Isle of Bute, Argyll and Bute One Place Study
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Location: Bute, Argyll and Bute, Scotland, United Kingdom
Surnames/tags: One_Place_Studies Scotland
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Isle of Bute, One Place Study
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Name
Isle of Bute, Scottish Gaelic: Eilean Bhòid or An t-Eilean Bòdach
Geography
- Continent: Europe
- Sovereign State: United Kingdom
- Country: Scotland
- Lieutenancy: Argyll and Bute
- GPS Coordinates: 55.823889, -5.110833
- Elevation: 60.0 m or 196.9 feet
- Area: 47.2 Square Miles (122 square kilometers)
Overview
The Isle of Bute sits nestled in the northern island group within the Firth of Clyde. It is 15 miles long and 5 miles wide, and reaches an altitude of 913 feet (278 metres) above sea level . Argyleshire and Kintyre are its closet neighbors. The small isle of Inchmarnock to the West is privately owned.
The isle is connected via ferry in the North from Rhubodach (Bute) to Colintraive (Argyle); and in the East from Rothesay (Bute) to Wemyss Bay (on the mainland).
There are many beaches on Bute but the one's at St. Ninians Bay, Ettrick Bay, and Scalpsie Bay are excellent tourist attractions.
The Isle of Bute is named number one on the list of best places to live in Scotland.
Geology
The northern part of the isle (Highlands) is hilly and heavily forested, and separated by the Highland Boundary Fault, the southern part (lowlands) is flatter and more fertile. The interior has several small lochs.
Population
Approximately 6,500
Government
Argyll and Bute Council, Kilmory, Lochgilphead, Argyll,
The Argyll and Bute, council area extends from the southwestern Grampian Mountains into the waters of the Atlantic Ocean and North Channel in ragged peninsulas indented and separated by deep water lochs (sea inlets) while freshwater lochs (lakes) dot the inland areas. It includes many islands of the Inner Hebrides—notably Mull, Islay, and Jura. The council area incorporates most of the historic county of Argyllshire, the islands of Bute and Inchmarnock in the historic county of Buteshire, and the western portion of Dunbartonshire.
History
Bute has history dating from the Iron and Bronze Ages, the Neolithic Period (New Stone Age), and also was occupied by the Romans as well.
The Vikings were here in 1230 and 1263 but by 1266 control of the Isle went back to Alexander III.
The Stuart family occupied Bute from the mid 1700's (see Notable People heading below).
From the 13th century Rothesay Castle, the town starting spreading out to become a royal burgh, eventually working it's way to the shoreline by the 19th century.
During World War II, Bute was home to a submarine fleet based at Rothesay. It was here that an attack plan was formulated to sink the elusive German Battleship 'Tirpitz' (aka 'The Beast' ) by Winston Churchill.
Towns
There is only one town on Bute, that being Rothesay.
Rothesay, Scottish Gaelic: Baile Bhòid
The island was known during the 1263 Viking occupation as Rothesay, possibly referring to the name Roth or Roderick and the Old Norse suffix 'ey' (island).
Rothesay is the island’s chief port and resort.
Rothesay Landmarks
Bute Muesum
Located at #7 Stuart Street
Small venue but packed with lots of history on the isle.
Glenburn Hotel c.1843 (aka 'Hyrdo')
Located on Glenburn Road, Rothesay
This 134 room hotel overlooking Rothesay Bay and the Cowal Peninsula and was originally built of wood as a 'Hydrotherapy retreat in the Victorian style of sandstone. It was rebuilt in 1892 in Ashlar Stone after a fire of the wooden structure.
It was sold to the Besoke Hotel chain in 2022.
Mount Stuart c.1879-1900
Located South of Rothesay about 4 miles on minor road east of A844.
This Victorian Neo-Gothic Mansion designed by Sir Robert Rowand Anderson (1834-1921) was built for the 3rd Marquess of Bute and became the ancestral home of the Stuart's going forward. The 3rd Marquess designed the interior as well featuring a marble hall with Gothic arches. The gardens alone are worth the visit with over 300 acres of colorful flora and fauna.
Open Mid April through October for tours. Tickets required.
Rothesay Castle c.1200's (Ruins)
Located at Stuart, High, King, and Castlehill Streets, ie: The center of Rothesay
Built for the Stewart's of Scotland.
