Early Settlements of Long Island

Profile manager: Douglas Furman [send private message]

This is a page to organize some information on the early settlements on Long island. For each settlement I've been including an image of an early document related to the town. Typically, an early patent/deed, significant/historical event, or an early mention of the town in the records.

I've just begun this page so I will update facts as I check original sources...

Timeline

The following dates of settlement are taken from Wood's A sketch of the first settlement of the several towns on Long-Island (1865):^[1] I will look for, and add, sources to confirm these dates. If I find an original source (or a translation/transcription of an original source) I'll indicate that (on the list below) with an "*". Otherwise, I'll indicate a secondary source with "**".

• 1636 Nieuw Amersfoort (Flatlands)*^[2]
• 1636 Breuckelen (Brooklyn)**^[3]
• 1639 Gardniner's Island
• 1640 Southold
• 1640 Southampton
• 1644 Heemstede (Hempstead)*^[4]
• 1645 Gravesend*^[5]
• 1645 Vlissingen (Flushing)*^[6]
• 1648 East Hampton
• 1651 Midwout (Flatbush)**^[7]
• 1652 Shelter Island
• 1653 Huntington
• 1653 Oysterbay
• 1655 Brookhaven
• 1655 Middleburgh (Hastings, Newtown)
• 1656 Rustdorpe (Jamaica)
• 1657 Nieuw Utrecht (New Utrecht)**^[8]
• 1660 Boswijck (Bushwick)*^[9]
• 1663 Smithtown
• 1666 Islip

Settlements

A detail of the map: Long Iland Siruaide [Surveyed] By Robartte Ryder. This detail shows many of the early settlements on Long Island, around 1679.

Dutch Settlements

Manatvs gelegen op de Noot Riuier [Manatus (Manhattan) lying on the North River]. A map depicting New Amsterdam and the surrounding area, around 1639.

Here's a Map (publ. 1912) Showing the Boundaries of the Original Six Towns in Brooklyn (Five Dutch Towns & One English Town (Gravesend)).

1636 Nieuw Amersfoort (Flatlands)

The first three deeds for land on Long Island were all recorded on the same day, June 16, 1636. These deeds, all obtained from the local Native Americans, were for three “flats” totaling about 15,000 acres. This land was located on Western Long Island in what would become the Dutch town of Nieuw Amersfoort (later renamed Flatlands by the English).^[10] To quote from Stiles' A history of the City of Brooklyn

These "flats" were miniture praries, devoid of trees, and having a dark-colored surface soil ; and having undergone a rude culture by the Indians, were ready, without much previous toil, for the plough. On this account they were most sought for, and first purchased by original settlers, who being natives of the low and level lands of Holland and Belgium, were inexperienced in the clearing of forests.^[11]

These first three deeds, for land on Long Island, were granted to the colony’s top governing officials. The first deed was granted to Jacobus van Corler (a.k.a. Curler), a member of the Council of New Netherland. (Note: In 1636 the council had four members: Andries Hudde, Claes van Elslant, Jaobus van Corler(Curler) and Jacques Bentyn.) The second deed was granted to Andries Hudde, another council member, and his business partner Wolphert Gerritsz. The third deed was granted to the director of New Netherland, Wouter van Twiller.^[12][13] To quote again from Stiles “Amid the irregularities and dissensions which prevailed during van Twiller’s administration, neither he nor his subordinate officials neglected the advantages which they enjoyed for advancing their private interests.”^[14]

The deeds, written in Dutch, were recorded by the officials of New Netherland, in a book titled Land Papers: GG. These original manuscripts are now part of the New York State Archives and have been translated into English. The three deed are identified as follows:^[15]

• GG 12 INDIAN DEED TO JACOBUS VAN CORLER FOR LAND ON LONG ISLAND

GG12: original Dutch manuscript (3 pages)

GG 12: English translation on page 5 (pdf page 17/153)

• GG 14 INDIAN DEED TO ANDRIES HUDDE AND WOLPHERT GERRITSZ FOR LAND ON LONG ISLAND

The original deed granted to Andries Hudde and Wolphert Gerritsz on June 16, 1636. This is the second deed granted for land on Long Island.

GG 14: original Dutch manuscript (2 pages)

GG 14: English translation on pages 5-6 (pdf pages 17-18/153)

• GG 15 INDIAN DEED TO WOUTER VAN TWILLER FOR LAND ON LONG ISLAND

GG 15: original Dutch manuscript (3 pages)

GG 15: English translation on page 6 (pdf page 18/153)

Becoming a Town

The earliest record I’ve found mentioning Amersfoort, is from the New Netherland Council Minutes and is dated Nov 14, 1647. One section of these minutes, recording Director Styvesant’s words, mentions Amersfoort in the heading. Here is the translation: ^[16]

To the Selectmen representing the Commonalty of the Manhatans, Breuckelen, Amersfoort and Pavonia Kind Friends:

In this section Director Stuyvesant is seeking advice on how to best procure the means to: repair the fort in New Amsterdam, complete and maintain the church in New Amsterdam, build a school house and, lastly, to enact ordinances that will prevent fires. Here is a link to an image of the original council minutes in Dutch (page 2 of 3 (in the link), middle of page, offset to the right). ^[17]

About seven years later, on Oct 13, 1654, the New Netherland Council Minutes mentions a “petition from the magistrates of Midwout and Amersfoort”.^[18][19] The petition is in regards to authorizing someone to collect money to pay for a minister’s salary and to provide a minister with a house. Here is a link to an image of the original council minutes in Dutch.

On March 31, 1661 the council at New Amsterdam ended the shared (3/4 & 1/4) court between Midwout and Amersfoort and created independent courts of justice for the two towns (O'Callaghan, History of New Netherland, vol 2 (1848), p 270). The three magistrates appointed for Amersfoort were: Elbert Elbertsen, Pieter Cornelissen and Simon Janson (New Netherland Council Dutch colonial council minutes, vol. 9, item 573 Letters patent. Establishing independent courts of justice at Midwout and Amersfoort, L. I.), thus establishing Amersfoort as an independent municipality.

