Australia, Sources and Citation Examples
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Location: Australia
Surname/tag: Australia
Contents |
Scope
The purpose of this page is to:
- Develop a list of reliable Australian sources
- Provide citation information for the source to conform to Wikitree standards
- Promote the use of full and consistent citing
As well as referring to this page for source and citation information you can also use the example citations as they appear in edit mode to develop your own resource for the profiles you work on. You could do this by keeping a freespace page, document or spreadsheet with the sources you commonly use as templates and changing the specific details.
This is a select list of reliable sources with examples of citations and is not intended to cover all Australian sources. For more resources relating to Australia see Australia, Genealogy Resources
Civil BDM records
Civil registration records (births, deaths marriages) are typically managed by the states and territories, with the majority only going to a session-limited results page (Tasmania and Queensland being noted exceptions). Because of this, as much information as provided in the search results should be included, with any link going to the search page (or the index or home page), not the results page.
FamilySearch has developed Australia - Civil Registration which covers the records available and over what time periods for the States and Territories. It's a really handy guide.
Australian Sources and Citation Examples
State/Colony/Territory Sources and Citations
- Australian Capital Territory
- New South Wales (allows only a search up to "this day" of the current year minus 100 years for births; "this day" minus 50 years for marriages; and "this day" minus 30 years for deaths)
- Northern Territory
- Queensland (note: states on the search page the year limits for each event - but does the whole year as of 1st January each year, and the result of a search will have its own permanent link that can be used in a citation.
- South Australia
- Tasmania
- Victoria
- Western Australia
National
National Centre of Biography
The Australian National University, National Centre of Biography co-ordinates biographers to provide:
- Australian Dictionary of Biography http://adb.anu.edu.au/
- Indigenous Australia http://ia.anu.edu.au/
- Labour Australia http://labouraustralia.anu.edu.au/
- Obituaries Australia http://oa.anu.edu.au/
- People Australia http://peopleaustralia.anu.edu.au/
- Women Australia http://womenaustralia.anu.edu.au/
Articles on the above sites contain pre-formatted citations at the bottom of each entry. For example:
- Jennifer MacCulloch, 'Levvy, Frances Deborah (1831–1924)', Australian Dictionary of Biography, National Centre of Biography, Australian National University, http://womenaustralia.anu.edu.au/biography/levvy-frances-deborah-13044/text23587, accessed 13 September 2019.
This could also be more neatly displayed using the squared brackets for the URL link:
- Jennifer MacCulloch, 'Levvy, Frances Deborah (1831–1924)', Australian Dictionary of Biography, National Centre of Biography, Australian National University, Deborah Frances Levvy, accessed 13 September 2019.
National Archives of Australia (NAA)
The National Archives of Australia (NAA) holds extensive record collections with index entries that are often quite detailed, however it is quite simple to create a citation. The NAA has a fact sheet Citing archival records – Fact sheet 7 which describes the minimum requirements for a citation.
The most basic citation would be an abbreviated citation. This is also included in the item record. For example the abbreviated citation provided in the item record for the service record of a WWI volunteer is:
- NAA: B2455, HEWETSON C C 808
This is sufficient to locate the record series but adding more elements gives a more precise citation:
- National Archives of Australia: Australian Imperial Force, Base Records Office; B2455, First Australian Imperial Force Personnel Dossiers, 1914-1920, HEWETSON Charles Cudlipp : Service Number - 808.
Links can also be added:
- National Archives of Australia: Australian Imperial Force, Base Records Office; B2455, First Australian Imperial Force Personnel Dossiers, 1914-1920, HEWETSON Charles Cudlipp : Service Number - 808. National Archives Australia: 5481470 Item image
An alternate option:
- NAA: B2455, HEWETSON C C 808. National Archives Australia: 5481470 Item image
Newspapers
Trove
Australia is fortunate to have comprehensive and free newspaper portals in the Trove Trove's digitised newspapers. Not only can you search the text of newspapers from 1803 but citations are pre-formatted. Clicking on the 'bookmark icon' second from the top of the left column will give a number of citation formats. APA, MLA or Harvard/Australian are all suitable to copy and paste as a citation.
