Dumfries, Dumfriesshire One Place Study
Location: Dumfries, Dumfriesshire, Scotland, United Kingdom
Surnames/tags: One_Place_Studies Scotland Dumfriesshire
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Dumfries, Dumfriesshire One Place Study
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Name
Dumfries, Scotland
Geography
- Continent: Europe
- Sovereign State: United Kingdom
- Country: Scotland
- County: Dumfriesshire
- GPS Coordinates: 55.07, -3.603
- Elevation: 19.0 m or 62.3 feet
Known as 'the Queen of the South', Dumfries is located near the mouth of the River Nith.
Overview
The Romans occupied Great Britain, then the Picts, Anglo-Saxons, Scots and Norse.
When William the Lion (1143-1214) became King of Scots he granted Dumfries its first burgh (town) status around 1180 and then raised that status to ‘Royal Burgh’ around 1186.
Population
June 2021 - 33,280
Historical Timeline
12th Century
1186 - William the Lion, King of Scotland (1142-1214) granted Dumfries Royal Burgh status.
13th Century
1264 - Alexander III (1241-1286) visited Dumfries .
1270 - The first 'Devorgilla Bridge' was built and named after Devorgilla de Balliol (1218-1290), the mother of King John Balliol (1249-1314).
1296-1346 - Being near the English border, Dumfries suffered during the wars of Scottish independence of Edward I of England.
14th Century
1300 - Edward I of England (1239-1307) lodged with the Minorite Friars of the Vennel, before he laid siege to Caerlaverock Castle.
1306 - Before becoming King of Scots, Robert the Bruce (1274-1329) killed his rival John Comyn III of Badenoch (aka Red Comyn) at Greyfriars Kirk in the town. Robert I was crowned just five weeks later.
1395 - Dumfries gains market town status by way of a charter from King Robert III.
15th Century
1400 - Lincluden Collegiate Church was built.
1460 - A replacement 'Devorgilla Bridge' is built of stone over the Nith.
17th Century
1610 The Globe Inn opens for business.
1621 - 'Devorgilla Bridge' of 1460 was damaged enough that it had to be rebuilt again.
1659 - Ten women are accused of witchcraft by the Dumfries Kirk Session.
18th Century
1707 - The Midsteeple in the centre of the High Street was completed.
1745 - The townsfolk of Dumfries anticipated the approching raid by the 19 year old rebellious national leader Prince Charles Stuart (aka The Young Pretender) (1766-1788) and robbed his incoming baggage train, a bad move in which the town would soon regret.
1746 - St. Michaels Church is completed.
1791 - Robert Burns moved to Dumfries, living at 11 Bank Street.
1792 - The Theatre Royal opened.
1794 - The 'New Bridge' (aka Buccleuch Bridge) over the Nith was completed by Thomas Boyd.
1796 - Scotland's National Poet, Robert Burns died.
19th Century
1804 - Dumfries Academy established.
1815 -1817 - Robert Burns Mausoleum at Saint Michael's Cemetery built.
1836 - The town windmill was taken over by Walter Newall and converted into an observatory and camera obscura.
1839 - Local man Kirkpatrick Macmillan invents a rear-wheel driven bicycle.
1843 - Dumfries and Galloway Standard Newspaper established.
1868 - The new Greyfriars Church was completed on Castle Street.
1875 - Dumfries Suspension Bridge for pedestrians is built over the Nith.
1876-77 - Dumfries Saints Rugby Club admitted to the Scottish Rugby Union as "Dumfries Rangers".
1882 - Statue of Robert Burns unveiled and the Dumfries Fountain is dedicated.
1890 - Locharbriggs Quarry starts operation. Some of their red sandstone was used in the base of the Statue of Liberty (USA).
20th Century
1919 - Queen of the South Football Club founded.
1927 - The St Michael's Bridge is built over the Nith.
1940 - A Military Camp named 'Norwegian Reception Camp' established.
1979 - Earthquake measuring 4.7 occurred.