In 1230 under the direction of Norways King Hakon, he sent a fleet of warriors to take Bute and of course the castle as well, which they eventually did. The Vikings retreated when the Scots showed up but in 1260 came back under King Hakon himself to retake the castle. Hakon eventually left Bute went to Largs where he was defeated, then went to the Orkneys where he died.
With its unusual round shaped construction and its motte, this is a very unique castle and dates back to the beginning of the 1200's, and at some point later served as a Royal Residence for both Robert II and Robert III.
The castle was burned in 1685.
Serpentine Road
Location: Starting at Mount Pleasant Road and Castle Street, and ends at Eastlands Road and features eleven 'hairpin' turns.
St. Pauls Episcopal Church c.1854
Located at #79 Victoria Street and Dean Hood Place
Victorian Gothic-Revival Style Church
Trinity Church c.1845
Located at #26 Castle Street
This classic 19th century church was designed by Archibald Simpson (1790-1847) in the Gothic style featuring a square tower and slender cone shape spire.
Victorian Toilets (aka 'The Loo') c.1900
Located at the West Pier on Victoria Street.
This unique Gentlemen's venue was built in 1899 and opened in 1900 featuring marble furnishings, copper piping, exquisite tilework, and a mosaic floor. The marble is all original, beautiful to see. it has 20 urinals and was originally concepted to accomodate the steamer crowd of tourists arriving after a sail from the mainland. Originally built for 530 British Pounds, it was refurbished in 1994 for 300,000 British Pounds.
The women's toilet next door are not so fancy....sorry ladies.
This alone is worth a trip to Rothesay!
Victoria Hotel
Located at #55 Victoria Street, Rothesay
Suburbs
There are no suburbs on the Isle.
Villages and Hamlets
Village's include that of Ardbeg, Ascog, and Kerrycroy, Kingarth, and Port Bannatyne.
Hamlets include Killchattan Bay, and Kingarth.
Landmarks - Other
Ascog House c.1678
Location: Off the A844 at Balmory Road, and just South of Ascog Bay.
This three story mansion is an L-Shaped tower house built by John Stewart and had numerous owners, the most well known being the 5th Marquess of Bute.
Etterick Smiddy Cottage c.1800's
Location: B875 Roadway on the West coast of Bute (West of the A844)
Two bedroom cottage overlooking Etterick Bay and Inchmarnock Island, Arran, and the Kintyre Peninsula was originally a schoolhouse and also a blacksmiths cottage.
Available for short stays.
Kames Castle c.1500's
Location: At intersection of Marine Road, A886, and A844,Port Bannatyne at Kames Bay
Sitting on 20 acres (81,000 Square metres, King Robert I (aka Robert The Bruce) granted land to the Bannatyne family in the early 1300's but the property had several other owners throughout the centuries including The 3rd Marquess of Bute who used it as a hunting lodge. It was built as a four story square plan tower house with the seven stone cottages added around the 1800's. Lord Bannatyne was responsible for laying out the 2 acre walled garden, and he also built a mansion which was torn down in 1900.
Kames Castle is now a private residence with rental cottages available.
The property entry features a distinctive small gate lodge and entry gates.
Wester Kames Castle c.1700
Location: 1,600 feet (500 metres) North of Kames Castle (noted above) on a private road off the A886.
Built around 1700, Wester Kames is a square plan (25 feet x 21 feet) 4 story tower house which was home to the Spence family for many years. It became a castle ruin by the late Victorian era but was rebuilt in 1897 by the 3rd Marquess of Bute.
Wester Kames Castle is now a private residence.
St. Blane's Cathedral c.500AD
Located on Plan road. Drive until the St.Blane's sign appears, park, and hike to the chapel.
St Blane’s Church has its roots in a monastery. This was the home of St Blane – ‘fair Blaan of Ceen Garad (Kingarth)’.
The structures on this site belong to two eras: that early Christian monastery, abandoned during the Viking raids around AD 790, and a later parish church, built in the 1100s and in use until the Protestant Reformation of 1560.
Notable People
Sir Richard Attenborough (1923-2014) Actor, Director
Born: Cambridge, England
Died: Denville Hall, Northwood, England
Bio Summary: The famed filmmaker of the movie 'Ghandi' and his wife bought the Rhubodach Estate on the Isle of Bute in 1980. This is a three bedroom farmhouse with adjacent 2 bedroom keeper's cottage sitting on 56 acres and located just South of the Rhubodach Ferry landing.
