Katherine Parr (abt. 1512 - 1548)

Born about Aug 1512 in Great Kimble, Buckinghamshire, England [uncertain]

Ancestors

Wife of Edward Burgh — married about 1529 (to before Apr 1533) in England

Wife of John Neville — married after May 1534 (to 2 Mar 1543) in England

Wife of Henry (Tudor) of England KG — married 12 Jul 1543 (to 28 Jan 1547) in Hampton Court Palace, Middlesex, England

Wife of Thomas Seymour — married about May 1547 in England

Died 5 Sep 1548 at about age 36 in Sudeley Castle, Gloucestershire, England

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Biography

Kateryn Parr is Notable.

Kateryn Parr was born in England.

Lady Kateryn Parr was a member of the aristocracy in England.

Kateryn Parr was the sixth and last wife of Henry VIII. She was Baroness Latimer of Snape Castle (1534-1543), Queen Consort of England, France and Ireland (1543-1547), Queen Regent of England, France and Ireland (July-September 1544), Queen Dowager of England, France and Ireland (1547-1548) and Baroness Seymour of Sudeley (1547-1548).

She is remembered for her intelligence, administrative skill, and managing the household and education of the royal children. The simple fact that she survived Henry VIII attests to her intellect and political acumen.

Spelling of her Name

Kateryn's name has been spelled in different ways throughout the centuries. Even in her lifetime the spelling varied from one source to another. However, she always signed her name as Kateryn Parr. With no birth record available for her, relying on her own signature seems to be the best option. Proper first name has been kept as Katherine so the profile can be easily found.

Kateryn Parr's signature as Queen. Wikimedia Commons.

Birth and Early Life

No birth records have been found to date. Analysis of her mother's wardrobe bills around the time of Kateryn's birth as well as her declared age at death all indicate she would have been born between late July and August 1512.^[1] According to Susan James in her book Kateryn Parr: the Making of a Queen, Kateryn could have been born either at the family residence in Blackfriars, in London or Fennel Grove, in Great Kimble, Buckinghamshire, both in England.^[2][3] She was the first child of Sir Thomas Parr of Kendal, and Maud Greene, daughter of Sir Thomas Greene.

Sir Thomas Parr of Kendal, Westmoreland, belonged to a house of the Northern gentry and her mother descended from the Greenes of Greens Norton, Northamptonshire. Katherine's parents were both courtiers of high standing under Henry VIII. Her mother was lady in waiting to Catherine of Aragón, Henry VIII's first wife, and her father held several courtly titles such as Knight of the King's Body, Master of the Wards and Comptroller to the King.^[4][5] Her father died in 1517, after that her mother was in charge of managing the family fortune and also of conducting marriage negotiations for all her children. Maud Parr is often described by historians as a formidable woman.^[6] She also never remarried, which taking into account expectations of behavior for women at the time, shows a certain degree of independence and confidence.

Kateryn's mother put together a small school at Rye House in Hertfordshire, England, where they lived at the time, in which Kateryn and her siblings studied side by side with other aristocratic children. It is not known who the tutors were. Nevertheless, it can be inferred that boys and girls shared the same tutors and books at least until 1525, when her brother William left to join the household of Henry Fitzroy, Duke of Richmond, Henry VIII's illegitimate son.^[7] According to Kateryn's younger sister Anne, who was considered an accomplished scholar in Tudor times, the model used for their education was the same employed by Thomas More for his own children, so it probably included classical studies, religious texts and classical and modern languages, certainly Latin and Greek and possibly French.^{[8] [9]}

Marriage Negotiations

Kateryn married four times. In Tudor England marriage was supposed to be strategic and advantageous to people of her class. Marriages were seen by gentry as opportunities for social and financial advancement and, as such, were conducted as business transactions. In some cases, those negotiations were detailed and complicated. And the amount of money and property exchanging hands had certainly a huge part to play in the process.

With Lord Parr's death in 1517, her mother decided to take charge of her children's futures. Kateryn was about eleven years old when Maud first started negotiating a possible marriage for her daughter. Her father had left £400 for the dowry of each daughter. At some point before April 1523 Lady Parr approached Lord Dacre, a close friend of the family, regarding a possible marriage between her daughter Kateryn and his grandson Henry Scrope. With Dacre's assent she proceded to contact his son-in-law, Lord Scrope of Bolton with the idea of marriage between her eldest daughter and his eldest son.^[10] Several letters were exchanged between the Lady Parr, Lord Dacre and Lord Scrope in which Lord Scrope imposed conditions for the match, Maud tried to negotiate a payment plan and Lord Dacre seemed to attempt a mediation. It would seem that although Kateryn's mother and Lord Dacre were interested in the union, Lord Scrope was not. The latter stalled and increased his demands possibly trying to force Maud to give up on the match, which she eventually did as communicated by her in a letter to Lord Dacre in March 1523/4. And after all those negotiations came to naught the intended groom died the following year.^[11]