1984 - Earthquake occurred.
1986 -1987 - Dumfries railway station was awarded Best Station Awards by British Rail.
1997 - Dumfries voted the best place to live in Britain.
1999 - Scotland's first multi-institutional university campus was established in Dumfries.
21st Century
2006 - Earthquake measuring 3.6 occurred and the Kirkpatrick MacMillan Bridge is built over the Nith.
2010 - Earthquake occurred.
Landmarks
[11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24]
Robert Burns Centre (aka Robert Burns House)
Location: Burns Street
The second house of the baird and his wife Jean Armour is where Robert spent the last 3 years (1793-1796) of life and where he died at age 37. The rent was £8 per year.
It's a simple sandstone 2 story house that was originally a historic 18th-century water mill.
It now a museum that houses many of his original manuscripts and personal memorabilia of the poet and his family. One of the highlights is a scale model of Dumfries as it was in the 1790s. It also features a plaster cast of Burns' skull and a charter granting him the rights of a Burgess of Dumfries. Other interesting objects include copies of the Kilmarnock and Edinburgh editions of 'Poems Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect' and the chair and desk where Burns wrote some of his final works.
Burns Mausoleum c.1817
Location: Saint Michael's Cemetery, Dumfries (stands at the eastern end of the churchyard)
Originally buried under a simple headstone, Robert Burns friend John Syme began collecting money to establish a more fitting resting place (aka mausoleum) within the cemetery. Such notables that contributed were Sir Walter Scott (1771-1832) and The Prince of Wales (later King George IV (1762-1830). The building of it was completed in 1817 and Burns and remains of his two young son's were transferred into it.
It was designed by Thomas Hunt of London, and constructed by local stonemason, John Milligan.
The actually monument for Burns inside the mausoleum was the work of Peter Turnerelli, an Irish-Italian sculptor working in London. The statue on the wall shows the Muse Coila hovering above the figure of Robert Burns who is standing by his plough.
Wife Jean Armour was buried in the mausoleum alongside her husband in1834.
Dumfries Fountain c.1882
Location: High Street
It was made by the Sun Foundry, Alloa, Scotland and is one of only two models of its type known anywhere in the world. The fountain commemorates the supply of public drinking water to the town from nearby Lochrutton.
Dumfries Museum & Camera Obscura c.1836
Location: The Observatory, Rotchell Rd. and Church Street
This local museum stands on a hill overlooking the River Nith and is housed in an 19th-century windmill. The museum features subjects on geology, archaeology, early Christian carved stones and local life over the centuries.
Look for the Stidriggs Hoard, a collection of 10th-century iron tools. There are several items associated with King Robert Bruce, including a plaster cast of his skull and pieces of the king's leg and foot bones.
At the top of the circular windmill building is the oldest camera obscura in the world, installed in 1836. The camera obscura allows visitors to see a 360-degree panoramic view over the town and the surrounding hills.
Devorgilla Bridge c.1621 (aka 'Old Bridge') (and Others)
The current bridge is the third one in its location, and of the same name.
Bridge number 1 was built in 1270, likely made of wood, and named for Lady Devorgilla of Galloway who was the mother of John Balliol, King of Scotland in 1292. This was replaced in 1460.
Bridge number 2 of 1460 featured six Gothic Arches. This bridge was damaged in a storm (1620) enough that it had to be rebuilt again in 1621.
Bridge number 3 of 1621 kept the last surviving single Gothic Arch from the 1460 bridge, the remaining portion of the new bridge featured semicircular arches. It is still used by pedestrians and is one of Scotland's oldest standing bridges.
Other Bridges over the Nith:
The four arch 'New Bridge' or Buccleuch Bridge of 1794 by architect and builder Thomas Boyd.
Dumfries Suspension Bridge for pedestrians of 1875, aka 'Children's Bridge'. Designed by John Willet and erected by J. Abernethy & Co., Aberdeen, at a cost of about £1500.
St Michael's Bridge of 1927. Designed and built by J B Brodie.
