelling the parliament planned for after Edward's coronation

25 June - Earl Rivers, Richard Grey, and Sir Thomas Vaughan beheaded (probably without trial) at Pontefract Castle, Yorkshire

26 June - A petition presented to Richard Duke of Gloucester requesting that he assume the throne

6 July - Richard III crowned King of England and his queen with him

8 September - Edward of Middleham created Prince of Wales

At some point, Edward IV's sons were no longer seen alive. ^[40]

January - February 1484 - The Act Titulus Regius passed by Parliament in justification of Richard III's usurpation of the throne. ^{[41] [42]}

1483 Rebellion

Reaction to Richard III's usurpation of his nephew's throne came quickly, first from those who, like Hastings, had been loyal to the previous king. Some were affiliated with the Wydevilles, most notably Thomas Grey Marquess of Dorset, Elizabeth Wydeville's eldest son and brother of the executed Richard Grey. See list: ^[43] According to Ingulf the Chronicler of Croyden ^[44] the original purpose of the uprising was to deliver the sons of King Edward from captivity in the Tower, believing them still to be alive. (It is quite conceivable that it was the outbreak of rebellion which convinced Richard that it was too dangerous to leave them so.) Richard issued a commission of oyer and terminer on 28 August to seek out any rebels, ^[45] with the Duke of Buckingham to be at its head, but by that time it is likely that Buckingham himself had joined the uprising. According to Ingulf, it was Buckingham who initiated an alliance with the exiled Lancasters and proposed the union of Henry Tudor, earl of Richmond, and Elizabeth of York, Edward IV's eldest daughter and apparent heir. ^[44] The rising failed. Buckingham was beheaded on 2 November, and Richard called a parliament the next year to issue acts of attainder, ^[41] the forfeited lands being doled out to his supporters. ^[46] But Henry Tudor, who had come too late, resolved to make another, better-prepared attempt. ^[47]

1485 Battle of Bosworth Field

His ill-gained crown had not brought Richard III much happiness. In 1483, he made a royal progress to the north of the country, bestowing largess, but his only son died on 9 April 1484 and his queen a year later on 16 March 1485. ^[1] He had no heir of his body and it was increasingly obvious that the unsettled state of the kingdom afforded him no timely opportunity to obtain one.

In France, Henry Tudor was negotiating with the regent for Charles VIII of France, his sister Anne de Beaujeu, whose plans fit well with his own. With French support added to disaffected English exiles - most notably John de Vere, Earl of Oxford, whose estates had been handed over to Richard Tudor in 1471 - he assembled an army that landed near Milford Haven on 7 August 1485. He was joined in Wales by an army led by local magnate Rhys ap Thomas. Both side apparently possessed artillery, although Horspool believes Richard's guns were superior. ^{[48] [49] [50]}

The two forces deployed on 22 August at Sutton Cheney, Leicestershire. The battle is not well-documented and accounts differ. Richard's army was the larger - perhaps as many as 10,000 men to Tudor's 5000, but many of them may have lacked zeal for the fight. His strongest and most reliable ally was John Howard Duke of Norfolk, who commanded the vanguard. Henry Percy Earl of Northumberland commanded either the left wing or the rear of Richard's army, and Thomas Stanley, Earl of Derby, and his bother Sir William Stanley were nominally on the side of the king, but Thomas Stanley was also Henry Tudor's stepfather. He stood apart from the battle as the armies formed up, and when Richard ordered an advance, Northumberland did not move. ^[51] The Croyland Chronicler reported: "In the part where the Earl of Northumberland was posted, with a large and well-provided body of troops, there was no opposition made, as not a blow was given or received during the battle." ^[44] Sources differ on the reason.

Richard led his willing troops in a mounted charge directly at Henry Tudor's position, at which Sir William Stanley moved to join Tudor, giving him the numerical advantage.^[51] The Croyland Chronicler wrote: "For while fighting and not in the act of flight, the said King Richard was pierced with numerous deadly wounds, and fell in the field like a brave and most valiant prince." ^[44]

Posthumous History

Ingulf of Croyland wrote: "The body of the said King Richard being found among the dead ... many other insults were also heaped upon it, and, not exactly in accordance with the laws of humanity, a halter being thrown around the neck, it was carried to Leicester." ^[44] It was taken to the Greyfriars church and exposed to the public for three days, providing witness that he was in fact dead, then buried there in the choir of the church.^[52] Following the dissolution of the monasteries a half-century later, its location was lost.