1529, First Marriage

It took a few years after that first failed attempt for Lady Parr to find a new match for Kateryn. In the meantime, she focused her efforts and funds on finding and negotiating a suitable marriage for her son William. It is estimated that Kateryn married Sir Edward Burgh (aka Borough) around 1529.^[12] Kateryn would have been sixteen or seventeen years old and Edward would be in his early twenties.^[13] He was the son of Sir Thomas Burgh and grandson of Edward Burgh, Lord Burgh of Gainsborough, of an old and established Lincolnshire family. The young couple lived with the Burgh family in Gainsborough Old Hall for a couple of years after which they moved to a modest manor in Kirton-in-Lindsey, Gainsborough, Lincolnshire, twenty miles northwest of where Kateryn lived previously with her in-laws.^[14] On 1 December 1531 Kateryn's mother, Maud, died at 39 years of age. Less than 2 years later, before April 1533, her husband Edward died as well, before they could produce any children. Kateryn had to vacate the manor and her father-in-law Thomas Burgh turned over to her the income of three of his manors, two in Surrey and one in Kent. Kateryn was a very young widow of limited means, orphaned and with limited options. It is not certain where she went after leaving Lincolnshire. There is a tradition in the Strickland family of Sizergh Castle in Westmoreland, Cumbria, that Kateryn would have spent the remainder of 1533 there.^[15] It would make sense bearing in mind that the Parrs were originally from Westmoreland. This possibility is also reinforced by Kateryn being related to Katherine Neville, dowager Lady Strickland, who was a widow as well and could have invited Kateryn to stay at the castle.^[16]

1534, Second Marriage: Lady Latimer

Kateryn's second husband was Sir John Neville, Lord Latimer. The exact date in which the wedding took place is not known. It is known, nevertheless, that on 10 May 1534 Kateryn presented John Lyngfeld, alias Huntley, prior of St. James, Tanryge, Surrey, (...) to accept the parish church of Oxsted and she was referred to then as Katherine Burgh, widow.^[17] Therefore, she must have married Lord Latimer after that.

John Neville was born 17 November 1493^[18] and was fourty years old when he married Kateryn. He was the son of Richard Neville and Anne Stafford. Lord Latimer had been married twice and had two children from his first marriage to Dorothy de Vere: John and Margaret.^[19] Neville was a distant relative of Henry VIII and succeeded his father as 3rd Lord Latimer in December 1530, thus by marrying him Kateryn became a member of the English aristocracy.^[20]

In 1536, during the Pilgrimage of Grace, which was a Northern revolt against the dissolution of the monasteries and other religious reforms, Neville tried to act as a mediator between the rebels and the Crown. By doing so he managed to make the Northern rebels, Cromwell and the Henry VIII suspicious about his allegiances. In January 1536/7 the Northern rebels invaded Snape Castle, the main residence of the Neville family at the time, keeping Kateryn and Neville's two children hostage. The rebels were threatening to kill them and burn the castle to the ground.^[21] Neville returned home and managed to placate them. Nevertheless, the damage had been done on both sides: the Northern nobility was unsure about his loyalty to their cause and Henry VIII and Cromwell also distrusted him. He tried to reassure all parts involved and that was probably the reason why the whole family moved south after the event, first to Latimer's lands in Worcestershire and later to London. Between 1538 and 1542 the family resided in Latimer's Southern manors, two properties near York and a London house that they leased.^[21] As part of his efforts to convince the Crown he was trustworthy, Latimer travelled regularly to take care of the King's interests. In 1542 he was sent to the Scotish border with one thousand soldiers to reinforce the King's troops. That same year he wrote a will making sure that both his daughter and widow would be taken care of after his death.^[22][23] However, he did not die in Scotland, returning to London at the end of 1542 for the beginning of sessions in Parliament in January of the following year. His health deteriorated rapidly during that winter. Despite her husband's illness, that same winter Kateryn sought a position at court managing to join Princess Mary's household. By February 1543 she was ordering clothes for the Princess.^[24] Neville died on 2 March 1542/3 in London and he was buried at St. Paul's.^[20] Kateryn and Neville had no children, though Kateryn kept his daughter Margaret in her household and later, as a Queen, made her one of her ladies-in-waiting.