He joined the military at age 17 and served in the Royal Air Force during 1940-1945
Parents: Frederick August Attenborough (1887-1973) and Mary Clegg (1896-1961) Married 1922-1961
Siblings: David Frederick Attenborough (1926-2014), John Michael Attenborough (1928-2012)
Spouse: Sheila Sim (1922-2016) Married 1945-2014)
Children: Michael Attenborough (1950-XXXX, Jane Attenborough (1955-2004), Charlotte Attenborough (1959-XXXX)
For more information see WikiTree Profile Attenborough-43
Sir William Macleod Bannatyne (1743–1833), Lawyer, Judge
Born: Rothesay, Isle of Bute
Died: Edinburgh, Scotland
Bio Summary: Sherriff of Bute (1776); Judge (1799); Co-Founder of the Highland Society (1784); Senator of the College of Justice
Parents: Roderick MacLeod (XXXX-XXXX) and Isobel Bannatyne (1721-1744); Married 1736
Siblings: Isabella MacLeod (XXXX-XXXX)
Spouse: No Record
Children: No Record
Thomas Bannatyne Gillies (1828 -1889) New Zealand lawyer, Judge and Politician.
Born: Rothesay, Isle of Bute
Died: Auckland, New Zealand
Bio Summary: Emigrated to New Zealand with his family in 1852, tried his hand at farming but gave it up to become a lawyer. Member of the General Assembly (1860); Attorney General (1862); Supreme Court Judge of New Zealand (1875)
Parents: John Gillies (1802-1871) and Isabella Lillie (1802-1888)
Siblings: John Lillie Gillies (1832-1897); Robert Gillies (1836-1886); Elizabeth Gillies (1830-1905); William Gillies (1837-1908)
Spouse Number 1: Catherine Douglas (1834-1865) Married 1852
Children: 4 Children (Names Unknown)
Spouse Number 2: Agnes Sinclair (1851-1884); Married 1867
Children: 2 Children (Names Unknown)
For more information see WikiTree Profile Gillies-210
George Leslie Hunter (1877-1931) Scottish Painter
Born: #7 Tower Street, Rothesay, Isle of Bute
Died: Glasgow, Scotland
Bio Summary: As a teenager, George spent time living in San Francisco, California, U.S.A. from the age of 15-30 working as an illustrator, and graphic artist. He later made numerous trips to Paris, France, and Italy honing his craft as a 'Colourist' of portraits, and landscapes.
Parents: William Hunter (XXXX-XXXX), and Jeanie Stewart (XXXX-XXXX)
Siblings: Catherine Hunter (Abt. 1872-1892), James Hunter (1873-1892), two others, Names Unknown
Spouse: Never Married
Children: None of Record
Sir William MacEwen, CB, FRS, FRCS (1848-1924) Brain Surgeon
Born: Port Bannatyne, Isle of Bute
Died: Garrochty area, Isle of Bute, and Buried at St. Blaines, Isle of Bute
Bio Summary: Educated at the University of Glasgow, William was a pioneer of surgery of the brain, hernia, and lungs. He was a 'Fellow' of several organizations, was Knighted in 1902, and was President of British medical Association (BMA) in 1922
Parents: John MacEwan (1804-XXXX) and Janet Stevenson (1805-XXXX)
Siblings: Janet MacEwan (1827-1900), Sarah MacEwan (1829-XXXX), Daniel MacEwan (1831-XXXX), Thomas MacEwan (1833-1892), Mary MacEwan (1835-XXXX), John MacEwan (1836-1851), James MacEwan (1839-XXXX), Colin MacEwan (1841-1904), Peter MacEwan (1842-XXXX), Archibald MacEwan (1844-XXXX), Elizabeth MacEwan (1846-XXXX).
Spouse: Mary Watson (1848-XXXX) Married 1873
Children: Hugh Allan MacEwan (1875-XXXX), John Allan Craigie MacEwan (1877-XXXX), William MacEwan (1879-XXXX), and three daughters - Names Unknown.
