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Chief Red Cloud

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Date: [unknown] [unknown]
Location: [unknown]
Surnames/tags: Native_American Oglala_Sioux Pine_Ridge_Reservation
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Contents

Biography

Birth

Leader and Chief, Red Cloud was born at the forks of the Platt River, in Nebraska. (This information was given by his mother to an Indian Agent- [1] addtn'l sources will be forthcoming. He died on Dec. 10 1909, and is buried @ Pine Ridge Reservation.

Flint River ... [1]


Sources

  • Vesta Jean Salato, firsthand knowledge. Click the Changes tab for the details of edits by Vesta Jean and others.

Also known as Mahpiya Luta.2,3,16 Chief (?) Red Cloud speaks (an unknown value). The nationality of Chief (?) Red Cloud was an unknown place ; Oglala/Brule Lakota.13,17,15,16 (standing L-R) Knife Chief, Jack Red Cloud (sitting L-R) Red Cloud, Baptiste "Little Bat" Garnier. Also known as Two Arrows.1 Also known as Tall Hollow Horn. (?) was born at Blue Creek near the forks of Platte River, Lakota Territory, on September 20, 1822.2,3,4,13,14 He was the son of (?) Lone Man and (?) Walks As She Thinks. Another source states that his was also listed with a birthdate in 1823.15,16 And yet another source states that his was also listed with a birthdate in 1824.17 (?) was a Bad Face Band of the Oglala Lakota member at Pine Ridge Indian Reservation, South Dakota, USA, after 1823. Belonged to the Bad Face or (Ite Sica) band. He was half Brule and half Saone Teton Sioux. A principle chief of the Oglala Teton Sioux of the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation, the largest band of the Sioux nation, and probably the most powerful chief in the history of the tribe. The origin of the name is disputed, but is said by ex-agent McGilly-cuddy (inf'n 1906) to refer to the way in which his scarlet-blanketed warriors formerly covered the hillsides like a red cloud. If this be true, the name was bestowed after he had obtained recognition as a leader. Another that it was from the red meteorite which struck the plains region the day of his birth; and another that it was given to him for his bravery from his father after the latter's death. He was also a member of the Snake family, the most distinguished and forceful of his tribe, and rose to prominence by his own force of character, having no claim to hereditary chieftainship, which in the Oglala band rested with the family represented by They-fear-even-his-horse ("Young-man-afraid-of-his-horse"), the latter being more conservative and more friendly toward civilization.

"Drawing upon the authority of Red Cloud's nephew, He Dog, George H. Hyde contends that the Bad Face leader was born into an influential family and thus eligible for consideration as a council chief. He Dog recalled that Red Cloud's father was Lone Man or Only Man, a Brule Chief, and his mother was Walk As She Thinks, a sister of Chief Old Smoke. Robert M. Ruby writes that Lone Man "was a man of influence, who had been appointed by Chief [Old Man] Afraid of His Horses to sit in council with his people, often called the Smoke people.46" [Price, Catherine, 1956-,Chiefs, headmen, and warriors : Oglala politics, 1851-1889 / by Catherine Price. 1987. Thesis (Ph. D.)--Purdue University, 1987. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 300-313). Photocopy. Ann Arbor, Mich. : University Microfilms International, 1993, pg.32].3,1,2 (?) traveled at Big Horn Region circa 1838.2 He married Mary Good Road at near Raw Hide Buttes, Lakota Territory, circa 1850.2,4,5,6,17,14,15,16 Red Cloud. (ca 1855). He served in the military during war time in 1865 at Powder River Region (MT.), Lakota Territory.1 He resided at North Platte River Region, Lakota Territory, after 1865. Red Cloud. Photo courtesy of South Dakota State Historical Society. Chief (?) Red Cloud witnessed the meeting of Chief (?) Dull Knife; The Treaty of Fort Laramie was an agreement between the United States and the Lakota nation, signed in 1868 at Fort Laramie in the Wyoming Territory, guaranteeing to the Lakota ownership of the Black Hills, and further land and hunting rights in South Dakota, Wyoming, and Montana. The Powder River Country was to be henceforth closed to all whites. The treaty ended Red Cloud's War. The treaty included articles intended to "insure the civilisation" of the Lakota; financial incentives for them to farm land and become competitive - and stipulations that minors should be provided with an "English education" at a "mission building". To this end the US government included in the treaty that white teachers, blacksmiths and a farmer, a miller, a carpenter, an engineer and a government agent should take up residence within the reservation. Repeated violations of the otherwise exclusive rights to the land by gold prospectors led to the Black Hills War.