Brief Romantic Interlude with Thomas Seymour

In January 1542/3 Thomas Seymour returned to court from his many years of endeavors abroad. He was, by all accounts, dashing, well travelled, adventurous, impetuous, worldly and probably very different from Kateryn's previous husbands. He was also closer to her in age than Latimer, being only four years older than Kateryn. Rumours of their romantic connection were already circulating in court even before her husband's death. At that point, their romance was short lived.^[25] A few months passed before Seymour had to leave England once more but by then Kateryn's future had once again been decided for her.

1543, Third Marriage: Queen of England

Some historians, such as David Starkey, believe that Kateryn decided to marry Henry VIII because she saw an opportunity to do God's work and advance the Protestant cause. To Starkey she would have accepted Henry's proposal with the specific purpose of completing the conversion of England to Reform.^[26] That belief does not seem to take into account the position of women in Henry VIII's court and especially the King's temperament. His court was a particularly dangerous one. Two of Henry's queens had already lost their heads, one of his marriages had been annulled and he had also divorced Anne of Cleves. He did not seem like someone who would take no for an answer. Furthermore, once he made his intentions of marrying her clear no other man in the kingdom would dare to approach her with a marriage proposal. Assuming that Kateryn had a choice in this case seems optimistic at best. As frightened as she must have been by the King's advances she probably had little choice in the matter.^[27]

On 12 July 1543 Henry VIII married Kateryn Parr at Hampton Court Palace, making her his sixth Queen.^[28] Kateryn was thirty or thirty-one years old, having been married twice and with no children, and Henry was fifty-two, having been married five times and with three children.

As Queen, her chosen motto was "To be useful in what I do".^[29] True to that promise, she played an important role in reinstating the Princesses Mary and Elizabeth back in the line of succession, she published three books during her short term as Queen and she also acted as Regent for two and a half months (July to September 1544) while Henry was absent in his military campaign in France.^[30] Due to her Protestant inclinations and her attempts to sway Henry in that direction she was almost sent to the Tower. Her intelligence and ability to convince the King of her subservience to him at the very last minute probably saved her life.^[31]

Conspiracy for her Arrest

In terms of religion, Kateryn's ideas were inclined towards Protestantism. Henry was raised as a Catholic and despite his rupture with the Pope and Roman Catholicism, he still could be classified as a Catholic. More importantly, after breaking away from Rome he made himself Head of the Church of England. Kateryn's interpretations of religious texts did not always conform to those supported by Henry. His publication of the Great Bible in 1539, the first version of the Bible in English approved by him, is clearly an attempt to control the interpretation of the Biblia Vulgata, the Latin version of the Bible which was the Catholic Church's official Latin Bible as per the Council of Trent (1545–1563).^[32] Henry's interpretation was the only one accepted, any other views could be classified as heresy. Kateryn had a very good knowledge of Latin and even translated certain passages into English. She also sponsored translations of religious texts. Her interpretations of those texts and choice of translators were not always approved by Stephen Gardiner, Bishop of Winchester.^[33] Another powerful enemy she had at court was Thomas Wriothesley, 1st Earl of Southampton and Lord Chamberlain. Gardiner and Wriothesley seem to have been the leaders of the conservative faction at court and were eager to see the Queen removed from it. In 1545 Anne Askew, a married woman who escaped her husband to preach the Protestant cause in London, was taken to the Tower of London under charges of heresy. She was put on the rack to give up names of other Protestants. It is believed that one of the objectives behind her interrogation and torture was to try to get her to incriminate none other than the Queen.^[34][35] However, Anne did not give her torturers any names.

After that initial failure, a new opportunity arose at the beginning of 1546 when Henry became ill. Gardiner seemed to be the leader of a conspiracy against Kateryn. She had been discussing religious matters openly with her ladies in waiting and other members of her household which contradicted Henry's beliefs.^[36] She also discussed those ideas with the King in her daily visits, trying to persuade him of her views, daring to contradict and instruct him. Gardiner convinced the King to allow for investigations to be conducted concerning the Queen and her staff. Whatever proof was found against her a warrant for her arrest was drawn. She somehow was informed about the warrant and took matters into her own hands. Kateryn fell ill, or faked illness, and when the King came to visit her she apologized for having caused him displeasure.^[37] The following day she visited him, professing her ignorance in religious matters and asked him to instruct her. She confessed herself as inferior in her lowly condition as a woman and that she subjected herself in this and all matters to her husband's wisdom and authority.^[38] According to Foxe, Henry immediately forgave her. The following day the King, the Queen and some of her ladies in waiting were in the garden when Wriothesley arrived with some of the King's guards to arrest the Queen and her ladies in waiting. Henry vehemently stopped the arrest and ordered them to leave at once.^[39] Thus, by making herself small and submissive Kateryn escaped imprisonment and possibly death.