For more information see WikiTree Profile MacEwan-46
John William Mackail OM FBA (1859-1945) Oxford University Professor
Born: Ascog, Isle of Bute
Died: London, England
Bio Summary:
Parents: Rev. John MacKail (XXXX-XXXX), and Louisa Irving (XXXX-XXXX)
Siblings: At least one other
Spouse: Margaret Burne-jones (1856-1933) Married 1888
Children: Angela Margaret Margaret Mackail (1890-1961), Denis Mackail (1892-1971), Clare Mackail (1896-1975)
For more information see WikiTree Profile MacKail-4
John Sterling (1806-1844) Author
Born: Kames Castle, Isle of Bute
Died: Ventnor, Isle of Wight, England
Bio Summary:
Parents: Edward Sterling (1773-1847) Hester Coningham (1783-1843)
Siblings: Unknown
Spouse: Susannah Barton (1803-1872)
Children: John Barton Sterling (1840-1926), Anthony Coningham Sterling (1835-1871), Julia Maria Sterling (1836-1910)
For more information see WikiTree Profile Sterling-2096
John Stuart (1744-1814) 1st Marquess of the County of Bute
Born: Mount Stuart House, Isle of Bute, Scotland
Died: Geneva, Switzerland
Bio Summary: Educated at Winchester College, and Oxford University, both in England.
Parents: John Stuart (1713-1792) and Mary Wortley-Montagu ((1718-1784) Married 1766.
Siblings: Mary Stuart (1741-1824), Anne Stuart (1745-1780), James Archibald Stuart (1747-1818), Jane Stuart 1748-1828), Augusta Stuart (1749-1778), Caroline Stuart (1750-1813), Frederick Stuart (1751-1802), (1753-1801), William Stuart (1175-1822).
Spouse Number 1: Charlotte Jane Windsor (1746-1800) Married 1766
Children: John Stuart (1767-1794), Evelyn Stuart (1773-1842), Charlotte Stuart (1775-1847), Charles Stuart (1775-1796), Henry Stuart (1777-1809), William Stuart (1778-1814), George Stuart (1780-1841).
Note: Son John (1767-1794) did not become the 2nd Marquess of Bute, that title went to his son John Crichton-Stuart (1793-1848).
Spouse Number 2: Francis Coutts (1782-1832) Married 1800
Children: Francis Stuart (1800-1854), Dudley Coutts Stuart (1803-1854).
For more information see WikiTree Profile Stuart-1037
John Stuart (1767-1794) Lord Mount Stuart
Born: London, England
Died: Essex, England
Bio Summary: Educated at Eton, and St. John’s College in Cambridge England; Member of Parliament in Cardiff Wales
Parents: John Stuart (1744-1814) and Charlotte Jane Windsor (1746-1800) Married 1766.
Siblings: Evelyn Stuart (1773-1842), Charlotte Stuart (1775-1847), Charles Stuart (1775-1796), Henry Stuart (1777-1809), William Stuart (1778-1814), George Stuart (1780-1841).
Spouse: Elizabeth Penelope McDouall-Crichton (1772-1797) Married 1792 to 1794
Children: John Crichton-Stuart (1793-1848), Patrick James Crichton-Stuart (1754-1859).
For more information see WikiTree Profile Stuart-1036
John Crichton-Stuart (1793-1848) 2nd Marquess of Bute; 7th Earl of Dumfries
Born: Dumfries House, Ayrshire
Died: Cardiff Castle, Wales
Bio Summary: Educated at Cambridge University, England; He developed the coal and iron industries across South Wales.
Parents: Lord John Stuart (1767-1794) and Elizabeth Penelope McDouall-Crichton (1772-1797).
Siblings: Patrick James Herbert Crichton-Stuart (1794-1859)
Spouse Number 1: Maria North (1793-1841)
Children: None
Spouse Number 2: Sophia Frederica Rawdeon (1809-1859)
Children: John Patrick Crichton-Stuart (1847-1900)
For more information see WikiTree Profile Stuart-1035
John Patrick Crichton-Stuart (1847-1900) 3rd Marquess of Bute
Born: Mount Stuart House, Isle of Bute, Scotland
Died: Dumfries House, Cumnock, Scotland
Bio Summary: Scholar, historian, archaeologist, and patron of the arts of the Victorian era.
Parents: John Crichton-Stuart (1793-1848) 2nd Marquess of Bute and Sophia Frederica Rawdon (1809-1859).
Siblings: None
Spouse: Gwendolen Mary Anne Fitzalan-Howard (1853-1932) Married 1872
Children: Margaret Crichton-Stuart (1875-1954), John Crichton-Stuart (1881-1947), Ninian Edward Crichton-Stuart (1883-1915), Colum Edmund Crichton-Stuart (1886-1957).