Papers Past
Australian Researchers may also find it fruitful to broaden their ancestor Newspaper research to include New Zealands' equivalent to Trove; Papers Past, which covers the years 1839 to 1920. Pre-federation, northern hemisphere emigrants, migration Companies and Agents saw the destinations as interchangeable.
Ryerson Index
Ryerson Index provides an index to death notices and obituaries published in Australian newspapers
It is not possible to create a link directly to a search result. An example of a source citation containing the search results and the Chicago Manual of Style format for the website:
- Mary Brooker, died 17 Dec 1859 at Fairy Meadow aged 86. Death notice published in The Empire 24 Dec 1859, cited in: Ryerson Index Inc,. “The Ryerson Index to Death Notices and Obituaries in Australian Newspapers.” Accessed March 6, 2019. Ryerson Index search
Electoral Rolls
Historical electoral rolls are available from a number of repositories and some have been published on CDROM. See the National Library of Australia's research guide for Australian electoral roll for holdings for each state and territory.
Electoral Rolls on Ancestry
Example citation:
- Australian Electoral Commission. [Electoral roll]. Sussex, Forrest, Western Australia, Australia 1963. Mary Rose Attwood p.4, 168. Ancestry.com. Australia, Electoral Rolls, 1903-1980 [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010. Ancestry au Record 1207 #103184605
CDROM
An example of a citation for an entry on the Western Australian 1949 electoral roll CDROM published by Gould Genealogy:
- Archive Digital Books Australasia. and Gould Genealogy & History. Commonwealth electoral roll Western Australia 1949 [electronic resource] : Canning, Curtin, Forrest, Freemantle, Kalgoorlie, Moore, Perth, Swan Archive Digital Books Australasia Modbury, S. Aust 2010
This citation is generated from the National Library of Australia (NLA) catalogue record which is here. If you click on the 'cite this' link a text a window will open with pre-formatted citations.
- Archive Digital Books Australasia and Gould Genealogy & History Commonwealth electoral roll Western Australia 1949 : Canning, Curtin, Forrest, Freemantle, Kalgoorlie, Moore, Perth, Swan. Archive Digital Books Australasia, Modbury, S. Aust, 2010. Add name, page, number here.
If you want to be super helpful to future researchers you can also search Trove which will give the same results and include a link to the catalogue record listing the libraries that hold the resource:
- Archive Digital Books Australasia and Gould Genealogy & History Commonwealth electoral roll Western Australia 1949 : Canning, Curtin, Forrest, Freemantle, Kalgoorlie, Moore, Perth, Swan. Archive Digital Books Australasia, Modbury, S. Aust, 2010. Add name, page, number here. Libraries that hold this resource
Military
National Archives of Australia (NAA)
- National Archives of Australia (NAA) for attestation documents.
- Citation example
- Australian Imperial Force, Base Records Office; B2455, First Australian Imperial Force Personnel Dossiers, 1914-1920, HEWETSON Charles Cudlipp : Service Number - 808. National Archives Australia: 5481470 Item image
Australian War Memorial
- Australian War Memorial for
- Unit Histories, Diaries, Battles
- Citation examples
- Attack on Noreuil. (Australian War Memorial, http://www.awm.gov.au : accessed 3 Nov 2020)
- Australian Imperial Force unit war diaries, 1914-18 War. (Australian War Memorial, http://www.awm.gov.au : accessed 3 Nov 2020) 13th Infantry Brigade. Item AWM4 23/13/5 - June 1916. Page 4. Diary entry for 19th June.
- Person Search for Nominal Rolls, Embarkation Rolls, Roll of Honour, Awards, Australian Red Cross Wounded & Missing files and more.