Katherine Parr, attributed to Master John, c. 1545. National Portrait Gallery, London, United Kingdom.

However, her full-length portrait, currently at the National Portrait Gallery in England does not show a meek or subservient woman. Unlike the portraits of most women of the time she was portrayed in full length, as Henry VIII often was. She is shown standing on an expensive rug, wearing clothes in extravagant and imported fabrics (painted with gold and silver leaf), her sleeves and skirt are lined with lynx fur (another exotic touch) and she is also wearing the Queen's jewels, which ultimately enabled the identification of the painting as being Kateryn's portrait while Queen.^[40] A powerful woman in her own right.

Work as an author

Kateryn published three books, two of them during her tenure as Queen. The third was written while Henry was still alive but was published after his death.

Title page of Kateryn Parr. The Lamentation of a Sinner, 1547 (top left), from Wikimedia Commons; Katherine Parr, Psalms or prayers taken out of holy scripture, 1544, title page (top right) and title-page verso-A2 r (bottom), ResearchGate.

Title page of Katherine Parr's Prayers or Meditacions, 1550 (left); Embroidered back cover - Prayerbook translated and embroidered by Princess Elizabeth, 1545 (right). Wikimedia Commons.

1. Psalms or Prayers, 1544: published anonymously. It was an English translation of Psalms by John Fisher, originally published in Latin around 1525.^[41]
2. Prayers or Meditations, 1545: first book published in England by a woman under her own name and in the English language. It is a selection of vernacular text and was very successful during Kateryn's lifetime and at least until the end of the 16th century. This book was translated by her step-daughter Elizabeth, the future Queen Elizabeth I of England, to Latin, French and Italian and was offered as a New Year's gift to Henry VIII.^{[42] [43]}
3. The Lamentation of a Sinner, 1547: probably written in 1546 but published after Henry's death. The book is a spiritual autobiography addressing a personal life-changing conversion experience.^[44][45]

Henry VIII's Death and Probate

Henry VIII died on 28 January 1547 at the Palace of Whitehall, London, England. Kateryn was not allowed to be by his side during the last weeks of his life. They spent the Christmas of 1546 in separate residences. After Henry's death, she was also kept from the new King Edward VI as well as from all the decisions that were made from Henry's last month of life until after his death.^[46] Henry's will has been discussed at length by historians. Some believe Henry was in complete control of what was included in his will, others suspect that the will was doctored to suit the interests of some of those who were surrounding him in his final moments.^[47] He named the line of succession, the executors and their assistants. He did not name a Lord Protector and left most of the important decisions related to the government of his kingdom to the Privy Council. Examining his will and the decisions made by the Privy Council immediately after his death in terms of granting titles, land and money it is clear several members benefited a lot from the opportunity.^[48] As far as Kateryn is concerned, Henry's will protected his last Queen by allowing her to retain all the assets she had owned as Queen, including lands, several residences, furniture and jewelry.^[49] Henry made Kateryn a very rich widow. She was also allowed to keep Princess Elizabeth in her household.

1547, Queen Dowager and Fourth Marriage to Thomas Seymour

It is clear by the Queen Dowager's correspondence that merely weeks after Henry VIII's death Kateryn and Thomas Seymour had become lovers.^[50] They saw each other in secret and kept their relationship hidden from all except those closest to them. They also married in secret probably between the end of May and beginning June 1547. As Queen Dowager, Kateryn could not marry anyone without permission from the Privy Council, especially so close to Henry's death in case she was carrying a child by the late King. Furthermore, such a short period of mourning was deemed unseemly and caused reactions of surprise and anger amongst courtiers, including Princess Mary. However, when their union came to light no action was taken against the couple.^[51]

Less than a year after marrying Seymour, Kateryn got pregnant and it is clear by their correspondence that both parents were overjoyed by the prospect of having a child, particularly a son, as they thought was the case. The couple resided in two of Kateryn's dower manors, Chelsea and Hanworth, and also in Seymour's London house, Seymour's Place. The Princess Elizabeth, at the time, was a part of Kateryn's household.

Thomas Seymour has gone down in history as a very opportunistic and ambitious man. Although he was obviously both, the Tudor propaganda did an excellent job of destroying his reputation during his imprisonment at the Tower of London for treason and after his execution. His alleged improprieties with Princess Elizabeth, then fourteen years old, while she was living with Kateryn were based on rumours and the testimony of Kat Astley, Elizabeth's governess. According to Astley, Seymour would go into Elizabeth's bed chamber early in the morning, sometimes even when the Princess was still in bed, he would often engage in horseplay with Elizabeth and at some point they would have been seen by the Queen Dowager in an embrace.^[52] How much truth there was to Astley's testimonies is unknown. In May 1548 the Princess was sent to Hertfordshire to live with Sir Anthony Denny and his wife Joan Champernowne, Kat Astley's sister, while Kateryn and Thomas Seymour moved to Sudeley Castle, as Seymour was granted the Barony of Sudeley. He also acquired wardship of Lady Jane Grey, third in the line of succession according to Henry's will, and she joined their household. Seymour always tried to be a few steps ahead, but his brother was probably a more skilled player at this game.

