Date: [unknown] [unknown]
Location: Medieval Ireland- Connacht; Co. Mayo, Co. Roscommon, Co. Galway
Surnames/tags: Ui_Fiachaidh Ui_Briuin Mac_Duach

Contents 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 2.1 Data Tables 2.2 Annals Abbreviations 3 Genealogy 3.1 A Note on the Two "Daui" "Duach" 3.2 Modern Surnames 3.3 Kings of Magh Luirg 4 Application 5 Results 5.1 Current Surmise 5.1.1 Importance of 967 AD 6 Research Notes 6.1 Genetics 6.2 Colaborators 6.2.1 FamilyTree DNA (FTDNA) 6.2.2 Genelach Dáil Cuinn Project 7 Sources 7.1 WikiTree Free Spaces 7.2 See Also 8 Acknowledgment

Introduction

Medieval Irish genealogy has been studied by very learned men for nearly 800 years, or more. Obviously, errors would occur either intentionally or through translation. My focus has been on the Ui Briuin sept of the Dal Cuinn descendants of Conn Cétchathach Ceadcatha (-0157) "Conn of the Hundred Battles". I have enormous respect and take great care in deviating from those scholars. I have no doubt 19th and early 20th century researchers would love to have possessed the scientific information we now enjoy! Dates associated with Conn and other early descendants vary greatly between sources. I rely heavily on Dr. Bart Jaski’s “Genealogical tables of medieval Irish royal dynasties” Table-1, 6, 60, & 62 thru 67. ^[1] for dating. (hereafter indicated with ' # ' , ie #66)

Most all of these genealogies divide the Ui Briuin into three major septs related to his descendants; Daui Tengae Umai (Uí Briúin Seóla), Eochaid Tirmcharna (Uí Briúin Aí), and Brion Fergna (Uí Briúin Bréifne).

I believe recent Y-DNA discoveries have shown that the Uí Briúin were likely split into FOUR septs. We have THREE related genetic clades that do match up with the medieval genealogies for the Uí Briúin Bréifne and Uí Briúin Seóla, but NOT for the Uí Briúin Aí. The third related clade appears to be the Maicne Eócháda Tírmchárnai, which may well include the so-called "Uí Briúin Aí" Síl Cellaig. The FOURTH sept is a branch that split off BEFORE the other three. This earlier branch is where the Uí Briúin Aí Síl Muiredaig and Cland Cathail are located. Further, the split of the Uí Briúin Aí into the Cland Indrechtaig Ó Conchobair, etc. (the Síl Muiredaig) and the Cland Cathail appears to have occurred maybe as early as 2 centuries BEFORE Muiredach Muillethan.

UPDATE: The Genelach Dáil Cuinn Project are delighted to announce that Francis Mac Dermot, current THE Mac Dermot and Prince of Coolavin, has graciously undergone Y-DNA testing at YSEQ GmbH. He is now known to be in the R1b-BY20594 clade, which is a subclade of the R1b-BY20602 clade, which in turn is a subclade of the R1b-FGC5939 clade.

This leaves the Mac Diarmata as being the senior line of the Síl Muiredaig ^[2], genetically speaking.

While this is an egregious discrepancy with the standard genealogies on the one hand, on the other hand it is confirming these genealogies by showing the appropriate genetic connection between the three traditional branches of the Uí Briúin, all descending from a common progenitor. ^[3]

Methodology

Data Tables

I developed a spreadsheet to approximate DNA mutations over time. My working sample can be seen here:^[4]

The basis of this heuristic method is derived from the correlation of the O'Conor Don line with a verified pedigree dating back to Tairdelbach Már Ó Conchobair (1088 AD – 1156 AD), considered to be the last High King of Ireland, who is is R1b-BY18115+ under A259,. ^[5][6]

This system uses 27 years per ‘generation’, 54 years between mutations. Since the date of death for many are approximations, any age at death over ~85 is adjusted one ‘generation’. Again, I rely heavily on Dr. Bart Jaski’s “Genealogical tables of medieval Irish royal dynasties” Table-1, 6, 60, & 62 thru 67.

The resulting spreadsheet when started with Conn Cétchathach/R1b-DF105/d. @100AD working forward through my own mutations (34) results in an estimated DOB for me at 1962, for my son as 1989, and my grandson in 2016. I was born 1961, my son in 1984, and my grandson in 2013. Pretty close after 1,836 years!