For more information see WikiTree Profile Crichton-Stuart-8
John Crichton-Stuart (1881-1947) 4th Marquess of Bute
Born: Middlesex, England
Died: Scotland
Bio Summary: Interested in architecture and restored numerous buildings in Cardiff Wales and Edinburgh Scotland. Collector of a multitude of items, and owned property in Tangier.
Parents: John Patrick Crichton-Stuart (1847-1900) 3rd Marquess of Bute and Gwendolen Mary Anne Fitzalan-Howard (1853-1932) Married 1872.
Siblings: Margaret Crichton-Stuart (1875-1954), Ninian Edward Crichton-Stuart (1883-1915), Colum Edmund Crichton-Stuart (1886-1957).
Spouse: Augusta Mary Monica Bellingham (1880-1947) Married 1905
Children: Jean Crichton-Stuart (1905-XXXX), Mary Crichton-Stuart (1906-XXXX), John Crichton-Stuart (1907-1956), Robert Crichton-Stuart (1909-1976), David Crichton-Stuart (1911-1979, Patrick Crichton-Stuart (1913-1956), Rhidian Crichton-Stuart (1917-1969).
For more information see WikiTree Profile Crichton-Stuart-28
John Crichton-Stuart (1907-1956) 5th Marquess of Bute
Born: Unknown
Died: Unknown
Bio Summary:
Parents: John Crichton-Stuart (1881-1947) 4th Marquess of Bute and Augusta Mary Monica Bellingham (1880-1947) Married 1905.
Siblings: Jean Crichton-Stuart (1905-XXXX), Mary Crichton-Stuart (1906-XXXX), Robert Crichton-Stuart (1909-1976), David Crichton-Stuart (1911-1979, Patrick Crichton-Stuart (1913-1956), Rhidian Crichton-Stuart (1917-1969).
Spouse: Eileen Beatrice Forbes (1912-1993) Married 1932
Children: David Crichton-Stuart (1908-1995), John Crichton-Stuart (1933-1993), James Charles-Crichton-Stuart (1935-1982).
For more information see WikiTree Profile Crichton-Stuart-1
John Crichton-Stuart (1933-1993) 6th Marquess of Bute
Born: London, England
Died: Mount Stuart House, Isle of Bute, Scotland
Bio Summary:
Parents: John Crichton-Stuart (1907-1956) 5th Marquess of Bute and Eileen Beatrice Forbes (1912-1993) Married
Siblings: David Crichton-Stuart (1908-1995), James Charles-Crichton-Stuart (1935-1982).
Spouse Number 1: Beatrice Nicola Grace Weld-Forester (1933-2021) Married 1955, Divorced 1977.
Children: Sophia Crichton-Stuart (1956-XXXX), Eileen Crichton-Stuart (1957-XXXX), John Crichton-Stuart (1958-2021), Anthony Crichton-Stuart (1961-XXXX)
Spouse Number 2: Jennifer Home Rigg-Percy (1933-2021) Married 1978 Children: Unknown
For more information see WikiTree Profile Crichton-Stuart-2
John Colum Crichton-Stuart (aka Johnny Dumfries; aka John Bute), The 7th Marquess of Bute (1958-2021)
Born: Rothesay, Isle of Bute, Scotland
Died: Ladbroke Grove, London, England
Resting Place: Kensal Green Cemetery, North Kensington, England
Bio Summary: He usually went by the name Johnny Bute but under the name Johnny Dumfries he was a Formula 1 race car driver who won the 24 Hour Le Mans in 1988.
Parents: John Crichton-Stuart (1933-1993) 6th Marquess of Bute and Beatrice Nicola Grace Weld-Forester (1933-2021) Married 1955
Siblings: Crichton-Stuart (1956-XXXX), Eileen Crichton-Stuart (1957-XXXX), Anthony Crichton-Stuart (1961-XXXX)
Spouse Number 1: Carolyn Margaret Waddell ( ) Married 1984, Divorced 1993
Children: Caroline Crichton-Stuart (1984-XXXX), Cathleen Crichton-Stuart (1986-XXXX), John Bryson Crichton-Stuart (1989-XXXX)
Spouse Number 2: Serena Solitare Wendell ( ) Married 1999
Children: Lola Affrica Crichton-Stuart
John Bryson Crichton-Stuart (1989-XXXX) 8th Marquess of Bute
Born: Unknown
Died: Still Living in 2022
Bio Summary: Goes by the name Jack Dumfries, lives in London and is a chef. Parents:
Parents: Unknown
Siblings: Caroline Crichton-Stuart (1984-XXXX), Cathleen Crichton-Stuart (1986-XXXX)
Spouse: None
Children: None
Lena Hilda Zavaroni (1963-1999) Singer, and Television Show Host
Born: Greenock, Scotland; Raised in Rothesay, Isle of Bute
Died: Heath, Cardiff, Wales
Bio Summary: At the age of two Lena started singing and by ten she had a top ten record album. She sang with such celebrities as Frank Sinatra and Lucille Ball, and even performed at the U.S. White House for President Ford. Eventually she had thriteen singles and eight alums to her credit. She later went on to have several TV series.