Fort Laramie Treaty, 1868 (Full-Text) http://www.pbs.org/weta/thewest/resources/archives/four/ftlaram.htm.18,19,20 (?) was a speaker at a meeting at Fort Laramie (1834 - 1890), Platte Co., Missouri Territory, USA, on November 4, 1868.1 Chief (?) Rocky Bear was travel on May 16, 1870 at Washington, D.C., USA; "On May 16, [1870] Red Cloud arrived at Fort Fetterman with about 500 of his followers to send him on his historic journey to the Great Father. The other Oglalas were: Brave Bear, and his son Sword (a shirt wearer) of the Bad Faces, Red Dog, Yellow Bear, and High Wolf of the Oyukpas, Sitting Bear of the True Oglalas, Little Bear, Long Wolf, Bear Skin, Brave, Afraid, Red Fly, Rocky Bear, Swing Bear, Black Hawk, and The One That Runs Him Through, who probably represented the warriors. 11....Two days later, the delegates arrived at Fort Laramie to meet former commanding officer Col. John E. Smith who had returned from Washington to escort them. Accompanying the party were the Indians' hand-picked interpreters, John Richard, Jr. (Red Cloud's personal favorite), W.G. Bullock, James McCloskey, and Jules Ecoffey. On May 26, the party left Fort Laramie and arrived safely in the capital on the first of June. The New York Times published many detailed reports of the historic visit of the Oglala and Brule spokesmen 15. .....Commissioner Ely S. Parker and Secretary of the Interior Jacob D. Cox kept the Indians waiting for two days before meeting them on June 7 for the first of several discussions. For over a week the Lakota guests were treated to lavish displays of diplomatic hospitality, and although the Oglalas must have felt overwhelmed at times, Red Cloud, their primary spokesman, remained solemn and business like. They were determined to obtain information for their people and would not shirk their responsibilities. 17 Red Cloud voiced the opinions of all the delegates. He asked the president to abandon Fort Fetterman and prevent settlers from entering the Big Horn and Black Hills country. In addition, the Oglalas expected guns, ammunition, and provisions. Finally, he declared once more that his people would not relocate to the Missouri. 18 The Indians returned to the Office of the Commissioner on the tenth. Secretary Cox, Govener J A. Campbell of Wyoming Territory, former peace commissioners Vincent Colyer and Felix R. Brunot, and their wives were also present. The proceedings had been relatively calm up to this point but Red Cloud created a furor when he angrily informed Cox, who was carefully discussing the terms of the 1868 treaty, that "this is the first time I have heard " of it and "do not mean to follow it" He contended, instead, that the paper he and others "signed" merely provided for the removal of the forts from the Powder River country and formal peace with the whites. Other representatives supported Red Cloud's assertions, and all blamed their interpreters for lying at Fort Laramie council. 19 .... The Oglalas could live on the headwaters of the Big Cheyenne River northwest of Fort Fetterman outside the boundaries of the Great Sioux Reservation but within the limits reserved for hunting. Although they would be expected to trade at the Missouri River they would not have to travel there to receive their annuity goods. The commissioners also asked them to summit the names of those they wanted as their agent and traders. Red Cloud responded that he disapproved of military men for agents, as they frightened his people, nor poor men for agents who would be tempted to steel their annuities. 20 He felt that Benjamin B. Mills would make a fine agent and could trust W. G. Bullock as trader. 21 On June 14, Red Cloud and the other delegates arrived in New York City where he and Red Dog were scheduled to speak at Cooper Institute on the sixteenth. .... The Indians left New York City immediately after Red Cloud's speech at Cooper Institute and arrived back at Fort Laramie on 26 June" [Price, Catherine, 1956-, Chiefs, headmen, and warriors : Oglala politics, 1851-1889 / by Catherine Price. 1987. Thesis (Ph. D.)--Purdue University, 1987. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 300-313). Photocopy. Ann Arbor, Mich.: University Microfilms International, 1993, pg. 68-73].1 (?) traveled at Fort Laramie Region, USA, on May 26, 1870.1 He attended a meeting at Red Cloud Agency, Dakota Territory, Lakota Territory, on April 10, 1871.1 Red Cloud shaking hands with William Blackmore. Alexander Gardner, Photographer.

  1. Entered by Vesta Jean Salato, Jan 12, 2012

Additional Sources

  • Black Hawk Museum/Red Cloud [2]
  • National Museum of the American Indian/Portrait [3]




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