Annals Abbreviations

See: "List of Standard Bibliographical Abbreviations Used in "Irish Historical Studies"" Irish Historical Studies Vol. 1, No. 1 (Mar., 1938), pp. 112-118 (7 pages) Published by: Cambridge University Press [34]

Genealogy

A Note on the Two "Daui" "Duach"

A debate has raged for centuries about the proper identification of Duach Galach Mac Brión (abt.0375-0425) and Dauí Tenga Uma Mac Bruin (abt.0425-0499). Francis Byrne believes him to be a duplicate of his supposed great-great grandfather, Dauí Galach^[7] and that the early Uí Briúin genealogies are fabrications and that these two were the same person^[8] Indeed, the solution lies within the annalistic references themselves.

Duach Galach was a contemporary of St. Patrick who lived c. 385 to c. 17 March 461 and was considered to be the 1st Christian King of Ireland. We can be certain Daui Tenga Uma fell at The battle of Segais between 497 and 502, likely at a young age. (see: AU502.1, AT500.1, AI502.1, AFM499.3). Why is Daui Tenga Uma listed twice in The Annals of Tigernach 500.1 & 556.1? The Annals of Tigernach BEGIN 488.0 so Duach Galach is not included, having died many years prior. The second entry is “T488.1 The rest of St Cianán of Duleek. It is to him that Patrick gave his gospels.”

“Duach of the Brazen Tongue” is SPECIFIC at AT500.1.^[9] and is verified by name translation:

• Duach Galach -
  • "Galach" def. 1. "Valiant man, warrior". 2. "Boaster, blusterer." ^[10]
• Daui Tenga Uma-
  • "Teanga umai" def. "Language umai "
  • "Teanga Brasaí" def. "Brazen Tongue" ^[11]

Thus:

• “Duach the Valiant Warrior” was the son of Brión (Macechach) mac Echach Muigmedóin (abt.0350-abt.0425),
• “Daui of the Brazen Tongue” was the son of Fergus Mac Muiredach (abt.0460-abt.0500) , the great grandson of Duach Galach. ( Fergus Mac Muiredach (abt.0460-abt.0500) son ofMuiredach Mal Mac Eogan (abt.0440-abt.0500) son of Eogan Sreibh Mac Duach (abt.0405-abt.0465) son of Duach Galach).

(see: Dau Galach - Dau Tengae Umai [35])

Modern Surnames

The modern surnames involved in this research are: Rowley, McDermott, McCormick, Dyer, McDonough, McDonagh, Kion, Samson, Kelly, Gibbons, Cunningham, Connolly, King, Mannion, Manion, Murphy, Mitchell, Halloran, Headen, Harrison, O’Toole. These are included specifically in the FGC5939 clade, Uí Briúin Maicne Eócháda Tírmchárnai??? on the DCG Cladogram^[12]. A comparison of the DNA for these surnames and their relationship can be seen on the FGC5939 SOA spreadsheet. ^[13]

Kings of Magh Luirg

The carefully detailed genealogy of The Kings of Magh Luirg and Clan Mac Dermot^[14] provide an excellent roadmap for coordinating the genetics with the genealogy.

Application

Placing the genealogy into my spreadsheet, Brion’s great-great grandson Fergus mac Muiredach Mal (chart #60) is R1b-A260+. His sons, Daui Tengae Umai, Eochaid Tirmcharna, and Brion Fergna are the progenitors of the future Ui Briuin septs. Further, using the verifiable genealogies mentioned before, we have been able to confidently identify Daui Tengae Umai as R1b-BY11725, Brion Fergna as R1b-A5902 and R1b-BY3338. We can only surmise Eochaid Tirmcharna R1b-FGC5939 based on the fact Eochaid Tirmcharna’s ancestors (Sil Muiredaig/Clann Cathal/Ui Conchobair) were not a genetic match for several presumed Ui Conchobair families such as Mac Diarmaita.