There were many problems between the two couples: Kateryn and Thomas Seymour on the one side and Edward Seymour, Lord Protector, and his wife Anne Stanhope on the other. Thomas felt that his brother had taken advantage of Henry's death to take control of the young King and the Privy Council, which he had. Thomas' grievances stemmed from Edward's unwillingness to share his power. In Kateryn's case, as per Henry's will, she was Queen Dowager and since the new King was still a boy she would be the only Queen in England until Edward got married. Anne seems to have resented that. There were disagreements over the Queen's jewels and who would take precedence at court. Edward Seymour, as Lord Protector, refused to recognize Kateryn's ownership to some of the properties that were part of her dower. Edward also made Anne's brother Michael Stanhope governor, which was a position Thomas Seymour coveted. The list of slights and offenses is long and the Seymour brothers' ambition would ultimately lead them to the Tower and to their executions.^[53] Kateryn seems to have been another victim of the rivalry between the two brothers.

Kateryn spent the last months of her pregnancy and her confinement at Sudeley Castle. She was thirty-six years old, which at the time was considered very old for giving birth for the first time. Giving birth at the time was a dangerous enterprise even under the best conditions as about one in four women died in childbirth or of its complications.^[54]

On 30 August 1548 Kateryn gave birth to a daughter, Mary Seymour, at Sudeley Castle, Gloucestershire, England.^[55]

Death and Burial

Kateryn died on 5 September 1548 of puerperal fever, after giving birth to her only daughter, at Sudeley Castle. She was buried in the castle chapel and was aged thirty-six at her death.^[56] In the late 18th century her body was found still in the chapel, by then in ruins, encased in lead. An inscription over the lead encasing identified it as being the body of "Queene Katheryne wife to Kyng Henry VIII and wife of Thomas Lord of Sudely" and was dated 1548. The lead casing seemed to have been tampered with beforehand and consequently some parts of her body had decayed before a record of the find had been made.^[57] Her remains were desecrated multiple times until 1862 when what was left of them was finally laid to rest in the current neo-gothic tomb at St Mary's Church in Sudeley, Gloucestershire, England.^[58][59]

Queen Katherine Parr's Tomb, photographed by Philip Halling, Geograph, UK

Will and Probate

Kateryn's will is a very strange document. It is a noncupative will supposedly dicated from her deathbed in front of witnesses on the 5 of September 1548. She did not sign the will. It was proved on 6 December of that same year.^[60] The document named Thomas Seymour as Kateryn's only heir and executor.

Please see transcription here: Will of Katheryn (Parr) Seymour, Queen of England, 6 December 1548

The will does not contain any protestations of faith, or any instructions as to where and how she wanted to be buried. There were no bequests to friends and family. According to the terms of her will, everything she owned would be transferred to her husband Thomas Seymour to dispose and execute as he saw fit. No tokens of her affection were left to any of her ladies-in-waiting or to her brother and sister, with whom she was quite close. Nothing was bequeathed to her stepchildren Mary, Elizabeth and Edward. She also left nothing to the daughter to whom she had just given birth, the girl was not even mentioned in the will.

The will was witnessed by Robert Huyck, the court doctor who took care of Henry VIII and Kateryn and who delivered her baby, and John Parkhurst, Kateryn's chaplain. None of her ladies-in-waiting signed as witnesses.

The statement present in the will of her being of good mynde P[er]fecte memorie and discresion is hard to believe in view of the document itself. Considering her cause of death, she was quite possibly delirious and incoherent, probably barely conscious.

To complicate matters further, according to Susan James, the recorded text in the Public Records Office is a palimpsest, having been written, partially erased and rewritten a second time.^[61][62] It seems probable that her will was modified after the "dictation" occurred.

Since all her property had been transferred to Thomas Seymour, in 1549 when he was convicted of treason and subsequently executed all those properties, land and titles, as well as those which were originally his, were forfeited to the Crown.

Kateryn's Arms and Badge

Kateryn was born in a Northern gentry family and rose through the aristocratic ranks. She also married four times and the configuration and combination of her arms changed throughout her life.

