After the dissolution of Old Livonia in the 1550s, Estland was nominally ruled by governors appointed first by the Swedish crown (1561-1710) and subsequently by the Russian tsars (1710-1917). Ethnically and politically, they were predominantly drawn either from the ruling elites of Sweden and Russia - particularly those with pre-existing ties to the Ostsee provinces - or from the native Baltic-German nobility. The office ceased to exist with the change of sovereignty in 1917.
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| Svenska Estland, en av Sveriges tre baltiska besittningar |
The following constitutes an exhaustive list of governors and governor-generals of Estland (see the relevant Wikipedia article for further information):
Swedish Governors of Estland (1561-1674)
- 1561-1562: Lars Ivarsson Fleming
- 1562-1562: Henrik Klasson Horn
- 1562-1564: Svante Stensson Sture
- 1564-1565: Hermann Pedersson Fleming
- 1565-1568: Henrik Klasson Horn
- 1568-1570: Gabriel Kristiernsson Oxenstierna
- 1570-1572: Hans Björnsson till Lepas
- 1572-1574: Claes Åkesson Tott
- 1574-1575: Pontus de la Gardie
- 1576-1578: Karl Henriksson Horn
- 1578-1580: Göran Boije
- 1580-1581: Svante Eriksson Stalarm
- 1582-1583: Göran Boije
- 1583-1585: Pontus de la Gardie
- 1585-1588: Gustaf Gabrielsson Oxenstierna
- 1588-1588: Hans Wachtmeister
- 1588-1590: Gustaf Axelsson Banér
- 1590-1592: Erik Gabrielsson Oxenstierna
- 1592-1600: Göran Boije
- 1600-1601: Karl Henriksson Horn
- 1601-1602: Moritz Stensson Leijonhufvud
- 1619-1622: Jakob de la Gardie
- 1622-1626: Per Gustafsson Banér
- 1626-1628: Johan de la Gardie
- 1628-1642: Philipp Scheiding
- 1642-1646: Gustaf Gabrielsson Oxenstierna
- 1646-1653: Erik Axelsson Oxenstierna
- 1653-1653: Wilhelm Ulrich
- 1653-1655: Heinrich von Thurn-Valsassina
- 1655-1655: Wilhelm Ulrich
- 1655-1656: Bengt Skytte
- 1656-1656: Wilhelm Ulrich
- 1656-1674: Bengt Horn
- 1674-1674: Johan Christoph Scheiding
Swedish Governors-General of the duchy Estland (1674-1710)
- 1674-1681 Anders Torstenson
- 1681-1687 Robert Lichtone
- 1687-1687 Nils Turesson Bielke
- 1687-1704 Axel Julius De la Gardie
- 1704-1706 Wolmar Anton von Schlippenbach
- 1706-1709 Nils Jönsson Strömberg
- 1709-1710 Carl Gustaf Nieroth
Russian Governors and Governors-General of Estland (1710-1917)
- 1710-1711: Rudolph Felix Bauer
- 1711–1719: Alexander Danilowitsch Menschikow
- 1719–1728: Fjodor Matwejewitsch Apraxin
- 1728–1736: Friedrich von Löwen
- 1736–1736: Platon Iwanowitsch Mussin-Puschkin
- 1736–1738: Ernst Sebastian von Manstein
- 1738–1740: Gustav Otto Douglas
- 1740–1743: Woldemar von Löwendahl
- 1743–1753: Peter August Friedrich von Holstein-Beck
- 1753–1758: Wladimir Petrowitsch Dolgoruki
- 1758–1775: Peter August Friedrich von Holstein-Beck
- 1775–1792: Georg Browne
- 1783–1786: Georg Friedrich von Grotenhielm
- 1786–1797: Heinrich Johann von Wrangell
- 1797–1808: Andreas von Langell
- 1809–1819: Berend von Uexküll
- 1819–1832: Gotthard Wilhelm von Budberg-Bönninghausen
- 1832–1833: Otto Wilhelm von Essen
- 1833–1841: Paul Friedrich von Benckendorff
- 1842–1859: Johann Engelbrecht Christoph von Grünewaldt
- 1859–1868: Wilhelm Otto Cornelius Alexander von Ulrich
- 1868–1870: Michail Nikolajewitsch Galkin-Wraskoi
- 1870–1875: Michail Walentinowitsch Schachowskoi-Glebov-Streschnew
- 1875–1885: Wiktor Petrowitsch Poliwanow
- 1885–1894: Sergei Wladimirowitsch Schachowskoi
- 1894–1902: Jefstafi Nikolajewitsch Scalon
- 1902–1905: Aleksei Valerianowitsch Bellegarde
- 1905–1905: Aleksei Aleksandrowitsch Lopuchin
- 1905–1906: Nikolai Georgiewitsch von Bünting
- 1906–1907: Pjotr Petrowitsch Baschilow
- 1907–1915: Ismail Wladimirovitsch Korostowets
- 1915–1917: Pjotr Wladimirovitsch Werjowkin