Five hundred years after his death, the location was discovered. Forensic and DNA analysis identified it as the burial of Richard III. ^[53] On 26 March 2015, he was re-interred at Leicester Cathedral with a requiem Mass. ^[54]

For a detailed account of Richard III's burial and aftermath see: Space: Richard III Burial [4]

DNA

Following the discovery of his remains, Richard III's identity was confirmed by DNA analysis by a team led by Turi E King.

mtDNA

Mitochondrial DNA results showed a perfect whole-mitochondrial genome match between Skeleton 1 of the Greyfriars site and Michael Ibsen and a single base difference (mutation) with Wendy Duldig - both descendants of Richard III's sister Anne St Leger.

MATERNAL relationship confirmed by an exact HVR1 and HVR2 match between:

• this mtDNA test of King Richard III
• and this mtDNA test for his 15th great nephew Michael Ibsen
• and this mtDNA test of his 17th great-niece Wendy Duldig.
• this mtDNA test for Michael Ibsen
• and this mtDNA test of his direct maternal line 14th cousin twice removed Wendy Duldig
• and this mtDNA test of his direct maternal line 15th great uncle King Richard III.

MATERNAL relationship confirmed by an exact HVR1 and HVR2 match between

• this mtDNA test for Michael Ibsen
• and this mtDNA test of his direct maternal line 14th cousin twice removed Wendy Duldig
• and this mtDNA test of his direct maternal line 15th great uncle King Richard III. ^[55]

YDNA

YDNA was tested with five descendants of Henry Somerset 5th Duke of Beaufort. "Four of the modern relatives were found to belong to Y-haplogroup R1b-U152 (x L2, Z36, Z56, M160, M126 and Z192)13,14 with STR haplotypes being consistent with them comprising a single patrilinear group. One individual (Somerset 3) was found to belong to haplogroup I-M170 (x M253, M223) and therefore could not be a patrilinear relative of the other four within the time span considered, indicating that a false-paternity event had occurred within the last four generations.... In contrast to the Y-haplotypes of the putative modern relatives, Skeleton 1 belongs to haplogroup G-P287, with a corresponding Y-STR haplotype. Thus, the putative modern patrilinear relatives of Richard III are not genetically related to Skeleton 1 through the male line over the time period considered." ^[56]

Research Notes

Historian Michael Hicks has examined evidence which might suggest that Richard and his wife had a second son. He concludes that it is ambiguous and inconclusive. ^[57]

Richard III was a controversial figure even before his death. Some historians have painted him as a monstrous villain while others insist he has been falsely maligned. The account in this genealogical profile has followed, as far as possible, the attested facts of his life and attempted to avoid unwarranted speculation.

Sources

1. ↑ ^{1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7} Weir, Alison. Britain's Royal Families: The Complete Genealogy. pp. 134-145. Vintage: 2008.
2. ↑ Ross, Charles. Richard III, p. 4. University of California Press: 1981.
3. ↑ Cannon, J. & Griffiths, R. (2000). The Oxford Illustrated History of the British Monarchy, p. 268, 294, 296, 657. Oxford: University of Oxford Press.
4. ↑ ^{4.0 4.1} Luminarium Encyclopedia Project: Wars of the Roses House of York
5. ↑ Horspool, David. Richard III: A Ruler and His Reputation, p. 25. London: Bloomsbury, 1215.
6. ↑ Ross, p. 5.
7. ↑ Ross, p. 6.
8. ↑ Shaw, WA. The Knights of England, vol. 1, p. 133. London: Sherratt & Hughes, 1906. p. 133
9. ↑ Shaw, p. 14. p. 14
10. ↑ Shaw, p. 15.
11. ↑ Calendar of the Patent Rolls - 2 EDWARD IV - Part II, Membrane 5, p. 197. HM Stationery Office, 1916. p. 197
12. ↑ Ross, p. 7.
13. ↑ Horspool, p. 51.
14. ↑ "Richard III: Team rebuilds 'most famous spine'," (2014, May 29). BBC. spine
15. ↑ Hicks, Michael. Warwick the Kingmaker, p. 267. Oxford: Blackwell, 1998.
16. ↑ Hicks, pp. 272-275.
17. ↑ Horspool, p. 63.
18. ↑ Calendar of the Patent Rolls - 9 EDWARD IV.— Part I - Membrane 16, p. 178. London : Eyre and Spottiswoode, 1948. p. 178
19. ↑ Ross, p. 17.
20. ↑ Hicks, p. 295 - 299.
21. ↑ Ross, p. 21-2.
22. ↑ Ross, p. 55.
23. ↑ Ross, pp. 44-47.
24. ↑ Horspool, p. 222.
25. ↑ Titles of Richard III [Plantagenet]

    Richardson, D. (2013). Royal Ancestry, III: 533, IV: 128, V: 458-460.