1636 Breuckelen (Brooklyn)

The first deed for land, in what would become the Dutch town of Breuckelen (later named Brooklyn by the English), is mentioned in Stiles' A history of the City of Brooklyn. In particular in 1636 Jacques Bentyn and William Adriaense Bennet purchased a 930 acre tract of land at "Gowanus", from a Native American sachem (chief) named Ka. Stiles fully quotes two documents that reference this sale to Bentyn & Bennet.^[20]

The first document is dated April 4, 1677 in which two Native Americans, Zeuw Kaming (a.k.a. Kaus Hansen) and Keurom, declared that Bentyn and Bennet had purchased land from Sachem Ka. The public statement was to verify the width of the property which, in 1677, was controlled by Mr. Paulus van der Beech, Bennet's widow's husband.^[21]

The second document is a report by Agustus Graham, surveyor-general, dated May 21, 1696 in which is stated "...the bounds and limits of the land purchased by his [Adriaen Bennett] father, Willem Adriaense Bennett, of the Indians, in the year 1636." The surveyor's report was to settle a dispute between the son, Adrian Bennett, and Simon Arison (De Hart) who was in possesion of some of the disputed land. ^[22]

Ten years after that first deed for land, on June 12,1646, Breuckelen became the first municipal Dutch town in New Netherland, by having two of its residents, Jan Evertsen Bout and Huych Aertsen (van Rossum), commissioned as schepens (court magistrates) for Breuckelen.^[23]

Commission of Jan Evertsen Bout and Huych Aertsen (van Rossum) as Schepens in Breuckelen (1646)

1651 Midwout (Flatbush)

According to Strong’s The History of the Town of Flatbush and Thompsons’ The History of Long Island, Midwout (Middle Woods) was settled around 1651 or 1652.^[24][25] Thompson also mentions that in 1652 Director Stuyvesant issued a patent for the town. The named patentees are: Jan Snedecor, Arent van Hatten (became burgomaster of New Amsterdam when the city was incorporated in 1653) and Johannes Megapolensis (minister in New Amsterdam).^[26]

The earliest record I could find indirectly indicating Midwout’s status as a sanctioned town with court officials is in the Flatbush records (original Dutch records, along with transcriptions and translations, microfilmed by New York City Municipal Archives) there is an extract from a June 11, 1652 court record (Commissary Dyckman-Plff against Jochem Backer-Dfdt). It doesn’t specifically mention Midwout, but is part of the Flatbush records and it does mention to “send him to Manhatans as a prisoner,…”. Taken together we can infer that this is an early Midwout court record. This extract was copied on 1666 Feb 12/22.^[27]

The earliest record I can find which mentions Midwout is from April 3, 1653 in the court minutes of New Amsterdam. It is an order for a day of fasting and prayer to be read publicly in the villages of Breuckelen Midwout, and Amersfoort (likely to commemorate the incorporation of New Amsterdam as a chartered city).^[28][29]

Earliest Mention of Midwout in the records (April 3, 1653). Order by Director-General Peter Stuyvesant for a “Day of Fasting and Praying”.

The following year, on Dec 17, 1654, Stuyvesant commissions Rev. Johannes Megapolensis, Jan Snediger and Jan Strycker to build a church in Midwout. This is the first Church in Dutch Long Island. Here is a link to the original Dutch Document and here is a translation of the document:

Upon the request of the magistrates of the village of Midwout that a church and parsonage for a clergyman be built there, it was resolved, after deliberation thereon, that permission be given to build, in the village of Midwout, a cross house[221] of about 60 to 65 feet long and 28 feet wide, 12 to 14 feet under the beams, and in the rear a side aisle in which a room for the clergyman can be partitioned off, and in the other part divine service can be held for a while until the treasury is somewhat larger and the necessary materials can be collected for a church. Then the aforesaid house can serve as a general parsonage and barn. For the promotion of this work, the honorable Domine Megapolensis, servant of the divine word in the city of New Amsterdam, Jan Snediger and Jan Strycker are commissioned and authorized to contract for the aforesaid work, publicly and privately, to the best possible advantage of the community. Thus done at the session of the honorable director-general and high council held in New Amsterdam, 17 December 1654, in New Netherland.^[30]

1657 Nieuw Utrecht (New Utrecht)

The earliest mentioned land transaction, in what would eventually become Nieuw Utrecht, is in a patent recorded, on May 27, 1643, at Fort Amsterdam in New Netherland. The patent acknowledges that on Aug 1, 1639 the land was granted to Antony Jansen van Salee (a.k.a. "The Turk"), by Director-General Willem Kieft, for 100 morgans (approx 200 acres) of land "lying on the bay of the North River upon Long Island opposite Conynen Island".^[31]

1643 Original Kieft patent to Antony Jansen van Salee for 100 morgans of land on Long Island (Gravesend & New Utrecht) - It references an earlier grant from 1639.

This document [GG 61] is what the colony officials record for their records, as opposed to the original patent given to Anthony Jansen van Salee (the patentee). For reference, the original 1643 Kieft Patent to Antony Jansen van Salee for 100 Morgans of Land on Long Island (Gravesend & New Utrecht), is the image previous to this one.

Here is a translation of the patent:

We, Willem Kieft, etc... herewith testify and declare that on the first of August 1639 we have given and granted to Antony Jansen van Salee 100 morgens of land lying on the bay of the North River upon Long Island opposite Conynen Island, extending along the shore 253 rods, N. N. W., from the shore about N. E. by E. 236 rods, again along a bluff 124 rods about S. E. E., S. W. by W., 24 rods, S. 54 rods, further to the strand S. W. by W. 174 rods, with some points of land lying on the south side; containing 87 morgens, 49½ rods, also a point of land extending southward from the house, surrounded on three sides by marshland, reaching. S. W. by W. 72 rods, S. E. by S. 90 rods being an oblong with some protruding points containing 12 morgens 550½ rods; comprising altogether 100 morgens, under the express condition and stipulation etc...

Done at Fort Amsterdam in New Netherland this 27 May 1643.^[32]

In the autumn of 1652 Cornelius van Werckhoven, a member of the Dutch government and previously a schepen of Utrecht in Holland, had obtained two deeds from Native Americans for land, in what would become New Utrecht. The deeds are dated Nov 22, and Dec 1, 1652. Werckhoven had planned to start a settlement on these lands, but he died a few years later while in Holland. He left Jacques Cortelyou, his children’s tutor, to manage his estate.^[33]

Here are excerpts from these two deeds. These excerpts contain the date and the ‘’payment price’’ for the land (note: the headings are links that will take you an image of the original Dutch record and those pages have links to the full translation):

Indian deed for New Utrecht on Long Island

[ Today the 22d of November 1652 the honorable Cornelis van Werkhoven has made over in full, and the Indians called Sei ]seu and Mattano, chiefs and owners, have received for themselves and as delegates of their friends and all other claimants to their entire satisfaction and accepted from the aforesaid Sr. van Werckhoven in the presence of Claes Carstens, as their interpreter and [ attorney ] in this matter, the following merchandise, to wit: 6 shirts, two pair of shoes, six pair of stockings, six adzes, six axes, six knives, two scissors, six combs, in full and satisfactory payment for the land located east of the North River at the Heads, just as the same land had previously been bought on behalf of the honorable Company and for which payment is still due.^[34]