- Citation examples
- First World War Nominal Roll. (Australian War Memorial, http://www.awm.gov.au : accessed 3 Nov 2020) entry for Summers, Robert Chestnut. Service Number 1995. Unit: 50th Australian Infantry Battalion. Image
- First World War Embarkation Rolls. (Australian War Memorial, http://www.awm.gov.au : accessed 3 Nov 2020) entry for Summers, Robert Chestnut. Service Number 1995. Roll title: 50 Infantry Battalion - 2 to 9 Reinforcements (April 1916 - February 1917) , Embarkation Date: 13 July 1916, Embarkation Place: Adelaide, Ship: HMAT Seang Bee A48. Image
- Roll of Honour. (Australian War Memorial, http://www.awm.gov.au : accessed 3 Nov 2020) entry for Summers, Robert Chestnut. Service Number 1995. Unit: 50th Australian Infantry Battalion Image
- Honours and Awards. (Australian War Memorial, http://www.awm.gov.au : accessed 3 Nov 2020) entry for Healey, William Hamley. Service Number 4728. Unit: 43rd Australian Infantry Battalion. Award: Distinguished Conduct Medal. Publication Details
- Australian Red Cross Wounded and Missing Files. (Australian War Memorial, http://www.awm.gov.au : accessed 3 Nov 2020) entry for Healey, William Hamley. Service Number 4728. Unit: 43rd Australian Infantry Battalion Document
Commonwealth War Graves Commission (CWGC)
- Commonwealth War Graves Commission contains burial and commemoration details for Commonwealth war dead.
- Cpl William Hamley Healey (Commonwealth War Graves Commission, https://www.cwgc.org : accessed 3 Nov 2020) Service Number 4728, Regiment: Australian Infantry, AIF, 43rd Bn, Date of Death: 1 June 1918, Burial: Adelaide Cemetery, Villers-Bretonneux, Grave III.C.24, France.
AIF Project (UNSW Canberra at ADFA)
- The AIF Project at the University of NSW is a database of Australian ANZACs in the Great War 1914-1918 drawn from a 'range of official sources'. An example citation:
- Horace White, Regimental Number 4601 (AIF Project, https://www.aif.adfa.edu.au/index.html : accessed 3 Nov 2020)
Virtual War Memorial Australia
- Virtual War Memorial Australia
- Herbert Henry Turk MC. (Virtual War Memorial Australia, https://vwma.org.au : accessed 3 Nov 2020]
Find A Grave
- Find A Grave is creating memorials of war graves, with photographs.
Other Military Sources
- The State Library in the person's home state may also have information. See links within the State sections above.
- Dept of Veterans Affairs: Nominal Rolls World War Two Nominal Roll Search
Australian Honours
The Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet has a database of recipients of Australian honours here: https://honours.pmc.gov.au/honours/search
- Citation Example:
- Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet. Government of Australia. (Australian Honours Search Facility, https://honours.pmc.gov.au/honours/awards/883432 : accessed 25 Jan 2021) Companion of the Order of Australia award granted to Professor Donald Metcalf, AO, 13 Jun 1993.
Other Resources
- Family Search - All online collections for Australia: https://www.familysearch.org/search/collection/location/1927080?region=Australia
- AIATSIS's Family History resource - a range of resources to assist you with your Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander family history research
- Mariners and Ships in Australian Waters - This site, hosted by State Records of New South Wales, is indexing and transcribing unassisted passenger lists 1845-1922 held by SRNSW (NRS 13278). This ongoing project has the lists complete for 1845-1900, with many available for 1901-1922. This site is searchable by name, vessel name and date. The site also includes transcribed passenger lists and links to free scans of the original lists. Ship crew members are also listed on these records.
- Immigrant Ships Transcribers Guild - There are 12,000+ passenger list transcripts online. Most are to the USA but not all. The site includes lists of departures from the German ports of Altona, Bremen, Bremerhaven, Cuxhaven, Geestemunde, Hamburg, Stettin, Swinemunde (now Swinoujscie, Poland) plus unspecified ports. There is also a link to World War II Refugees to Australia by Tom Stiglmayer.