Results

The families of McDermott, McDonough, McLaughlin, McCormick, and Rowley share a common genetic ancestor, R1b-BY20593, around 1152AD. The genealogy of the McDermott’s traces back to Diarmait mac Tadg Mor, d. 1159AD. Further back in time they come to Mael Ruanaid Mor, R1b-A6925, d. 973AD. The old genealogies list Mael Ruinaid as the son of Tadg mac Cathal Ua Conchobar. A confirmed O’Connor ancestor has been traced back to Toirdelbach Ui Conchobar (b. 1088) who is R1b-BY18115^[15], eventually back to R1b-Y166841, a phylogenic node that separated from R1b-A260 around 425AD. Therefore, Tadg mac Cathal and Mael Ruinaid cannot be related. A comparison chart can be seen here^[16] (Ui Briuin Ai Clan Indrachtach Sil Cathail Croibderg O’Conor Don to the right).

A probable genetic split had occurred with Fergus Mac Muiredach (abt.0460-abt.0500) and his brother Cathal mac Muiredach Mal approximately 450AD. ^[17]

Current Surmise

Beginning with the first Ui Bruin king, Daui Tengae Umai (approx. 482AD) until Rogallach mac Uatach (d. approx. 649AD), all these kings were only mentioned as ‘Ui Briuin’. Afterward they are specified as: ^[18]

• Ui Briuin Seola (Cenn Faelad – 682)
• Uí Briúin Sil Cellaig (Cellach mac Rogallaig – 705)
• Ui Briuin Ai Síl Muiredaig (Muiredach Muillethan – 702)
• Ui Briuin Breifne (Ua Ruairc/Ua Raigillig, who apparently did not have a king of Connacht until Fergal Ua Ruairc in 956). The 4th son, Ercc mac Fergus, was founder of Cenel Dothfa. They were a much weaker family and possibly vassals to his Ui Briuin brothers.

During his reign Cenn Faelad; beginning approximately 653AD, began forcing the other Ui Briuin families led by his distant cousins Fergus, Cathal, and Cellach mac Rogallach out of Magh Seola and became the first "Ui Briuin Seola" king of Connacht. The contemporary ancestors of Brion Fergna moved even further northeast into the Breifne region becoming the "Ui Briuin Breifne". They don't appear to have a Connacht king until Fergal Ua Ruairc (956–967AD).

Francis Byrne believes Cenn Faelad was killed in response to the Uí Briúin policy of subjugation and annexation of subject tribal territories ^[19]. Muiredach Muillethan mac Fergus gained power as they moved through Maigh nAi in central Connacht, taking on the nomenclature of "Ui Briuin Ai Sil Muiredaig". Cellach mac Rogallach seems to have stayed in the Loch Cime area of Maigh nAi around this same timeframe. He becomes the first king of Connacht designated as "Ui Briuin Sil Cellach" upon the death of his nephew Muiredach Muillethan in 702AD.

We now have the 3primary Ui Briuin clan genetics:

1. Uí Briúin Aí Sil Muiredaig (R1b-BY20602); Muiredach Muillethan
2. Uí Briúin Seóla (R1b-BY11724 ); Cenn Faelad
3. Uí Briúin Bréifne (R1b-BY3338 & R1b-A5902); Brion Fergna

This is VERY important. Even though the Sil Muiredaig and the Ui Conchobar appear to be genealogically descended from Eochaid Tirmcharna, the Sil Muiredaig ARE genetically the Uí Briúin Aí, Maicne Eócháda Tírmchárnai Ui Mailruanaid Mac Diarmata. ^[20]

These are plausible interactions:

• 650AD^[21], Cenn Faelad (Ui Briuin Seola) begin forcing the other Ui Briuin out of Magh Seola toward Delbna Nudat and the Ui Maine clans after The battle of Airther Seola
• 700AD the Ui Briuin Ai force Sil Cellach further into Delbna Nudat.^[22]
• 750AD Ui Briuin Sil Cellach defeat the Ui Maine in Delbna at The battle of Bealach Cro^[23], possibly conscripting them as vassals.

Importance of 967 AD

Muirchertach mac Mealruanaid (d. 967AD) appears to be referenced in the same battle in the annals with possibly conflicting paternal sources.

• In AFM965.11 The battle of Formaeil, at Rath-beg, was gained by the Cinel-Eoghain over the Cinel-Conaill, where Maelisa Ua Canannain, lord of Cinel-Conaill, and Muircheartach Ua-Taidhg, royal heir to Connaught, were slain, together with many others. [36]
• According to CS967.1 "A battle between Cenél Eógain and the Cenél Conaill in which many fell including Mael Ísa ua Canannán, and Muirchertach son of Conchobor and the son of the king of Connacht. [37]

Muirchertach who died in 967AD was the second king of Magh Luirg, preceeded by his father Mael Ruanaid Mor ^[24]; the presumed son of Tadhg mac Cathal. Muircheartach Ua-Taidhg translates as "grandson" of Tadhg.