Indian deed for Nyack on Long Island

Today the 1st of December 1652, the underwritten Indians, Mattano, Mattaveno, and Cossikan, both for themselves as well as for all the other inhabitants and claimants to the land whom they have been herewith empowered to represent, are fully satisfied and in agreement with the lord Werckhoven, who has now arrived, according to the foregoing, and accede that they, Indians, shall receive from his honors six pieces of cloth, six kettles, six axes, six adzes, six hand mirrors, twelve knives, with twelve combs, and that on the condition that they, Indians, for themselves and their heirs, shall now immediately leave the place or land called Naiecq, where they now live, without ever returning to inhabit the land described in the foregoing document or [ ever making any claim upon it.^[35]

On Jan 16, 1657, Jacques Cortelyou, as agent for Van Werckhoven’s estate appplied for, and was later granted, township status for Van Werckhoven’s lands and named the town Nieuw Utrecht, after the city in Holland where Cornelius van Werckhoven had been a magistrate.^[36]

Then on May 12, 1659 a schout and overseer were appointed as well as an exemption from tithes (a tax on the harvest) after inhabitants requested rights and exemptions that other towns had. During 1660 and 1661 a palisade was built around the town and a blockhouse constructed. Then on December 22, 1661 the town was granted a charter, by Director Stuyvesant, and empowered to elect its magistrates and hold court. ^[37]

1660 Boswijck (Bushwick)

In 1638 the Dutch West India Company purchased land from the Native Americans, which included land that would eventually form the Dutch town of Boswyck (Bushwick).^[38] This same year (1638) we find the first reference to a grant of land in this area. The 1638 grant is to Abraham Ryken and is mentioned in a patent [GG-37] that was issued to Abraham Ryken on August 8, 1640,^[39] by Director Kieft and the council. Stiles, in his History of Brooklyn, mentions that previous historians had placed this patent in the Wallabout area, but “A closer examination of the original patent, however, has convinced us that it was located in the territory, … which afterwards formed the old town of Bushwick.”^[40]

Some of the other early patentees are:

• Lambert Hybertsen Moll, patent [GG 42] dated Sep 7 1641 (Wallabout region)^[41]
• George Baxter (English Sect’y of the Dutch Council), patent [GG 76] dated July 6, 1643^[42]
• Dirck Volckertsen (Dirck the Norman), patent dated Apr 3, 1645 (Green Point)^[43]

Note: This 1645 patent is mentioned in a deed [II (HH part 1) 46], dated Sep 9 1653, from Dirck Volckertsen to Jacob Hey (Hay).^[44]

• Claes Carstensen (Claes the Norman), patent [GG 113] dated Sep 5, 1645^[45]
• Reyer Lambertsen (Moll), patent [GG 140] dated March 23, 1646^[46]
• Hans Hansen Bergen, patent [GG 205] dated March 30, 1647^[47]

From a Settlement to a Town

According to the Bushwick Town Records on Feb 16, 1660 fourteen (14) Frenchmen and a Dutchman (Pieter Jansen Widt acting as an interpreter) “approached the Lord General [Stuyvesant] and besought him to found a town in some suitable place…”.^[48] Three days later (Feb 19, 1660) Director-General Stuyvesant along with Schout-Fiscal Nicolus DeSille, Provincial Secretary Cornelis van Reuven and Surveyor Jaques Corleau met with the Frenchman at Mispat [Newtown] and surveyed the area between Mispatkill and Noorman’s Kill and laid out 22 lots. Evert Hedeman built the first house and on March 7, 1660 and moved his family into his house.^[49]

A year later on March 14, 1661 Director-General Stuyvesant visited again and the inhabitants asked him to name the town, which he named Boswyck.^[50] Boswyck is usually translated as some variant of: woods district, refuge or town in the woods, neighborhood in the woods, etc. The inhabitants presented Stuyvesant with a formal request, signed by 23 residents (see below). The request included: pasture and meadow for cattle, four roads so they could transport goods to and from various kills (creeks) and meadows, and enforcement of the law that all locals within the jurisdiction had to live within the town. On that same day Stuyvesant asked the inhabitants to select six (6) men, from which he and the Council would select three (3) to be magistrates of Boswyck.^[51]

List of the 23 inhabitants who signed a petition requesting pasture land, roads and enforcement of laws for their village (their names spelled as in the translation of the town records):^[52]

1. Pieter Jansz Widt

2. Evert Hedeman

3. Jan Willemsz Yselstein

4. Jan Tilje

5. Ryck Leydecker

6. Hendrick Willemsen

7. Barent Gerritsen

8. Jan Hendricksz

9. Jan Cornelisz Zeeuw (Losee)

10. Barent Joosten

11. Francois De Puy

12. Johannes Caspertsz (Springsteen)

13. Francisko, the negro

14. Pieter Lamoth

15. Charel Fontein

16. Herry

17. Jan Catjouw

18. Jan Mailjaert

19. Hendrick Jansz Grever

20. Gysbert Thonisz

21. Joost Caspersz (Springsteen)

22. Willem Truphagen

23. Dirck Volkertsz

On March 25, 1661 the people of Boswyck selected the following six inhabitants, from whom three magistrates would be chosen:^[53]

Ryck Leydecker

Jan Cornelisz Zeeuw

Jan Tilje, a Frenchman

Jan Catjouw

Gysbert Tomssz

Pieter Jansz Widt

On March 31, 1661 Stuyvesant and the Council selected the following three men to be the first magistrates of "newly begun village of Boswyck", thus granting Boswyck municipal status with it's own court:^[54][55]

Pieter Jansz Widt

Jan Tilje

Jan Cornelisz

1661 Letters Patent: Establishing a Court of Justice at Boswyck & Naming Pieter Jansen Witt, Jan Tilje and Jan Cornelissen as Magistrates (page 1 of 2)

Here is a translation taken from E.B. O’Callaghan’s History of New Netherland:^[56]

The Director-general and Council of New Netherland, To all those who shall see these or hear them read, Health : Be it known, that for the public good, for the further promotion and increase of the newly begun village of Boswyck, and for the more convenient administration of justice, they have thought it necessary to establish in the aforesaid village a subaltern bench of justice, which shall, provisionally, consist of the following named commissaries, viz.: Pieter Jansen Witt, Jan Tilje and Jan Cornelissen.

English Settlements, with Dutch Charters

1644 Heemstede (Hempstead)

On Jan 15, 1639 the Dutch West India Company procured a deed [GG 28] for the land that would become the Town of Hempstead, from the Native American Mechowodt, chief sachem of Marossepinck, Sintsinck (also called Schouts bay).^[57] Not quite five years later, Rev. Robert Fordham and John Carmen, inhabitants of the village of Stamford, part of the New Haven Colony, traveled across the Sound (a.k.a. East River) to negotiate with the Native Americans for land which they and about 20 families from Stamford could purchase to form a town upon.^[58] On Nov 13, 1643 Fordham and Carman secured a deed from Sagamore of Masepeage and other local Native Americans. Here is a translation of the brief document:^[59]

November 13th 1643.