Kirkpatrick MacMillan Bridge of 2006. Named for Kirkpatrick Macmillan, inventor of the bicycle.
Globe Inn c.1610
Location: Flagstone passage off High Street near English Street
Robert Burns was a frequent visitor to the inn.
Look for verses to Polly Stewart etched by Burns on a windowpane, and handwritten letters by the poet. Keep an eye out for the inn's resident ghost, said to be the spirit of a late-18th-century servant girl.
Grayfriers Church c.1868
Location: St. Mary's Street
Victorian Gothic style, designed by architect John Starforth. Named for Mary Magdalene.
Hole I' The Wa Inn c.1620
Location: 156 High Street
Another one of Robert Burns' local hangouts.
Lincluden Collegiate Church c.1400
Location: East of the A76 a little North of its junction with the A75 Dumfries bypass.
Originally the site of a 12th century Benedictine nunnery known as Lincluden Priory or Lincluden Abbey. The monastery was of the Gothic architecture style for Archibald the Grim, Earl of Douglas and built by Paris-born master mason John Morrow. The Earl's heir, also named Archibald, added a superb chancel and within it erected an ornate tomb to his wife Margaret, the daughter of King Robert III of Scotland (1337-1406).
Midsteeple c.1707
Location: Near both the Globe and 'Hole In The Wa Inn' at the back of the Market Cross.
This 18th century town-house was used for many purposes over the centuries, including as a prison, council house and clerk's chamber. There are two large stone crests on the side of the building , the Royal Arms of Scotland and St Michael, the patron saint of Dumfries.
In 1796 the body of poet Robert Burns lay in state in the courtroom of the Midsteeple until his funeral on Monday July 25th. A procession ran from Midsteeple to St Michael's Church.
Old Bridge House Museum c.1660
Location: Mill Rd., Adjacent to Devorgilla Bridge
Built by barrel maker James Birkmyre, this is the oldest house in Dumfries. Bridge House is literally part of the bridge structure. Robert Burns visited the house in the late 18th-century when it was an inn. Now it has been transformed into a fascinating museum of local history.
Sanghoose o'Scotland c.Unknown
Location: 11 Bank Street
The Burns families first residence in town is known as 'Sanghoose o'Scotland'. They only lived there three years (1791-1793) then they moved to 'The Burns House' on Burns Street.
Here in the Sanghoose he wrote over 60 songs, including 'Duncan Grey', 'Ae Fond Kiss', 'Bonnie wee Things', and 'The Deil's Awa wi' the Exciseman'.
The building is currently a private dwelling but there is a large plaque on the exterior commemorating Burns' time there.
Saint Michaels and South Parish Church c.1741-1746
Location: 87 St Michael Street
The present church is the third church on this site; it is built of local red sandstone and was re-built partly during the time of the second Jacobite rebellion, when the completion of the work was delayed by Bonnie Prince Charlie.
The ten stone pillars supporting the roof are from the earlier church and date back to around 1500. On one of these there is a brass plaque marking the site of the pew occupied by Robert Burns and his wife Jean Amour.
During the second world war, the headquarters for the Norwegian Forces based in Dumfries, and St. Michael’s was used as their Garrison church.
In January 2009 two small stained glass windows showing Robert Burns and Jean Armour were installed at the rear of the church to mark the 250th Anniversary of the birth of Burns. At the same time the Robert Burns World Federation presented us with a white marble bust of Burns which has been positioned in a specially created niche in one of the church walls.
The church cemetery features the Robert Burns Mausoleum and also several graves of Covenanters as well.
Theatre Royal c.1792
Location: 66-68 Shakespeare Street
Designed by Thomas Boyd
The oldest working theatre in Scotland is credited to actor-manager named George Sutherland who dreamed up the idea of a purpose-built venue in Dumfries.