Please find more information about her arms here: Kateryn Parr's Arms

Sources

1. ↑ James, Susan. Kateryn Parr: the Making of a Queen. Aldershot: Ashgate, 1999, p. 14. Accessed on The Internet Archive on 15 Sep 2023.
2. ↑ James, Susan. Kateryn Parr: the Making of a Queen. Aldershot: Ashgate, 1999, p. 15. Accessed on The Internet Archive on 15 Sep 2023.
3. ↑ Porter, Linda. Katherine the Queen: the remarkable life of Katherine Parr, the last wife of Henry VIII. New York: St. Martin's Press, 2010, p. 21. Accessed on The Internet Archive on 15 Sep 2023.
4. ↑ James, Susan. Kateryn Parr: the Making of a Queen. Aldershot: Ashgate, 1999, p. 10-21. Accessed on The Internet Archive on 15 Sep 2023.
5. ↑ Hamilton, Dakota L. The Household of Queen Katherine Parr. PhD Thesis, University of Oxford, 1992, Introduction, pdf p. 22. Accessed online on 15 Sep 2023.
6. ↑ Starkey, David. Six wives: the queens of Henry VIII. London: Vintage, 2004, p. 695. Accessed on The Internet Archive on 16 Sep 2023.
7. ↑ James, Susan. Kateryn Parr: the Making of a Queen. Aldershot: Ashgate, 1999, p. 27 and 40. Accessed on The Internet Archive on 17 Sep 2023.
8. ↑ Hamilton, Dakota L. The Household of Queen Katherine Parr. PhD Thesis, University of Oxford, 1992, p. 311-12. Accessed online on 17 Sep 2023.
9. ↑ Vos, Alvin (ed.). Letters of Roger Ascham: Translated by Maurice Hatch and Alvin Vos. New York : P. Lang, 1989, p. 75. Accessed on The Internet Archive on 17 Sep 2023.
10. ↑ James, Susan. Kateryn Parr: the Making of a Queen. Aldershot: Ashgate, 1999, p. 53. Accessed on The Internet Archive on 15 Sep 2023.
11. ↑ James, Susan. Kateryn Parr: the Making of a Queen. Aldershot: Ashgate, 1999, p. 55. Accessed on The Internet Archive on 16 Sep 2023.
12. ↑ Cokayne, George. The complete peerage of England, Scotland, Ireland, Great Britain, and the United Kingdom : extant, extinct, or dormant. Vol. 2. London: The St. Catherine Press, 1910, p. 423, footnote (e). Accessed on The Internet Archive on 16 Sep 2023.
13. ↑ Mueller, Janel. Katherine Parr: Complete Works and Correspondence. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2011, p. 7. Accessed on the Internet Archive on 14 Sep 2023.
14. ↑ James, Susan. Kateryn Parr: the Making of a Queen. Aldershot: Ashgate, 1999, p. 63. Accessed on the Internet Archive on 14 Sep 2023.
15. ↑ Scott, David. The Stricklands of Sizergh Castle; the record of twenty-five generations of a Westmoreland family. Kendal, Eng., T. Wilson, 1908, p. 256. Accessed at HathiTrust on 16 Sep 2023.
16. ↑ James, Susan. Kateryn Parr: the Making of a Queen. Aldershot: Ashgate, 1999, p. 65. Accessed on the Internet Archive on 14 Sep 2023.
17. ↑ Gairdner, James (ed.). Henry VIII: May 1534, 26-31', in Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, Henry VIII. Volume 7, 1534, May Grants, n. 19. London: 1883, p. 277-294. Accessed on British History Online on 17 September 2023.
18. ↑ Cokayne, George Edward. The complete peerage of England, Scotland, Ireland, Great Britain and the United Kingdom, extant, extinct, or dormant. Vol. 7. London: The St Catherine Press, 1929, p. 482. Accessed on The Internet Archive on 9 Sep 2023.
19. ↑ James, Susan. Kateryn Parr: the Making of a Queen. Aldershot: Ashgate, 1999, p. 67. Accessed on The Internet Archive on 17 Sep 2023.
20. ↑ ^{20.0 20.1} Kirk, L. M. & Davidson, Alan. NEVILLE, Sir John I (1493-1543), of Snape, Yorks, in The History of Parliament: the House of Commons 1509-1558, ed. S.T. Bindoff, 1982. Accessed on The History of Parliament on 17 Sep 2023.
21. ↑ ^{21.0 21.1} Mueller, Janel. Katherine Parr: Complete Works and Correspondence. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2011, p. 8. Accessed on the Internet Archive on 14 Sep 2023.
22. ↑ England, The National Archives, Kew. Will of Sir John Nevill or Lord Latymer or Nevell. 11 March 1543. PROB 11/29/303. Accessed on The National Archives, Kew website on 14 Sep 2023.