Unto men by these present that wee of Masepeage, Merriack or Rockaway wee hoes name are hereunder written have sett over and sold unto Robert Fordham and John Carman on Long Island Inglishmen the halfe moiety or equal part of the great plain lying towards the South side of Long Island to be divided or measured by a straight line and from our present town to be northward and from the North End of the line to run with a due east and West to the uttermost limits of itt and from both ends to run down with a strait square line to the Southside with all the Woods, Lands, meadows, marshes pasture appurtenances hereunto belonging containing within the compass of the said lines to have and to hold to them and their heirs and assigns for ever, in witness whereof wee have hereunto sett our hands day and year above written

Signed and delivered

In the presence of

Steven Son

John Rockwell

Francis Conor

 

the mark of Sagamore

    of Masepeage

Aarane his mark

Pamaman his mark

Remoj his mark

Waines his mark

Whanage his mark

Yarafus his mark

In 1644 between 30 – 40 families (of which, about 23 were from Stamford) settled at Hempstead. ^[60][61][62] In addition to the Indian deed these settlers wanted official recognition, of their claim to this part of Long island, from the Dutch authorities in New Amsterdam. This was realized on Nov 16, 1644 with a patent issued by the Governor-General of New Netherlands, Willem Kieft. The Kieft Patent, as it has come to be know, was an important, though not perfect, document to these settlers. This Kieft Patent of 1644, makes Hempstead the first town in New Netherland to have a court system and magistrates (excluding the Governor and Council in New Amsterdam acting on behalf of the Dutch West India Company, and not on behalf of the inhabitants of New Amsterdam). Among the provisions of the Kieft Patent are the following rights and authorizations:^[63]

• Required 100 families to be settled within five years
• Build a town and forts
• Freedom of religion
• Create a local government and to nominate up to eight inhabitants, from which the governor will select town magistrates
• Hold court sessions to adjudicate local issue
• Magistrates, with the consent of the inhabitants, can enact local laws and ordinances
• Conduct trade and business with no restrictions beyond those which apply to the entire province
• Inhabitants shall “reverently respect” States General [Dutch government in Europe] and the Dutch West India Company “for their Superior Lords and Patrons”
• Pay taxes after ten years of general peace with the Indians
• The six named patentees are:

1. Rev. Robert Fordham

2. John Stricklen

3. John Ogden

4. John Carman

5. John Lawrence

6. Jonas Wood [Oram]

Unfortunately, the Hempstead town records for its first ten years (1643-1653) have been lost. ^[64] The earliest original document that I’ve found which mentions Heemsteede [Hempstead] is a bond for Thomas Topping and Robert Coe regarding providing supplies for part of the purchase-money of the ship Amandare. The bond is recorded in the New Netherland Provincial Secretary Register and dated July 6, 1647. ^[65]

An early mention of Heemsteede [Hempstead] in the New Netherland Provincial Secretary Register dated July 6, 1647. Note: “Heemsteede” is the first word on the second line (it looks like two shorter words).

Here is a translation of the document:^[66]

We, Tomas Toppingh and Robert Coe, residing at Heemstede, promise and bind our persons and property that we will deliver in the month of October next, in part payment of the ship ['t A]mandaree, for account of Mr. Broughton, three thousand guilders’ worth of provisions, such as pork, beef, peas, flour and butter, at the price agreed upon with Mr. Broughton on the last of May; for which provisions the aforesaid Broughton has promised to send us commodities. And in case the aforesaid Broughton remains in default we, the undersigned, are released from this our promise and bond. In testimony whereof this is signed by us, the subscribers, in the presence of Adriaen van Tienhoven and Jacob Kip, witnesses hereto invited. Done the 6th of July anno 1647, in New Amsterdam.

Tho. Topping

Robart Coe

1645 Gravesend

Gravesend, or what would become Gravesend, shares its history of a first settler with New Utrecht, as Anthony Jansen van Salee’s 1639 Patent for 100 morgans (approximately 200 acres) of land granted lies within the present day borders of both Gravesend and New Utrecht.^[67] The 1639 patent is mentioned in a confirmatory patent from Director Willem Kieft to Anthony Jansen van Salee dated May 27, 1643.

1643 Original Kieft patent to Antony Jansen van Salee for 100 morgans of land on Long Island (Gravesend & New Utrecht) - It references an earlier grant from 1639.

This document [GG 61] is what the colony officials record for their records, as opposed to the original patent given to Anthony Jansen van Salee (the patentee). For reference, the original 1643 Kieft Patent to Antony Jansen van Salee for 100 Morgans of Land on Long Island (Gravesend & New Utrecht), is the image previous to this one.

Here is a translation of the patent:

We, Willem Kieft, etc... herewith testify and declare that on the first of August 1639 we have given and granted to Antony Jansen van Salee 100 morgens of land lying on the bay of the North River upon Long Island opposite Conynen Island, extending along the shore 253 rods, N. N. W., from the shore about N. E. by E. 236 rods, again along a bluff 124 rods about S. E. E., S. W. by W., 24 rods, S. 54 rods, further to the strand S. W. by W. 174 rods, with some points of land lying on the south side; containing 87 morgens, 49½ rods, also a point of land extending southward from the house, surrounded on three sides by marshland, reaching. S. W. by W. 72 rods, S. E. by S. 90 rods being an oblong with some protruding points containing 12 morgens 550½ rods; comprising altogether 100 morgens, under the express condition and stipulation etc...

Done at Fort Amsterdam in New Netherland this 27 May 1643.^[68]

Also in 1643 Lady Deborah Moody along with her son Henry Moody, John Tilton, his wife Mary Tilton, and other close friends arrived in the New Netherland colony seeking religious tolerance. They had previously been members of the Salem Church, in Massachusetts Bay Colony, which, in 1642, had excommunicated Lady Moody and several others for their Anabaptists beliefs (e.g. that only adults should be baptized). Lady Moody and her followers, in 1643, settled in what would become Gravesend on Western Long Island. In October of 1643 Lady Moody and her followers had to leave their settlement, due to Kieft’s Indian War. They relocated to the more fortified village of Amersfoort (Flatlands).^[69]

In 1645, after the war with the Native Americans ended, Lady Moody and her followers returned to their settlement, to start over. Then on December 19, 1645 Director Kieft issued a patent for the official formation of the town of Gravesend (see image below). In it he names the following four patentees: ^[70]

1. Honoured Lady Deborah Moody
2. Sir Henery Moody Baronette
3. Ensinge George Baxter
4. Serjiant James Hubbard

Kieft Patent for Gravesend (Dec 19, 1645)