Sutherland raised 800 Pounds by subscription and the theatre opened in 1792. The design was based on the Theatre Royal in Bristol and the building seated 500-600 patrons. The theatre went through stages as a cinema and a roller skating rink, but has been fully restored and now hosts regular theatrical performances, opera, ballet, music and Christmas pantomimes.
Scottish poet Robert Burns wrote several pieces specifically for the theatre and helped raise finances for it to be built. The Theatre today is owned by the Guild of Players, who bought it in 1959.
The Trades Hall c.1804-06
Location: 16, 17 Queensberry Square
Designed and built by Thomas Boyd
By the late 1500s the trades of Dumfries became the Seven Incorporations. These were the Hammermen (metal workers), Squaremen (masons and wrights or carpenters), Weavers, Tailors, Shoemakers, Skinners and Glovers (leatherworkers) and Fleshers (butchers).
Memorials
Robert Burns Statue c.1882
Location: High Street, Castle Street and Buccleuch Street
Designed by Amelia Robertson Hill, sculpted in Carrara, Italy, and was unveiled by future Prime Minister, Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery.
Jean Armour Memorial and Rose Garden c.2004
Location: St. Michael Street and Broom Street
Designed and cast by Nautilus Burleighfield, of Essex
Commemorating the life of Robert Burns' wife.
Martyr's Monument
Location: St. Michaels Cemetery
A pyramid shaped memorial to Covenanters. It was erected by public subscription to honour those who suffered persecution for their conscience, including the men who were sentenced to death in Dumfries for their role in the 1666 Pentland Rising.
Queensberry Monument c.1780
Location: Queensberry Square, 2-6 Queensberry Square, Town Centre In memory of Charles Douglas, the 3rd Duke of Queensberry (1698-1778).
The column made of ashlar was erected two years after the duke's death. It was designed by Robert Adam (1728-1792), one of the foremost British architects of the day. Standing at 6.4m (21 feet) in height and topped by a flaming urn, the column was moved in 1934 to another location, but was re-erected back in its original location in 1990.
Sinclair Memorial c.1841
Location: On the grounds of the Camera Obscura Observatory
In memory of John Sinclair, an assistant naval surgeon who died in 1840. The day before his death he had won life size statues of Old Mortality and his pony in a lottery, and after his death they were presented to the observatory and placed in the building that still houses them today.
Notable People
Sir James Anderson (1824–1893) Ship Captain
Born: Dumfries, Scotland
Died: London, England
Resting Place: Unknown
Educated at Dumfries Academy.
Bio Summary: Was captain of the 'SS Great Eastern' on the laying of the Transatlantic telegraph cable in 1865 and 1866.
He was later managing director of the Eastern Telegraph Company, which became the largest submarine cable firm in the world.
Parents: John Anderson (XXXX-XXXX) and Agnes richardson (XXXX-XXXX)
Siblings: Unknown
Spouse: Unknown
Children: Unknown
Thomas Boyd (1753-1822) Architect
Bond: Kilbirnie, Scotland
Died: Dumfries, Scotland
Resting Place: Dumfries, Scotland
Bio Summary: He practised as an architect and engineer in Dumfries, and was a competent provincial practitioner who designed rather old-fashioned Palladian structures. His bridge in Dumfries copied elements from the design of Blackfriars Bridge in London by Robert Mylne.
He also designed the Theatre Royal and Trade Hall in Dumfries as well.
Parents: Thomas Boyd Sr. (XXXX-XXXX) and Agnes Layta (XXXX-XXXX)
Siblings: Unknown
Spouse: Unknown
Children One (Name Unknown) (1787-XXXX)
Robert Burns (aka Rabbie Burns) (1759-1796) National Poet of Scotland, Lyricist
Born: Burns Cottage, Alloway, Ayrshire, Scotland
Died: Dumfries, Scotland
Resting Place: Robert Burns Mausoleum at St Michael's churchyard in Dumfries, Scotland
Bio Summary: Robert Burns (1759-1796) and his seven siblings were typical children that had to help their father work the land when not in school. Robert and his brother Gilbert attended Alloway Mill School and later Ayr Academy in Ayr. His father employed tutor John Murdoch to teach them mathematics, spelling, grammar, as well as the bible. Murdoch seen something special in Robert and also taught him about poetry.