Applying these timelines, Conchobar mac Tadg who died in 973 was Muirchertach's supposed uncle. Further, Dr. Jaski notes Conchobar as 'ri C' (king of Connacht) while within the same time period Muirchertach is noted 'rd C' (rigdamna ^[25], or eligible prince of Connacht).

One can then make the supposition that CS967.1 could be a scribal error or mistranslation and is meant to be "Muirchertach mac Mael Ruanaid Mor who was an "eligible prince of the blood royal" and Conchobar, king of Connacht's (Tadgh) son was killed" The son of Conchobar was Cathal, whose descendant Toirdelbach mac Ruaidrí na Saide Buide, High King of Ireland, was the progenitor of the O'Connor Donn line, who as we have seen, are not genetically related to Mael Ruanaid Mor.

Muirchertach being an eligible prince would have to acquire that right through his father Mael Ruanaid Mor and his ancestors. If his father was not Tadg, who were those ancestors worthy of the kingship of Connacht? That is the conundrum.

Legend says Mael Ruanaid Mor made a “deal” with the Ui Conchobar @ 960AD; he would relinquish his rightful claim to the throne of Connacht in exchange for ruling in Magh Luirg (Moylurg) ^[26] His dynasty were known as the Clan Mulrooney (later known as Clan MacDermot), vassals (and cousins?) to O'Connor, who was then High King of Ireland. This royal connection was exploited to oust the existing chieftains of Moylurg, the Mac Riabhaigh, (later anglicized spelling McGreevy). ^[27]

The old genealogies list Mael Ruinaid as the son of Tadg mac Cathal Ua Conchobar, which has previously been shown as not genetically possible. The data shows we are left with one man who could possibly be the R1b-BY20593 progenitor, Cellach mac Rogallaig. Unfortunately, there is a lack of genealogical evidence, about 5-6 generations, to trace his grandson Colla mac Forggus to Mael Ruinaid Mor.

There are many possible reasons for those missing 5-6 generations from Colla mac Forggus (796AD) and Mael Ruanaid Mor (967AD). Grafting between families for prestige or protection; confusion between surnames and geographical territories; this is the current dilemma.

Research Notes

Genetics

• Y Chromosome Defined ^[28]
• Y DNA Age Estimates
  • yfull.com^[29][30]

DF-104 formed @1900 ybp, TMRCA @1800 ybp (years before present). To calculate the ybp, the base date for this purpose is 1950AD. Thus, 1950-1800=150AD for an approximation for DF-104. Using the @ DoD of 556/8AD for Eachach Tirmcharna mac Fergus^[31], I calculated a date of @153AD for Conn Cétchathach and DF-104. The two dates match +/-3 years.

Y-DNA results that we have seen so far indicate that the R1b-DF104 phylogenetic node on the phylogenetic tree ^[32] is the starting clade (Y-haplogroup) of the Dál Cuinn. ^[33]

Colaborators

FamilyTree DNA (FTDNA)

"Sons of Aodh" Project^[34]

• Administrators
  • Craig McKie
  • David Wilson
  • Gráinne Ní Fhlannagáin
  • Linda STANFILL
  • Tim Gwinn (McEvoy)
• Co-Administrators
  • Chris McLain
  • John Loughney
  • Jon Patraic Neill
  • Maurice Gleeson
  • Michael Rowley
  • Zack Daugherty

"Rowley-Patrilineal Project"^[35]

• Judith Bramlage- Administrator

Genelach Dáil Cuinn Project

• Contact: Various Members (per administrator request)^[36]