Here is an excerpt from the 1645 patent which explicitly mentions "Free libertie of Conscience", that is, freedom of religion (note: abbreviations have been spelled out and a few spellings have been modified for readability (i.e. 'v' for 'u' and 'j' for 'i'):^[71]

wee doe give and graunt unto the said pattentes theyre associats heirs, & successors full power and authoritie uppon the said land to build a towne, or townes, with such necessar[ie] fortifications as to them shall seem expedient, & to have and injoye the Free libertie of Conscience according to the Custom & manner of Holland, without molestatio[n] or disturbance from any magistrate or magistrates, or any other ecclesiasticall minister that may pretend jurisdictio[n] over them, with libertie likewise for them the said pattentees, theyres associats heirs, &c; to erect a boddy pollitique & Civill Combination amongst themselves as Free men of this province & of the towne of GRAVESAND & to make such Civill ordinances as the major part of the inhabitants Free of the said towne shall thinke fitting for theyre quiet and peaceable sub[sisting]

Here are three maps depicting Gravesend:

Map of Land Plots for Gravesend (1646)

A More Readable Copy of the Map of Land Plots for Gravesend (1645, copied & published 1884)

A Map of the Town of Gravesend by John Terhune (ca. 1842)

1645 Vlissingen (Flushing)

On Jan 15, 1639 the Dutch West India Company procured a deed [GG 28] for much of what would eventually become Queens County, from the Native American Mechowodt, chief sachem of Marossepinck, Sintsinck (also called Schouts bay).^[72] Three years later, in 1642, William Thorne settles in an area which would come to be called Thorne’s Neck, which would eventually be within the Town of Flushing.^[73] The following February saw the beginning of the two-year war with the Native Americans, known as Kieft’s War, named after the director-general of the New Netherlands Colony, Willem Kieft.

After over two years of a devastating war, for both sides, peace had been agreed to between the colony and the Native Americans. Some of the Long Island tribes agreed to peace on April 22, 1645 at Fort Amsterdam. The remaining tribes agreed to peace on May 29, 1645.^[74]

On Oct 10, 1645 Director Kieft and the council granted to 18 settlers a patent to establish the Town of Flushing. Included in this patent, along with the names of the 18 patentees, is the right “to have and Enjoy the Liberty of Conscience, according to the Custom and manner of Holland, without molestacon or disturbance, from any Magistrate or Magistrates, or any other Ecclesiasticall Minister…”.^[75] The patent also granted the settles to the right “to Nominate, Elect, and Choose, a certain Officer over them, who may beare the name or Title, of Scout or Constable…”.^[76] Though, unlike the patent Kieft granted to Hempstead, this Flushing patent didn’t authorize the establishment of a court and magistrates.

Two and a half years later, on April 27, 1648, Director-General Stuyvesant appointed, in addition to a schout, three schepens (court magistrates) and a town clerk for Flushing. To quote from the New Netherland Council minutes “…for the greater tranquility of the province, and the assured peace and unity of said village of Flushing is Jan Onderhil by us chosen and appointed schout, and the said persons [ Jan Tonsen, Jan Hicx, Willem Toorn ] schepens and [ Jan Laurens ] clerk, provided that the schout and schepens shall take the oath of allegiance…”.^[77]

New Netherland Council minutes (in Dutch), from April 27, 1648, that appoint a sheriff, schepens (magistrates), and clerk, for the town of Flushing.

And here is a translation of these minutes:^[78]

Whereas divers misunderstandings have heretofore arisen among the inhabitants of New Flushing in New Netherland, the said inhabitants have, therefore, referred the question to the director general and council, to whose decision they have voluntarily submitted themselves; in like manner they have in writing referred the election of schout and schepens there to the said general and council, having only provisionally named and proposed to the honorable director and council Jan Onderhil as schout; Jan Tonsen, Jan Hicx, Willem Toorn, for schepens and selectmen, and Jan Laurens, for clerk, before whom all civil suits under 50 guilders shall be brought, and that pursuant to the written order to that end granted to the inhabitants of Flushing.

Therefore, after consideration of the matters herein to be deliberated, for the greater tranquility of the province, and the assured peace and unity of said village of Flushing is Jan Onderhil by us chosen and appointed schout, and the said persons schepens and clerk, provided that the schout and schepens shall take the oath of allegiance and uprightness punctually to follow in all civil cases the written rule and articles already issued and enacted for them. Which being done, we charge and command the inhabitants of our town of New Flushing to respect said persons each in his quality, and to lend them a helping hand in the execution of their office.

Thus done the 27th of April anno 1648, in Fort Amsterdam in New Netherlands

1655 Middleburgh (Hastings, Newtown)

1656 Rustdorp (Jamaica)

English Settlements

From Wikipedia History of Long Island

1639 Gardniner's Island

{Lion Gardiner was the first English settler as he settled on Gardiners Island in 1637.}

NYG&BR v 23 no 4, 159-190, 167 & 176

1640 Southold

{Puritans from New Haven, Connecticut, arrived in present-day Southold on October 21, 1640. Under the leadership of the Reverend John Youngs (1598–1672), with Peter Hallock, the families of Barnabas Horton (abt. 1600–1680), John Budd, John Conklin (1600–1684), William Wells, John Tuthill, Thomas Mapes, Richard Terry, Matthias Corwin, Robert Akerly, Zachariah Corey and Isaac Arnold planted the first English and first white settlement in eastern Long Island. They purchased the land in the summer of 1640 from an Indian tribe named the Corchaugs.}

NOTE-Historic {Southold remained under the jurisdiction of New Haven until 1662, and of Connecticut until 1674. When the English handed over the colony of New York to the Dutch in 1673, the eastern towns, including Southold, Easthampton and Southampton, refused to submit. The Dutch attempted to force the matter by arms. The English colonists repelled them with assistance from Connecticut settlers.

When New York became English again in 1674, these eastern towns, whose people were Yankee by background, preferred to stay part of Connecticut. Although Connecticut agreed, the government of the Duke of York forced the matter. Governor Sir Edmund Andros threatened to eliminate the settlers' rights to land if they did not yield, which they did by 1676.[8] This was chiefly the result of the Duke of York's grudge against Connecticut, as New Haven had hidden three of the judges who sentenced the Duke's father King Charles I to death in 1649.}

1640 Southampton

{Southampton was founded when settlers from Lynn, Massachusetts established residence on lands obtained from local Shinnecock Indian Nation also in 1640. The first settlers included eight men, one woman, and a boy who came ashore at Conscience Point. }

1648 East Hampton

1652 Shelter Island

1653 Huntington

1653 Oysterbay

1655 Brookhaven

1663 Smithtown

1666 Islip

Research Notes

Timeline

Good webpage New York State Senate webpage - Timeline

Charters (From O'Callaghan's Law & Ordinances of NN 1638-1674 (1868))