That started Robert on his (short) lifetime of writing poems and also songs. The first two books that Robert read were 'The Life of Hannibal', and 'The History of Sir William Wallace'. Robert was a Freemason, and published his first edition of poems in 1786, and his second edition in 1787 by publisher William Creech of Edinburgh. Through this endeavour he became famous over all Scotland and eventually the world. After numerous flings and at least one illegitimate child he finally married Jean Armour (1765-1834) in 1788 who gave him seven surviving children. Robert became an Exciseman which allowed him to get away from farming. He and jean moved to Dumfries in 1791.
Parents: William Burnes (1721-1784) and Agnes Broun (1732-1820)
Siblings: Gilbert Burns (1760-1827), Agnes Burns (1762-1834), Annabella Burns (1764-1832), Isabell Burns (1767-1771), William Burns (1767-1790), John Burns (1769-1785), Isabella (1771-1858).
Spouse: Jean Armour (1765-1834) Married 1788
Children: Elizabeth Burns (1785-1817) (Born out of wedlock to Elizabeth Paton), Jean Burns (1786-1787) (Born out of wedlock to Jean Armour), Robert Burns (1786-1857) (Born out of wedlock to Jean Armour), Francis Wallace Burns (1789-1803), William Nicol Burns (1791-1872), Elizabeth Riddell Burns 1792-1795), James Glencairn Burns (1794-1865), Maxwell Burns (1796-1799).
Robert also had affairs with Margaret Campbell, May Cameron, Agnes McLehose, Jenny Clow, and Ann Park, having no children (that 's known).
See WikiTree Profile Burns-2738
James Mathew Barrie 1st Baronet, OM (1860-1967) Scottish novelist and playwright
Born: Kirriemuir, Angus, Scotland
Died: West End of London, England
Resting Place: London, England
Bio Summary: As the author of Peter Pan, Barrie studied at Dumfries Academy, and the University of Edinburgh. he later lived and worked in Dumfries.
Parents: David Barrie (XXXX-XXXX), Margaret Ogilvie (XXXX-XXXX)
Siblings: Alexander Ogilvy Barrie (1842-1914), Mary Ann Barrie (1845-1918), Jane Barrie (1847-1895), Elizabeth Barrie (1849-1851), Agnes barrie (1850-1851), David Ogilvy Barrie (1853-1867), Sarah Barrie (1855-1913), Margaret Barrie (1863-1936), Isabella Barrie (1858-1902),
Spouse Number 1: Mary Ansell (1861-1950)
Children: None
Spouse Number 2: Sylvia Llewellyn Davies (1866-1910)
Children: None
Robert I (aka Robert The Bruce) (aka Robert de Brus) (1274-1329), King of Scotland.
Born: Turnberry Castle, Turnberry, Scotland
Died: Cardross, Dunbartonshire, Scotland
Resting Place: Dunfermline, Scotland
Bio Summary: Slew rival John (The Red) Comyn at Greyfriers Kirk, Dumfries in 1306.
Won the Battle of Bannockburn which led Scotland to independence.
Parents: Robert (Bruce) Lord of Annandale and Earl of Carrick (1243-1304) and Marjorie Carrick, Countess of Carrick (1252-1292)
Siblings: Maud (Brus) de Brus Countess of Ross (1272-1326), Isabel (Brus) de Brus (1272-1358), Christian (Brus) de Brus, Countess of Mar (1273-1356), Mary (Brus) de Brus (1275-1323), Edward (Brus) de Brus (1276-1318), Margaret (Brus) de Brus (1276-1325), Neil (Brus) de Brus (1279-1306), Alexander (Brus) de Brus (1282-1307), Thomas (Brus) de Brus (1284-1307).