23. ↑ A Selection of Wills from the Registry at York. The Publications of the Surtees Society, vol. 106. Durham, UK: Andrews & Co. 1902, p. 159-163. Accessed on The Internet Archive on 14 Sep 2023.
24. ↑ James, Susan. Kateryn Parr: the Making of a Queen. Aldershot: Ashgate, 1999, p. 88-90. Accessed on The Internet Archive on 23 Sep 2023.
25. ↑ James, Susan. Kateryn Parr: the Making of a Queen. Aldershot: Ashgate, 1999, p. 91-93. Accessed on The Internet Archive on 14 Sep 2023.
26. ↑ Starkey, David. Six wives: the Queens of Henry VIII. London: Vintage, 2004, p. 711. Accessed on 23 Sep 2023.
27. ↑ James, Susan. Kateryn Parr: the Making of a Queen. Aldershot: Ashgate, 1999, p. 114. Accessed on The Internet Archive on 25 Sep 2023.
28. ↑ Mueller, Janel. Katherine Parr: Complete Works and Correspondence. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2011, p. 11. Accessed on the Internet Archive on 23 Sep 2023.
29. ↑ James, Susan. Kateryn Parr: the Making of a Queen. Aldershot: Ashgate, 1999, p. 121. Accessed on The Internet Archive on 25 Sep 2023.
30. ↑ Mueller, Janel. Katherine Parr: Complete Works and Correspondence. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2011, p. 14-15. Accessed on the Internet Archive on 25 Sep 2023.
31. ↑ James, Susan. Kateryn Parr: the Making of a Queen. Aldershot: Ashgate, 1999, p. 277-279. Accessed on The Internet Archive on 25 Sep 2023.
32. ↑ Wikipedia contributors, Vulgate, Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Accessed November 11, 2023.
33. ↑ James, Susan. Kateryn Parr: the Making of a Queen. Aldershot: Ashgate, 1999, p. 253-265. Accessed on The Internet Archive on 25 Sep 2023.
34. ↑ Writings of Edward the Sixth, William Hugh, Queen Catherine Parr, Anne Askew, Lady Jane Grey, Hamilton and Balnaves. London: The Religious Tract Society, 1831, p. 28. Accessed on The Internet Archive on 25 Sep 2023.
35. ↑ Freeman, Thomas S., & Wall, Sarah Elizabeth. “Racking the Body, Shaping the Text: The Account of Anne Askew in Foxe’s ‘Book of Martyrs.’” Renaissance Quarterly 54, no. 4 (2001): 1165–96. Accessed on JSTOR on 25 Sep 2023.
36. ↑ Foxe, John. The acts and monuments of John Foxe: a new and complete edition: with a preliminary dissertation, by the Rev. George Townsend ... Vol. 5. London: R. B. Seeley and W. Burnside, sold by L. & G. Seeley, 1837, p. 553. Accessed on The Internet Archive on 17 Oct 2023.
37. ↑ James, Susan. Kateryn Parr: the making of a Queen. Aldershot: Ashgate, 1999, p. 227. Accessed on The Internet Archive on 17 Oct 2023.
38. ↑ Foxe, John. The acts and monuments of John Foxe: a new and complete edition: with a preliminary dissertation, by the Rev. George Townsend. Vol. 5. London: R. B. Seeley and W. Burnside, sold by L. & G. Seeley, 1837, p. 559. Accessed on The Internet Archive on 17 Oct 2023.
39. ↑ Foxe, John. The acts and monuments of John Foxe: a new and complete edition: with a preliminary dissertation, by the Rev. George Townsend. Vol. 5. London: R. B. Seeley and W. Burnside, sold by L. & G. Seeley, 1837, p. 561. Accessed on The Internet Archive on 17 Oct 2023.
40. ↑ England, National Portrait Gallery. Conservation research - npg 4451; Kateryn Parr. Accessed on NPG website on 27 Sep 2023.
41. ↑ Mueller, Janel. Katherine Parr: Complete Works and Correspondence. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2011, p. 197. Accessed on The Internet Archive on 27 Sep 2023.
42. ↑ Mueller, Janel. Katherine Parr: Complete Works and Correspondence. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2011, p. 369-371. Accessed on The Internet Archive on 27 Sep 2023.
43. ↑ Parr, Katherine. Prayers and Meditations, in Writings of Edward the Sixth, William Hugh, Queen Catherine Parr, Anne Askew, Lady Jane Grey, Hamilton and Balnaves. London: The Religious Tract Society, 1831, p. 15.
44. ↑ Mueller, Janel. Katherine Parr: Complete Works and Correspondence. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2011, p. 430. Accessed on The Internet Archive on 27 Sep 2023.