WikiTree Help pages
- Help: Sources - includes inline sourcing
- Help: Sources Style Guide
- Help:Links to Ancestry
- External Link Templates
Citation Assistance Tools
- Good quality citations for the sources used in genealogical research are essential. These browser extensions help to obtain a good quality citation and save a lot of time and manual typing.
WikiTree Sourcer
- WikiTree Sourcer is free and developed by Rob Pavey. Rob has his own Discord server for users to obtain excellent technical help, provide feedback for beta testing and make suggestions for improvement. The WT Sourcer currently works with Ancestry, FindMyPast, England & Wales GRO and Family Search.
Online Repository Assistant (ORA)
- Online Repository Assistant (ORA) is a subscription-based extension, with a current cost of US$24 p.a. It works with several online repositories of genealogical data and has complete to partial success with many other sites. There is a growing list of templates for sites commonly used by Australian genealogists. ORA also works with a number of genealogy programs, such as Legacy and The Master Genealogist, where it can also perform auto typing. There is a Google group providing excellent technical support and other useful information can be found at Terry's ORA Tips.
Sources that are NOT reliable
- User created trees - Ancestry, geni, MyHeritage, Familysearch trees etc
- Genealogy websites, blogs
- Find a Grave entries that have no headstone or memorial photo or a transcription should not be used as a source. Even with a headstone, the date of birth (or even the date of death) on a headstone is sometimes incorrect.
- Unsourced family histories
- A particular Australian example:
- https://australianroyalty.net.au/ This is good as a guide but should not be referenced as a source. If you find an entry with a source, seek and check that source and use it as your reference. If the entry is not sourced you can reference it in a 'Research Notes' section, noting that it is unsourced information.
- Login to request to the join the Trusted List so that you can edit and add images.
- Private Messages: Send a private message to the Profile Manager. (Best when privacy is an issue.)
- Public Comments: Login to post. (Best for messages specifically directed to those editing this profile. Limit 20 per day.)
- Public Q&A: These will appear above and in the Genealogist-to-Genealogist (G2G) Forum. (Best for anything directed to the wider genealogy community.)
Two benefIts are for quick validation, and also for the additional information that might that have been included in the prose (eg occupation or residence of a parent on a wedding certificate etc)
My family tree seems to have several cases where two different people were born in the same town/village and given the same name within a small number of years. They might be first cousins, or maybe more remote relatives. Does repeating the chosen information in the citation actually improve the confidence that the right relationships are shown, compared to a source reference that allows the verifier to notice the other child nearby in the source?
I fully support using all the relevant referenced information in the text, with inline citations to enable future readers and validators to verify the source. I just don’t find additional value in having the same information in both the prose and the footnote. There has also been a copyright question about copy/pasting the entire source records into Wikitree, and I doubt that concern cares whether the paste is to the main body or footnotes.
For all other profiles the only time I would look at them is when sourcing, connecting, or fixing a problem. If there is a discrepancy somewhere then I go back to original sources to verify that any sources currently on the profile are correct. A potential problem may be highlighted by a DD suggestion, a source cannot easily be found for a fact on the profile, or a difference in age. However that situation where the wrong source was quoted, if it is a full citation, is fairly rare. It is more common for facts to be wrong and not sourced. Had they been sourced well, I suspect a number of those errors would have been found by the original researcher. I regularly encounter the situation where the wrong parents are documented in the bio because I fix a lot of DD errors. Without trawling through the contributions log it is impossible to know whether the parents have been auto-placed in the bio when the profile was created, or whether the bio and sources were written by the same person. Without having some info in the citation to highlight an error, it is very easy for people to erroneously paste what they have on the clipboard and not notice that they have placed it on the wrong profile. They don't remember the numbers from one profile to the next.