1644 Nov 16 Hempstead (Kieft)

1645 Oct 10 Flushing

1645 Dec 19 Gravesend

Establishing the Town of Breuckelen (From Stiles' History of Brooklyn pp 45-47)

1646 June: EstablishingEvertsen & Huyck Aertsen as schepens, "to decide all questions that may arise, as they shall deem proper, according to the Exemptions of New Netherland..."(p 46)

1646 Dec 1: Authorize Jan Teunissen as schout.

New Amsterdam chartered 1653 Feb 12

Ross "A History of LI" v. 1, p 62

3 CT towns on LI & 1 New Haven town:

Southampton (1640 Apr 17, settlers from Lynn, Mass purchased from Sirling's agent; 1644 became a CT town)

Easthampton (1648 settlers from Lynn, Mass; became a CT town 1649 Nov 7)

Huntington (1653 settled; 1660 May 17 becomes a CT town)

Southold (a New Haven township)

Sources

1. ↑ Silas Wood, A sketch of the first settlement of the several towns on Long-Island, with their political condition, to the end of the American Revolution (Brooklyn: E. B. Spooner & Son, 1865), 13-14.
2. ↑ Charles T. Gehring, New York historical manuscripts: Dutch, volumes GG, HH & II, land papers (Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Co., 1980), 5-6.
3. ↑ Henry R. Stiles, A history of the City of Brooklyn, including the old Town and Village of Brooklyn, and the Village and City of Williamsburgh, vol. 1 (Brooklyn: Published by subscription, 1867), 23. https://archive.org/details/historyofcityofb01stil/page/23/mode/1up (accessed 14 June 2022).
4. ↑ E.B. O’Callaghan, Law and Ordinances of New Netherland, 1638-1874 (Albany, NY: Weed, Parsons and Co. (1868), pp. 42-46, https://archive.org/details/cu31924080779402/page/42/mode/1up (accessed 14 June 2022).
5. ↑ Seymann, Jerrold, Colonial charters, patents and grants to the communities comprising the City of New York (New York, NY: Board of Statutory Consolidation of the City of New York, 1939), 494-498. https://archive.org/details/colonialcharters00seym/page/494/mode/1up (accessed 14 June 2022).
6. ↑ O’Callaghan, E. B. (transl., ed.), Laws and Ordinances of New Netherland, 1638-1674, Albany, NY: Weed, Parsons & Co. (1868), 48-51. https://archive.org/details/cu31924080779402/page/48/mode/1up (accessed 14 June 2022).
7. ↑ Strong, Thomas M., The history of the Town of Flatbush, in Kings County, Long-Island (New York, NY: Thomas M. Strong, 1842), p. 13. https://archive.org/details/historyoftownoff00stro/page/13/mode/1up (accessed 14 June 2022).
8. ↑ Jerrold Seymann, Colonial charters, patents and grants to the communities comprising the City of New York (New York, NY: Board of Statutory Consolidation of the City of New York, 1939), pp. 60-61. https://archive.org/details/colonialcharters00seym/page/60/mode/1up (accessed 14 June 2022).
9. ↑ Manuscript records of the Town of Bushwick: early history of the town (translation), OldTown_Kings_116, Old Town Kings County Microfilm, 1660-1909, Municipal Archives, City of New York, digital page: 33 of 757 (Note: The upper right of the page is marked 3 and in the left margin is marked 1, indicating a reference to an original document [OldTown_Kings_001, digital pages 7-8]), https://nycma.lunaimaging.com/luna/servlet/detail/NYCMA~17~17~279~1243495:Manuscript-Records-of-the-Town-of-B (accessed Dec 12, 2021).
10. ↑ Henry R. Stiles, A history of the City of Brooklyn, including the old Town and Village of Brooklyn, and the Village and City of Williamsburgh, vol. 1 (Brooklyn: Published by subscription, 1867), 23.
11. ↑ Stiles, A history of the City of Brooklyn, 23.
12. ↑ Gehring, Dutch, volumes GG, HH & II, 5-6.
13. ↑ “The Council of New Netherland, 1626-1674”, Historical Society of the New York Courts, Accessed Oct 14, 2021, https://www.nycourts.gov/history/legal-history-new-york/legal-history-eras-03/history-era-new-netherland-council.html.
14. ↑ Stiles, A history of the City of Brooklyn, 23.
15. ↑ Gehring, Dutch, volumes GG, HH & II, 5-6.
16. ↑ Translation: Dutch colonial council minutes, 11-15 November 1647, New York State Archives (NYSA_A1809-78_V04_p350), https://iarchives.nysed.gov/xtf/view?docId=tei/A1809/NYSA_A1809-78_V04_p349-351.xml (accessed June 8, 2022).
17. ↑ Dutch colonial council minutes, 11-15 November 1647, New York State Archives (NYSA_A1809-78_V04_p350) [image 2 of 3], https://digitalcollections.archives.nysed.gov/index.php/Detail/objects/11745 (accessed June 8, 2022).
18. ↑ Order on a petition from the court of Midwout and Amersfoort, respecting the employment of rev. Mr. Polhemus and a place of worship (1654 Oct 13). New York State Archives (NYSA_A1809-78_V05_0376b). https://digitalcollections.archives.nysed.gov/index.php/Detail/objects/54925 (accessed Dec 15, 2021).
19. ↑ Translation: Order on a petition from the court of Midwout and Amersfoort, respecting the employment of rev. Mr. Polhemus and a place of worship (1654 Oct 13). New York State Archives (NYSA_A1809-78_V05_0376b). https://iarchives.nysed.gov/xtf/view?docId=tei/A1809/NYSA_A1809-78_V05_0376b.xml (accessed Dec 15, 2021).
20. ↑ Stiles, A history of the City of Brooklyn, 23 & 49.
21. ↑ Stiles, A history of the City of Brooklyn, 49.
22. ↑ Stiles, A history of the City of Brooklyn, 51-52.
23. ↑ New Netherland Council Dutch Colonial Council Minutes, 1638-1665. Commission. Jan Evertsen Bout and Huyck Aertsen (van Rossum), to be schepens of Breuckelen, with power to adjoin two of the inhabitants of that place to them, in case business become too heavy. [1646]. Albany, NY: New York State Archive, Series A1809-78, vol. 4, p. 259. https://digitalcollections.archives.nysed.gov/index.php/Detail/objects/11656, accessed Nov 6, 2021. (Note: The title of the document on the NYS Archive webpage is mistaken. The correct title is incorrectly placed on the entry for page 258.)
24. ↑ Strong, Thomas M., The history of the Town of Flatbush, in Kings County, Long-Island (New York, NY: Thomas M. Strong, 1842), p. 13. https://archive.org/details/historyoftownoff00stro/page/13/mode/1up (accessed 14 June 2022).