Spouse Number 1: Isabella Mar, Countess of Carrick (1278-1302) Married 1295)
Children: Marjorie (de Brus) Bruce (1294-1317), Margaret (de Brus) Bruce (1300-1370), Neil (de Brus) Bruce (1300-1346)
Spouse Number 2: Elizabeth Burgh (1284-1327) Married 1302
Children: Robert (de Brus) Bruce (1303-1332), Matilda (de Brus) Bruce (1303-1353), Margaret (de Brus) Bruce (1307-1346), Christina (de Brus) Bruce (1317-1329), Elizabeth (de Brus) Bruce (1317-1364), David (de Brus) Bruce (1324-1371), John (de Brus) Bruce (1327-XXXX)
See WikiTree Profile Bruce-129
Peter Ewart (1767-1842) Engineer
Born: Dumfries, Scotland
Died: Woolwich Dockyard, England (via accident)
Resting Place: Unknown, Likely England
Bio Summary: Educated at the University of Edinburgh, Peter was an engineer who was influential in developing the technologies of turbines and theories of thermodynamics.
Parents: John Ewart (1717-1799) and Mary Corrie (1719-XXXX)
Siblings: Jane Ewart (XXXX-1800), Joseph Ewart (1759-1792), William Ewart (1763-1823), John Ewart (1765-1808), Agnes Ewart (1768-XXXX), Marion Ewart (1770-XXXX), Mary Ewart (1771-XXXX)
Spouse: Unknown
Children: Unknown
For additional information see WikiTree profile Ewart-519
Amelia Robertson Hill (Given name Emmilla McDermaid Paton) (1821-1904) Artist
Born: Dunfermline, Scotland
Died: Edinburgh, Scotland
Resting Place: Dean Cemetery, Edinburgh, Scotland
Bio Summary: Sculptured the statue of Robert Burns in Dumfries.
Parents: Joseph Neil Paton (1797–1874) and Catherine McDiarmid (XXXX-1853)
Siblings: Jemima Paton (XXXX-1823), Joseph Noel Paton (1821–1901), Waller Hugh Paton (1828–1895)
Spouse: David Octavius Hill (1802-1870) Married 1862
Children: None
Kirkpatrick Macmillan (1812-1878) Blacksmith, Inventor (aka 'Daft Pate')
Born: Keir Mill Village, Thornhill, Dumfriesshire, Scotland (just outside Dumfries)
Died: Keir Mill Village, Thornhill, Dumfriesshire, Scotland
Resting Place: Unknown
Bio Summary: Invent the pedal-driven bicycle in 1839 that included iron-rimmed wooden wheels, a steerable wheel in the front and a larger wheel in the rear which was connected to pedals via connecting rods.
He is honoured in name by the Kirkpatrick Macmillan Bridge in Dumfries.
Parents: Robert Macmillan (XXXX-XXXX) and Unknown Spouse
Siblings: 6 Others Names Unknown
Spouse: Elizabeth (Elsie) Goldie (XXXX-XXXX) Married 1854
Children: John Macmillan (1969-XXXX)
Sir John Richardson FRS FRSE (1787-1865) Scottish naval surgeon, naturalist and Arctic explorer.
Born: Dumfries, Scotland
Died: Lake District, North West England
Resting Place: St Oswald's Church, Grasmere, England [48]
Bio Summary: Studied medicine at Edinburgh University, and became a surgeon in the navy in 1807.
He and companion embarked to the Arctic to find the Northwest Passage on the Coppermine Expedition of 1819–1822. Richardson wrote the sections on geology, botany and ichthyology for the official account of the expedition.
He was knighted by Queen Victoria in 1846.