45. ↑ Parr, Katherine. Lamentations of a Sinner, in Writings of Edward the Sixth, William Hugh, Queen Catherine Parr, Anne Askew, Lady Jane Grey, Hamilton and Balnaves. London: The Religious Tract Society, 1831, p. 28. Accessed on The Internet Archive on 27 Sep 2023.
46. ↑ James, Susan. Kateryn Parr: the making of a Queen. Aldershot: Ashgate, 1999, p. 285. Accessed on The Internet Archive on 27 Oct 2023.
47. ↑ Smith, Lacey Baldwin. “The Last Will and Testament of Henry VIII: A Question of Perspective.” Journal of British Studies 2, no. 1 (1962): 14–27. http://www.jstor.org/stable/175305. Accessed on JSTOR on 27 Sep 2023.
48. ↑ Acts of the Privy Council of England. Volume 2, 1547-1550. Originally published by Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London, 1890... p. 1-26. Accessed on British History Online on 27 Sep 2023.
49. ↑ Rymer, Thomas. Testamentum Regis Henrici Octavi. In Fœdera, conventiones, literæ, et cujuscunque generis acta publica, inter reges Angliæ et alios quosvis imperatores, reges, pontifices, principes, vel communitates, ab ineunte sæculo duodecimo, viz. ab anno 1101, ad nostra usque tempore habita aut tractata; ex autographis, infra secretiores Archivorum regiorum thesaurarias, per multa sæcula reconditis, fideliter exscripta... London: A. & J. Churchill, 1704-35, p. 116.
50. ↑ Mueller, Janel. Katherine Parr: Complete Works and Correspondence. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2011, p. 129-144. Accessed on the Internet Archive on 27 Oct 2023.
51. ↑ James, Susan. Kateryn Parr: the making of a Queen. Aldershot: Ashgate, 1999, p. 311. Accessed on The Internet Archive on 27 Oct 2023.
52. ↑ James, Susan. Kateryn Parr: the making of a Queen. Aldershot: Ashgate, 1999, p. 314-323. Accessed on The Internet Archive on 31 Oct 2023.
53. ↑ James, Susan. Kateryn Parr: the making of a Queen. Aldershot: Ashgate, 1999, p. 304-309. Accessed on The Internet Archive on 31 Oct 2023.
54. ↑ Stone, Lawrence. The crisis of the aristocracy, 1558-1641.London: Oxford University Press, 1967, p. 270. Accessed on The Internet Archive on 31 Oct 2023.
55. ↑ James, Susan. Kateryn Parr: the making of a Queen. Aldershot: Ashgate, 1999, p. 330. Accessed on The Internet Archive on 31 Oct 2023.
56. ↑ Cokayne, George Edward. The complete peerage of England, Scotland, Ireland, Great Britain and the United Kingdom, extant, extinct, or dormant. Vol. 11. London: The St Catherine Press, 1949, [www.familysearch.org/library/books/idviewer/362755/646 p. 639]. Accessed on Family Search on 9 Sep 2023.
57. ↑ Nash, Treadway (Rev.). Observations on the Time of the Death and Place of Burial of Queen Katharine Parr. Archaeologia, or, Miscellaneous tracts relating to antiquity. Vol. 9. London: The Society of Antiquaris of London,1789, p.1-9. Accessed on The Internet Archive on 9 Sep 2013.
58. ↑ Weir, Alison. Queen Katharine’s restless bones. Historia. Online magazine. 12 May 2021. Accessed on 9 Sep 2023.
59. ↑ James, Susan. Kateryn Parr: the making of a Queen. Aldershot: Ashgate, 1999, p. 444. Accessed on The Internet Archive on 31 Oct 2023.
60. ↑ England, The National Archives, Kew. Will of Princess Dame Katheryn Queen of England, late the wife of King Henry the Eight, and then wife to Sir Thomas Seymour, Knight, Lord Seymour of Sudley. PROB 11/32/283. Accessed on website of The National Archives, Kew on 31 Oct 2023.
61. ↑ James, Susan. Kateryn Parr: the making of a Queen. Aldershot: Ashgate, 1999, p. 332, note 27. Accessed on The Internet Archive on 2 Nov 2023.
62. ↑ The Cambridge Dictionary defines palimpsest as a very old text or document in which writing has been removed and covered or replaced by new writing. Cambridge Online Dictionary. Accessed on 5 Nov 2023.

See also:

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• Henry VIII: July 1540, 21-31, in Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, Henry VIII, Volume 15, 1540, ed. James Gairdner and R H Brodie (London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 1896), 445-481. British History Online, accessed October 24, 2021, p. 445-481.
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