The copyright concern has been discussed and answered. https://www.wikitree.com/g2g/1165165/saghs-copyright-violations Facts cannot be copyrighted. Copyright applies to the layout/presentation of the information, or in the case of text, how it is worded as some of it is creative. If it isn't a direct copy and paste then it isn't breaching any copyright law. I have yet to encounter any genealogical or family history society that says sources should not be documented because it breaches copyright law.
If anyone is genuinely concerned that citing a source breaches copyright, why are they even documenting family history? One does not have to quote a source to be in breach of copyright.
Are there sources for: 1. Historical immigration records to Australia? Assisted and unassisted? Convicts? 2. Are there sources for Census records? kind regards.....Nigel Clark
Thanks Leandra. Take care..............Nigel
I have commenced recording the names of all people mentioned in the index who are associated with the record, e.g. for a birth record include the parents and spell as it is in the index. I find that very helpful when trying to find that index record later, e.g. to check that correct parents and children are connected, to order a certificate, if I suspect a typo in the transcription. If searching on a common name, then one has search criteria to reduce the number of hits, and can find it easily even when the name has been written incorrectly. I recommend that as an improvement over what we generally accept as sourced.
When citing State BDM indexes and BDM Certificates, may I suggest adding an accession date for the former and an issue date for the latter?
I mention this because Indexes sometimes contain transcription errors which can be corrected by contacting the registry and providing evidence. The NSW Registry will amend the Index if it is satisfied there is a transcription error from the original record to the Index. I have arranged for the NSW BDM Index to be corrected myself for some of my ancestors where the Registry had incorrectly transcribed a name from the original record.
Similarly, BDM Certificates issued at various times can contain different information for a range of reasons (eg transcription errors, subsequent amendments, possibly changes in law etc) . Again, I have evidence of this for members of my own tree.
On Wiki, I have used the following formats: "Marriage Certificate", New South Wales Marriage Registration: 449/1869, issued by New South Wales Government, Registry of Births, Deaths and Marriages, dated 8 May 2020 (In this case, I have omitted the names of the parties because the Groom's name is misspelt in the Index, I haven't sought to have it corrected yet and I don't want to perpetuate the error. In my own tree, I would include the true names of the parties...)
New South Wales Government. Registry of Births, Deaths and Marriages. Marriage Index. Marriage Registration: 449/1869 BOUWINS CHARLES A J Bride: LAWRENCE KATE E District: SYDNEY. Accessed: 24 April 2020. https://familyhistory.bdm.nsw.gov.au/lifelink/familyhistory (Showing the names as indexed at the accession date)
As an alternative, I prefer to use this format as the name is highlighted and the citation includes the original District Registration number and NSWBDM number... 'Edna Pearl Bathgate (nee Schipp)'. (1906). Certified copy of Birth Certificate for Edna Pearl Schipp, 1 April 1906, Maclean District, Registration Number 1153. NSWBDM #14847/1906, issued 14 May 2018.
Regards, Susan
If I am relying on a transcription, I amend the "Source" to show it as a "transcription" and include the name of the transcriber and the date of the transcription. I think it is important to distinguish between original documents (which are primary sources) and transcriptions (which are only secondary sources). I always include the name the transcriber. First, I think it is important to acknowledge their work. Plus, I think it's worthwhile capturing their name as they may be willing to share the original or answer questions. Importantly, transcriptions may be subject to copyright protection etc. so there may be a requirement to do so. As for the date, I think the transcription date is important for context, and also as a form of "version control". There may be multiple versions of a transcription by the same transcriber... If I quote or publish my own transcription of a handwritten document, I definitely add ..."transcribed by Susan.... [transcription date]" to the Source. Regards, Susan
Copyright is mine.
Births search: https://familyhistory.bdm.nsw.gov.au/lifelink/familyhistory/search/births
Marriage search: https://familyhistory.bdm.nsw.gov.au/lifelink/familyhistory/search/marriages
Deaths search: https://familyhistory.bdm.nsw.gov.au/lifelink/familyhistory/search/deaths
I may not be part of this, but it's still my country.