Sources

1. ↑ Early Irish Kingship Succession by Jaski Bart, Published by Four Courts Press, 2013, ISBN 1846824265 ISBN 9781846824265 [1]
2. ↑ "Síol Muireadaigh" Wikipedia® [2]
3. ↑ Genelach Dáil Cuinn Project [[3]]
4. ↑ Comparative Analysis of the Descendants and DNA of Conn Cétchathach Ceadcatha , Property of Michael Rowley, January 2024 [4]
5. ↑ Genelach Dáil Cuinn Project Genealogy of the Tribe of Conn Cétchathach (R1b-DF104 Y-Haplogroup); All original material copyright © 2018 - 2023 by Genelach Dáil Cuinn Project. All rights are reserved. Dál Cuinn Group Forum [5]
6. ↑ Sons of Aodh Family Tree DNA Group; "Big News! A while back I had contacted a member of the O'Connor Don Royal line (Sil Muireadhaigh) who had done testing a number of years ago. This testing placed him under M222. After some time and with the help of Dr Maurice Gleeson we were able to get the Big Y test ordered for him. So we are excited to say that the results of a descendant of the O’Conor Don line with a verified pedigree dating back to Tairdelbach Már Ó Conchobair (1088 AD – 1156 AD), considered to be the last High King of Ireland, can now be publicly announced - he is R1b-BY18115+ under A259, which is exactly where he was anticipated to be! We hope to see more refinement over the next few weeks, but this is a fantastic result and goes a long way to proving the traditional Irish genealogies are not pure rubbish!" [6]
7. ↑ Francis J.Byrne, Irish Kings and High-Kings, Table 19
8. ↑ Byrne, pg.245
9. ↑ The Annals of Tigernach [7]
10. ↑ Foras na Gaeilge definition of "Galach" © Foras na Gaeilge 2013 – 2022. [8]
11. ↑ Foras na Gaeilge definition of "Teanga Umai" © Foras na Gaeilge 2013 – 2022. [9]
12. ↑ Dal Cuinn Group, Haplogroup R1b-FGC5939, All original material copyright © 2018 - 2022 by Gaeltex Group. All rights are reserved. [10]
13. ↑ FGC5939 Sons of Aodh spreadsheet [11]
14. ↑ References: "Mac Dermot of Moylurg: The Story of a Connacht Family", Dermot Mac Dermot, 1996. [12]
15. ↑ Sons of Aodh Activity Feed [13]
16. ↑ DNA Comparison, by Michael Rowley [14]
17. ↑ "There is another possible explanation in some records, Hubert Thomas Knox's The History Of The County Of Mayo To The Close Of The Sixteenth Century p. 382 and Peter O’Connell's List Of Christian Kings Of Connaught as found in James Hardiman's edition of Roderic O’Flaherty's H-Iar Connaught p. 128, and that is that Muiredach Máel, son of Eógan Sríab, had TWO sons: Fergus and Cathal. So the split between the Síl Muiredaig and Cland Cathail may have occurred after Cathal son of Muiredach Máel and there was conflation between Muiredach Máel and Muiredach Muillethan and Cathal son of Muiredach Máel and Cathal son of Muiredach Muillethan. Again, this is all highly speculative and needs a lot more data and research to find definitive proof." [15]
18. ↑ The List of the Kings of Connacht [16]
19. ↑ Cenn Faelad Wiki [17]
20. ↑ Genelach Dáil Cuinn Project [[18]]
21. ↑ "The battle of Airther Seola, in Connaught, by Ceannfaeladh, son of Colgan and Maenach, son of Baeithin, chief of Ui Briuin, in which was slain Marcan, son of Toimen, chief of Ui Maine." [19]
22. ↑ "The Delbhna Nuadat, or Delbhna Uí Maine, were lords of a large section that is now Athlone in County Roscommon, situated between the Suck and Shannon Rivers. From the early historic era they were a subject people of the Uí Maine. This place is were the Ui Maine expelled the old kings of the province. Their chiefs took the surname O'Flannagain or Flannagan". [20]
23. ↑ "The battle of the speckled hosts of Bealach Cro, pitiable the journey of the Dealbhna to it. Crimhthann the warlike brought destruction on the fierce Dealbhna Nuadhat." Annals of the Four Masters CELT Project [21]
24. ↑ Kings of Magh Luirg From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia [22]
25. ↑ pg 1. The Irish Law of Dynastic Succession Eoin MacNeill, Studies: An Irish Quarterly Review Vol. 8, No. 31 (Sep., 1919), pp. 367-382 (16 pages) [23]
26. ↑ "Aithdioghluim dána : a miscellany of Irish bardic poetry, historical and religious, including the historical poems of the Duanaire in the Yellow book of Lecan" ? Poem #31 on pg 74 [24]
27. ↑ Magh Luirg (Moylurg) From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. [25]
28. ↑ "Genealogical DNA test". This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation Licence. It incorporates material from the Wikipedia article "Genealogical DNA test".[26]
29. ↑ yfull.com, “Haplogroup YTree v10.02.00 (06 April 2022); YFull Y-SNPs | aDNA | ISOGG Haplogroup Tree © 2012-2022 Yfull™.com © 2012-2022 YFull™.com
30. ↑ [27]
31. ↑ For 556, Eochaid Tirmcharna ri Connacht; For 558/77, Aed son of Eachach Tirmcharna king of Connacht [[28]]
32. ↑ Phylogenetic Haplogroups [29]
33. ↑ All original material copyright © 2018 - 2023 by Genelach Dáil Cuinn Project. All rights are reserved. [[30]]
34. ↑ "Sons of Aodh" [31]
35. ↑ "Rowley-Patrilineal Project" [32]
36. ↑ Genelach Dáil Cuinn Project [33]