26. ↑ Horspool, pp. 67 & 116.
27. ↑ Hammond, Peter. Richard III & his World: Richard Plantagenet. Hammond
28. ↑ Horspool, pp. 104-109.
29. ↑ Hicks, p. 327.
30. ↑ Horspool, pp. 120-129.
31. ↑ "Edward IV: January 1478." Parliament Rolls of Medieval England. Eds. Chris Given-Wilson, Paul Brand, Seymour Phillips, Mark Ormrod, Geoffrey Martin, Anne Curry, and Rosemary Horrox. Woodbridge: Boydell, 2005. British History Online. Web. 11 February 2024. 1478
32. ↑ Calendar of the Patent Rolls - 17 Edward IV - Part 2. Membrane 16, p. 67. London: HM Stationery Office, 1939. February 15 & 21
33. ↑ Horspool, pp. 143-150.
34. ↑ Ross, pp. 70-73.
35. ↑ Ross, pp. 74-5.
36. ↑ Calendar of the Patent Rolls - Edward V. Membrane3, pp. 349-350. HM Stationery Office 1939. May 16
37. ↑ Ross, pp. 76-85.
38. ↑ Horspool, pp. 155-160.
39. ↑ Ross, pp. 86 - 93. Frequently cites Mancini. (Dominicus Mancinus, The Usurpation of Richard III, CEJ Armstrong, ed. Oxford University Press, 1936)
40. ↑ Weir, A. (1995). The Princes in the Tower, New York, NY: Ballantine Books, August 1995, p. 215
41. ↑ ^{41.0 41.1} "Richard III: January 1484." Parliament Rolls of Medieval England. Eds. Chris Given-Wilson, Paul Brand, Seymour Phillips, Mark Ormrod, Geoffrey Martin, Anne Curry, and Rosemary Horrox. Woodbridge: Boydell, 2005. British History Online. Web. 12 February 2024. 1484
42. ↑ Titulus Regius: Parliament of England Wikisource
43. ↑ Rebels [1]
44. ↑ ^{44.0 44.1 44.2 44.3 44.4} The Croyland Chronicle, p. 490-492. HG Bohn, 1854. p. 490
45. ↑ Calendar of the Patent Rolls - 1 RICHARD III.— Part 5. Membrane 7d, p. 465. HM Stationery Office, 1939. p. 465
46. ↑ Ross, pp. 117-123.
47. ↑ Horspool, pp. 195-200.
48. ↑ Ross, pp. 218-222.
49. ↑ Horspool, pp. 244-249.
50. ↑ Henry Tudor’s Wales and the Route to Bosworth tour. HistoryPoints.org. Web. Retrieved 02 July 2020. [2].

    Map of Henry Tudor's route to Bosworth. HistoryPoints.org. Google Maps. [3]

51. ↑ ^{51.0 51.1} Dupuy & Dupuy. The Encyclopedia of Military History, p. 423. Revised Edition, Harper and Row, 1977.
52. ↑ Horspool, pp. 250-251.
53. ↑ Ashdown-Hill, John. The Last Days of Richard III Stroud: The History Press, 2013.
54. ↑ "King Richard III’s reinterment carries pomp and grandeur of state funeral". The Guardian, 26 March 2013. Re-Internment
55. ↑ "Richard III: Discovery and identification", Genetics and Genealogy. University of Leicester. U Leicester
56. ↑ "Identification of the remains of King Richard III", Nature Communications, 2 December 2014.
57. ↑ Hicks, Michael A. "One Prince or Two?The Family of Richard III" The Ricardian Vol. 9, September 1993, p. 467. Hicks

See also:

• Milner, E. (1904). Records of the Lumleys of Lumley Castle, p.14. Edith Benham, ed. London: George Bell & Sons. Google Books.
• Ashdown-Hill, J. (2015). "6 myths about Richard III." History Extra. Web. Retrieved 01 July 2020. https://www.historyextra.com/period/medieval/myths-facts-richard-iii-murder-princes-tower-shakespeare-york-leicester-car-park/
• Seymour, W. (1977). Battles in Britain 1066 - 1746, p. 184. Herts: Wordsworth Editions Ltd.
• Markham, C. (1906). Richard III: His Life & Character Reviewed in the Light of Recent Research. London: Smith, Elder & Co. Gutenberg.org. eBook.
• Burkes Peerage and Landed Gentry. maximiliangenealogy.co.uk. Web.
• Find A Grave: Memorial #2614
• Hope, W (1901). "Plate LXXIV," in The Stall Plates of the Knights of the Order of the Garter, 1348-1485. Westminster: A. Constable & co. Ltd.. Google Books.
• Space: The Stall Plates of the Knights of the Order of the Garter, 1348-1485
• Wikipedia: Middleham Castle (childhood home of Rich. III. in Wensleydale, co. York).
• Weir, A. (1996). The Wars of the Roses. New York, NY: Ballantine Books. Print.