Parents: Gabriel Richardson, Provost of Dumfries (1759-1820) and Anne Mundell (1767-1847)
Siblings: 11 - Names Unknown
Spouse Number 1: Mary Stiven (XXXX-1831) Married 1818
Children: Unknown
Spouse Number 2: Mary Booth (XXXX-1845) Married 1833
Children: 6 - Names Unknown
Spouse Number 3: Mary Fletcher Married 1833
Children: Unknown
Allan McNish (1969-Still Living) Former Race Car Driver
Born: Dumfries, Scotland
Died: Still Living
Resting Place: N/A
Bio Summary: He won the following races:
1998 - 24 Hours of Le Mans
2007 - American Le Mans Series
2008 - 24 Hours of Le Mans
2013 - 24 Hours of Le Mans
2013 - FIA World Endurance Championship
Parents: Unknown
Siblings: Unknown
Spouse: Kelly Last Name Unknown
Children: 2
Sports
Dumfries Rangers
Dumfries Saints Rugby Club admitted to the Scottish Rugby Union as "Dumfries Rangers".
Lochar Thistle F.C.
Queen of the South Football Club (aka 'The Doonhamers')
Solway Sharks
Sources
- ↑ Electric Scotland; https://electricscotland.com
- ↑ Britain Express; https://www.britainexpress.com
- ↑ Wikipedia; https://en.wikipedia.org
- ↑ Electric Scotland; https://electricscotland.com
- ↑ Scotland's Oldest Bridges; https://scotlandsoldestbridges.co.uk
- ↑ The Stove; https://thestove.org
- ↑ Moniaive; http://moniaive.org.uk
- ↑ Wikipedia; https://en.wikipedia.org
- ↑ Electric Scotland; https://electricscotland.com
- ↑ Britain Express; https://www.britainexpress.com
- ↑ Britain Express; https://www.britainexpress.com
- ↑ Explore Dumfries; https://www.explore-dumfries-galloway.com
- ↑ Undiscovered Scotland; https://www.undiscoveredscotland.co.uk
- ↑ Scotland's Oldest Bridges; https://scotlandsoldestbridges.co.uk
- ↑ Historic Scotland; https://www.historicenvironment.scot
- ↑ Google Maps, Visual Street References; https://www.google.com
- ↑ Scottish Places; https://www.scottish-places.info
- ↑ Scotland Starts Here; https://scotlandstartshere.com
- ↑ Goggle; https://www.google.com
- ↑ WikiPedia; https://en.wikipedia.org
- ↑ Cinama Treasures; http://cinematreasures.org
- ↑ St Michaels Church History; https://stmichaels-and-south-parish-church.co.uk
- ↑ The Stove; https://thestove.org
- ↑ The History Hit; https://www.historyhit.com
- ↑ Burns Scotland; http://www.burnsscotland.com
- ↑ Google Maps, Visual Street References; https://www.google.com
- ↑ Scotlands People; https://www.scotlandspeople.gov.uk
- ↑ Secret Scotland; https://www.secretscotland.org.uk
- ↑ Wikipedia; https://en.wikipedia.org
- ↑ Dictionary of Scottish Architects; http://www.scottisharchitects.org.uk/
- ↑ Wikipedia; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Burns
- ↑ Britannica; https://www.britannica.com/biography/Robert-Burns
- ↑ Historic UK; https://www.historic-uk.com
- ↑ Wikipedia; https://en.wikipedia.org
- ↑ Britannia; https://www.britannica.com
- ↑ BBC; https://www.bbc.co.uk
- ↑ Britannica; https://www.britannica.com
- ↑ The Royal Family; https://www.royal.uk
- ↑ Wikipedia; https://en.wikipedia.org
- ↑ The Victorian Web; https://victorianweb.org
- ↑ WikiPedia; https://en.wikipedia.org
- ↑ Family Search; https://www.familysearch.org
- ↑ Wikipedia; https://en.wikipedia.org
- ↑ Travel Scotland; https://www.scotland.org.uk
- ↑ Geneanet; https://gw.geneanet.org
- ↑ Dartmouth College Library; https://collections.dartmouth.edu
- ↑ Dictionary of Canadian Biography; http://www.biographi.ca/en
- ↑ Wikipedia; https://en.wikipedia.org
- ↑ Wikipedia; https://www.google.com
- ↑ Wikipedia; https://en.wikipedia.org
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