WikiTree Free Spaces

• Medieval Project - Ireland
• Irish Dynasties
• High Kings of Ireland
• Kings of Magh Luirg
• Irish Kingdoms
• Historical Sources of Ireland
• Descent of Mael Ruanaid Mor

See Also

• "A Chorographical Description of West Or H-Iar Connaught": Written A.D. 1684", O'Flaherty, Roderic.. Ireland: For the Irish Archaeological Society, 1846. [38]
• "Annals of the Four Masters", Author: [unknown] Corpus of Electronic Texts Edition [39]
• Genelach Dáil Cuinn Project, All original material copyright © 2018 - 2023 by Genelach Dáil Cuinn Project. All rights are reserved. [[40]
• Dynasties & Territories Irelands History in Maps, Content and Images are copyright of Dennis Walsh, [41]
• "Irish Pedigrees; or the Origin and Stem of the Irish Nation" O'Hart, John 1892 (5th Edition, Volume 1) [42]
• "Kings of Connacht / Connaught (Gaels of Ireland) Incorporating the Auteini & Nagnati, and Conmaicne & Uaithne" Copyright © 1999-2022 Kessler Associates. All rights reserved. [43]
• "The Genealogies, Tribes, and Customs of Hy-Fiachrach, commonly called O'Dowda's Country", CELT Project document T105008 [44]
• "The history of Ireland from the earliest period to the English invasion", Keating, Geoffrey, 1570?-1644?; O'Mahony, John, 1816-1877. Publication date 1857 Topics Ireland -- History To 1172 Publisher New York, P. M. Haverty Collection ColumbiaUniversityLibraries; americana Digitizing sponsor MSN Contributor Columbia University Libraries Language English; Irish [45]
• "The Tribes and Customs of Hy-Many, commonly called O'Kelly's Country" Author: Unknown, File Description: John O'Donovan, Electronic edition compiled by Beatrix Färber, Benjamin Hazard, 3. Third draft. CELT: Corpus of Electronic Texts: a project of University College, Cork; College Road, Cork, Ireland — [http: //www.ucc.ie/celt] (2004) (2010) (2011); Distributed by CELT online at University College, Cork, Ireland. Text ID Number: G105007 [46]
• "Irish Kings" by Hugh McGough, © 1999–2012 Hugh McGough [47]
• List of Irish clans From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. [48]
• CELT: Corpus of Electronic Texts, Translated Texts, various authors © 1997–2020 Corpus of Electronic Texts (UCC) [49]
• "Kingdoms of Ireland-Connacht (Connaught)" Note: "World Leaders Index is a website for general interest and research purposes, this site is strictly neutral, its content is nether supporting or opposing claims by secessionist movements, governments in exile or non-recognised states or regimes. This site is a work in progress and is regularly being edited and updated, the author has tried to be as accurate as possible but mistakes and inaccuracies are inevitable. Disclaimer: This site is for strictly non-commercial use only. The author of this site does not own the images of Coats of Arms or Emblems, and has tried to use images that are in the public domain. The author would like to thank the authors of the websites World Statesmen.org and Rulers.org Ben M. Cahoon and Benjamin Schemmel with out whom this site would not exist". ©2005-2022. L. Mackenzie. London, UK. [50]

Acknowledgment

I am extremely grateful for the suggestions, edits, and research assistance provided by the Genelach Dáil Cuinn Project Genealogy of the Tribe of Conn Cétchathach (R1b-DF104 Y-Haplogroup) All original material copyright © 2018 - 2023 by Genelach Dáil Cuinn Project. All rights are reserved.[51]