25. ↑ Thompson, Benjamin F., The history of Long Island; from its discovery and settlement to the present time (New York, NY: Gould Banks & Co., 1843), 2nd ed., v. 2, p. 200.
26. ↑ Thompson, Benjamin F., The history of Long Island; from its discovery and settlement to the present time (New York, NY: Gould Banks & Co., 1843), 2nd ed., v. 2, p. 200.
27. ↑ Miscellaneous papers of the Town of Flatbush in the Dutch language, OldTown_Kings_120, Old Town Kings County Microfilm, 1652-1917 (translations/transliterations), Municipal Archives, City of New York, digital page: 427 of 537 (Note: The upper right of page is marked 205 and in the left margin is marked 125 (indicating a reference to an original document. Also, the entry is titled Flatbush Paper No 6782). https://nycma.lunaimaging.com/luna/servlet/media/book/showBook/NYCMA~17~17~283~1243499 (accessed Nov 18, 2021).
28. ↑ Court Minutes of New Amsterdam, RNA_v1_bk2, New Amsterdam Records, 1653 Feb – 1654 Aug 31, accession number: 85-040, Municipal Archives, City of New York, digital page: 37 of 46 (note: it is marked in pencil as 111 and also, in smaller and lighter writing, as 35). https://nycma.lunaimaging.com/luna/servlet/detail/NYCMA~12~12~32~1210864, (accessed Nov 15, 2021).
29. ↑ Fernow, Berthold, ed., The records of New Amsterdam: from 1653-1674 anno Domini, v. 1 (New York, NY: The City of New York, 1897), p. 97 (digital image 92 of 439). https://archive.org/details/recordsnewamste05ygoog/page/n90/mode/2up, (accessed Nov 15, 2021).
30. ↑ Gehring, Charles., trans./ed., New York Historical Manuscripts: Dutch, Vol. 5, Council Minutes, 1652-1654 (Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Co., Inc.: 1983), p. 215 (entry [457]).
31. ↑ Charles T. Gehring ed./transl., New York historical manuscripts: Dutch, volumes GG, HH & II, land papers (Baltimore, MD: Genealogical Publishing Co., 1980), p. 18 [GG 61]
32. ↑ Gehring, NYHM:D, vols. GG, HH & II, land papers, p. 18 [GG 61]
33. ↑ Edmund B. O’Callaghan, History of New Netherland; or, New York under the Dutch (New York, NY: D. Appleton & Co., 1848) , vol. 2, pp. 185-187.
34. ↑ “Indian deed for New Utrecht on Long Island”, New York State Archives [vol. 11, item: 74a], https://iarchives.nysed.gov/xtf/view?docId=tei/A1810/NYSA_A1810-78_V11_74a.xml (accessed Nov 21, 2021).
35. ↑ ” Indian deed for Nyack on Long Island ”, New York State Archives [vol. 11, item: 74b], https://iarchives.nysed.gov/xtf/view?docId=tei/A1810/NYSA_A1810-78_V11_74b.xml (accessed Nov 21, 2021).
36. ↑ Jerrold Seymann, Colonial charters, patents and grants to the communities comprising the City of New York (New York, NY: Board of Statutory Consolidation of the City of New York, 1939), pp. 60-61. https://archive.org/details/colonialcharters00seym/page/60/mode/1up (accessed 14 June 2022).
37. ↑ Seymann, Colonial charters, patents and grants, p. 61.
38. ↑ Henry R. Stiles, A history of the City of Brooklyn, including the old Town and Village of Brooklyn, and the Village and City of Williamsburgh, vol. 1 (Brooklyn: Published by subscription, 1867), 29.
39. ↑ Charles T. Gehring, New York historical manuscripts: Dutch, volumes GG, HH & II, land papers (Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Co., 1980), 12 [GG 37].
40. ↑ Henry R. Stiles, A history of the City of Brooklyn, including the old Town and Village of Brooklyn, and the Village and City of Williamsburgh, vol. 2 (Brooklyn: Published by subscription, 1867), 318-319.
41. ↑ Gehring, Dutch, volumes GG, HH & II, 13 [GG 42]
42. ↑ Gehring, Dutch, volumes GG, HH & II, 23 [GG 76]
43. ↑ Gehring, Dutch, volumes GG, HH & II, 122 [ii 46]
44. ↑ Gehring, Dutch, volumes GG, HH & II, 122 [ii 46]
45. ↑ Gehring, Dutch, volumes GG, HH & II, 33 [GG 113]
46. ↑ Gehring, Dutch, volumes GG, HH & II, 40 [GG 140]
47. ↑ Gehring, Dutch, volumes GG, HH & II, 57 [GG 205]
48. ↑ Manuscript records of the Town of Bushwick: early history of the town (translation), OldTown_Kings_116, Old Town Kings County Microfilm, 1660-1909, Municipal Archives, City of New York, digital page: 33 of 757 (Note: The upper right of the page is marked 3 and in the left margin is marked 1, indicating a reference to an original document [OldTown_Kings_001, digital pages 7-8]), https://nycma.lunaimaging.com/luna/servlet/detail/NYCMA~17~17~279~1243495:Manuscript-Records-of-the-Town-of-B (accessed Dec 12, 2021).
49. ↑ Manuscript records of the Town of Bushwick: early history of the town (translation), OldTown_Kings_116, Old Town Kings County Microfilm, 1660-1909, Municipal Archives, City of New York, digital page: 33 of 757 (Note: The upper right of the page is marked 3 and in the left margin is marked 1, indicating a reference to an original document [OldTown_Kings_001, digital pages 7-8]), https://nycma.lunaimaging.com/luna/servlet/detail/NYCMA~17~17~279~1243495:Manuscript-Records-of-the-Town-of-B (accessed Dec 12, 2021).
50. ↑ Manuscript records of the Town of Bushwick: early history of the town (translation), OldTown_Kings_116, Old Town Kings County Microfilm, 1660-1909, Municipal Archives, City of New York, digital page: 33 of 757 (Note: The upper right of the page is marked 5), https://nycma.lunaimaging.com/luna/servlet/detail/NYCMA~17~17~279~1243495:Manuscript-Records-of-the-Town-of-B (accessed Dec 12, 2021).
51. ↑ Manuscript records of the Town of Bushwick: early history of the town (translation), OldTown_Kings_116, Old Town Kings County Microfilm, 1660-1909, Municipal Archives, City of New York, digital pages: 34-36 of 757, https://nycma.lunaimaging.com/luna/servlet/detail/NYCMA~17~17~279~1243495:Manuscript-Records-of-the-Town-of-B (accessed Dec 12, 2021).
52. ↑ Manuscript records of the Town of Bushwick: early history of the town (translation), OldTown_Kings_116, Old Town Kings County Microfilm, 1660-1909, Municipal Archives, City of New York, digital pages: 35-36 of 757, https://nycma.lunaimaging.com/luna/servlet/detail/NYCMA~17~17~279~1243495:Manuscript-Records-of-the-Town-of-B (accessed Dec 12, 2021).
53. ↑ Manuscript records of the Town of Bushwick: early history of the town (translation), OldTown_Kings_116, Old Town Kings County Microfilm, 1660-1909, Municipal Archives, City of New York, digital page: 36 of 757, https://nycma.lunaimaging.com/luna/servlet/detail/NYCMA~17~17~279~1243495:Manuscript-Records-of-the-Town-of-B (accessed Dec 12, 2021).
54. ↑ Letters patent: Establishing a court of justice at Bushwick, New York State Archive [Mar 31, 1661] (Series A1809, vol. 9, item 570, images 1-2), https://digitalcollections.archives.nysed.gov/index.php/Detail/objects/53738 (accessed Dec 12, 2021).
55. ↑ Edmund B. O’Callaghan, History of New Netherland; or, New York under the Dutch (New York, NY: D. Appleton & Co., 1848) , vol. 2, 430.
56. ↑ Edmund B. O’Callaghan, History of New Netherland; or, New York under the Dutch (New York, NY: D. Appleton & Co., 1848) , vol. 2, 430.
57. ↑ Indian deed from the chief of Marossepinck, Sintsinck, otherwise called Schout's bay, of a tract of land on Long Island [Jan 15, 1639] (New York State Archive: Series A1880-78, vol. GG, item 28, 3 images), https://digitalcollections.archives.nysed.gov/index.php/Detail/objects/51131 (accessed Dec 12, 2021, note: link to translation is on the webpage)
58. ↑ Records of the towns of North and South Hempstead, Long Island, N. Y., (Jamaica, NY: Long Island Farmer Print, 1896), 1: 7
59. ↑ B. Fernow, transl. and ed., Documents relating to the colonial history of the State of New York, vol. 14 (old series), vol. 3 (new series) (Albany, NY: Weed, Parsons and Co., 1883), 530.
60. ↑ Benjamin F. Thompson, The history of Long Island: From its discovery and settlement, to the present time, 2nd ed. [vol. 2] (New York: Gould, Banks & Co., 1843), 2: 3-4.
61. ↑ Records of the towns of North and South Hempstead, Long Island, N. Y., (Jamaica, NY: Long Island Farmer Print, 1896), 1: 7.
62. ↑ Jeanne Majdalany & Edith M Weeks, The early settlement of Stamford, Connecticut 1641-1700 (Westminster, MD: Heritage Books, Ins., 2008), 15.
63. ↑ E.B. O’Callaghan, Law and Ordinances of New Netherland, 1638-1874 (Albany, NY: Weed, Parsons and Co. (1868), pp. 42-46, https://archive.org/details/cu31924080779402/page/42/mode/1up (accessed 14 June 2022).
64. ↑ Records of the towns of North and South Hempstead, Long Island, N. Y., (Jamaica, NY: Long Island Farmer Print, 1896), 1: 5 (preface)
65. ↑ New Netherland Provincial Secretary Register of the Provincial Secretary of the Colony of New York, 1642-1660, vol. 2 (Series A0270, item 158k). Bond. Thomas Topping and Robert Coe of Hempstead, as securities for the payment of the purchase-money of the ship Amandare. New York State Archives, NYSA_A0270-78_V2_158k, https://digitalcollections.archives.nysed.gov/index.php/Detail/objects/11323 (accessed Dec 14, 2021).
66. ↑ Translation: Bond of Thomas Topping and Robert Coe to deliver provisions in part payment of the ship Amandare purchased by Mr. Broughton (NYSA_A0270-78_V2_158k), New York State Archives, https://iarchives.nysed.gov/xtf/view?docId=tei/A0270/NYSA_A0270-78_V2_158k.xml (accessed Dec 14, 2021).
67. ↑ Bergen, Teunis G., Register In Alphabetical Order, of the Early Settlers of Kings County, Long Island, N.Y. (New York, NY: S. W. Green's son, printer, 1881), 154-155.
68. ↑ Gehring, NYHM:D, vols. GG, HH & II, land papers, p. 18 [GG 61]
69. ↑ Stockwell, A. P. & Stillwell, William H., A History of the town of Gravesend, N. Y. and of Coney Island (Brooklyn, NY: 1884), pp. 2, 8. [Reprint from: Stiles, H. R. The illustrated history of Kings County. W. W. Munsell & Co.]
70. ↑ Seymann, Jerrold, Colonial charters, patents and grants to the communities comprising the City of New York (New York, NY: Board of Statutory Consolidation of the City of New York, 1939), 494-498. https://archive.org/details/colonialcharters00seym/page/494/mode/1up (accessed 14 June 2022).
71. ↑ Seymann, Jerrold, Colonial charters, patents and grants to the communities comprising the City of New York (New York, NY: Board of Statutory Consolidation of the City of New York, 1939), 495.
72. ↑ Indian deed from the chief of Marossepinck, Sintsinck, otherwise called Schout's bay, of a tract of land on Long Island [Jan 15, 1639] (New York State Archive: Series A1880-78, vol. GG, item 28, 3 images), https://digitalcollections.archives.nysed.gov/index.php/Detail/objects/51131 (accessed Dec 12, 2021, note: link to translation is on the webpage)
73. ↑ Waller, Henry D., History of the town of Flushing, Long Island, New York (Flushing, NY: J. H. Ridenour, 1899), Reprint: Harrison, NY: Harbor Hill Books, 1975, 16.
74. ↑ O’Callaghan, E. B., History of New Netherland; or, New York under the Dutch, vol. 1 (New York, NY: D. Appleton & Co., 1848), 354-355.
75. ↑ O’Callaghan, E. B. (transl., ed.), Laws and Ordinances of New Netherland, 1638-1674, Albany, NY: Weed, Parsons & Co. (1868), 48-51. https://archive.org/details/cu31924080779402/page/48/mode/1up (accessed 14 June 2022).
76. ↑ O’Callaghan, E. B. (transl., ed.), Laws and Ordinances of New Netherland, 1638-1674, Albany, NY: Weed, Parsons & Co. (1868), 48-51. https://archive.org/details/cu31924080779402/page/48/mode/1up (accessed 14 June 2022).
77. ↑ Scott, K., & Stryker-Rodda, K. (Ed.). New York Historical Manuscripts: Dutch, Vol. 4, Council Minutes, 1638-1649 (A. Van Laer, Trans.). Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Co., Inc.: 1974, 515-516 [382].
78. ↑ Scott, K., & Stryker-Rodda, K. (Ed.). New York Historical Manuscripts: Dutch, Vol. 4, Council Minutes, 1638-1649 (A. Van Laer, Trans.). Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Co., Inc.: 1974, 515-516 [382].