She suffered from a lifetime of depression and anorexia and died of pneumonia at age 35.
Parents: Victor Zavaroni (1939-XXXX) and Hilda Catherine (Jordan) Zavaroni (1940-1989)
Siblings: Carla Zavaroni (1966-XXXX)
Spouse: Peter Wiltshire (XXXX-XXXX) Married 1989, Divorced 1991
Children: No Children
For more information see WikiTree Profile Zavaroni-2
Industry
Most of the island is good farmland that yields crops of oats, turnips, and potatoes. Other economic activities include cattle raising, forestry, and engineering, and of course tourism.
Sources
- ↑ Jarrold and Sons Limited, The Firth of Clyde, 1971
- ↑ Etterick Smiddy Cottage, Isle of Bute - https://www.ettericksmiddy.co.uk;
- ↑ Love Exploring Travel Site - https://www.loveexploring.com;
- ↑ Isle of Bute Travel & Accommodation - The Internet Guide - https://www.scotland-inverness.co.uk;
- ↑ Visit Scotland Vistors Guide - https://www.visitscotland.com;
- ↑ Undiscovered Scotland Guide to Scotland - https://www.undiscoveredscotland.co.uk;
- ↑ Wikivoyage - https://en.wikivoyage.org;
- ↑ Kiddle encyclopedia (Kpedia) - https://kids.kiddle.co/Isle_of_Bute;
- ↑ The Castles of Scotland by Martin Coventry - https://www.thecastlesofscotland.co.uk,
- ↑ Historic Environment Scotland - https://www.historicenvironment.scot;
- ↑ Britannica - https://www.britannica.com;
- ↑ Scotland's Churches Trust - https://scotlandschurchestrust.org.uk;
- ↑ Britain Express - https://www.britainexpress.com;
- ↑ Canmore - The National Record of the Historic Environment - https://canmore.org.uk;
- ↑ Electric Scotland Cultural Site - https://electricscotland.com;
- ↑ Family Research Center - https://www.geni.com;
- ↑ Wikipedia; https://en.wikipedia.org
- ↑ Undiscovered Scotland; https://www.undiscoveredscotland.co.uk
- ↑ Britannica; https://www.britannica.com
- ↑ The Guardian; https://www.theguardian.com
- ↑ UndiscoveredScotland;https://www.undiscoveredscotland.co.uk
- ↑ The Guardian; https://www.theguardian.com
- ↑ Jarrold and Sons Limited, The Firth of Clyde, 1971
- ↑ Goggle Maps; https://www.google.com/maps
- ↑ Stuart Wilson; Personal visit 2019
- ↑ Google Maps; https://www.google.com/maps
- ↑ Stuart Wilson; Personal visit 2019
- ↑ IMDb; https://www.imdb.com
- ↑ https://www.britannica.com
- ↑ Geni; https://www.geni.com
- ↑ Acedemic Dictionary; https://en-academic.com
- ↑ Dictionary of New Zealand; https://teara.govt.nz
- ↑ Geni; https://www.geni.com
- ↑ Wikipedia; https://en.wikipedia.org
- ↑ Art UK; https://artuk.org
- ↑ The Royal College of Surgeons of England; https://livesonline.rcseng.ac.uk;
- ↑ Glasgow University; https://www.universitystory.gla.ac.uk
- ↑ Acedemic Dictionary; https://en-academic.com
- ↑ Wikipedia; https://en.wikipedia.org
- ↑ National Archives; https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk
- ↑ Wikipedia; https://en.wikipedia.org
- ↑ Wikipedia; https://en.wikipedia.org
- ↑ Wikitree; https://www.wikitree.com/
- ↑ Wikipedia; https://en.wikipedia.org
- ↑ Family Search; https://www.familysearch.org/
- ↑ Wikitree; https://www.wikitree.com/
- ↑ Wikipedia; https://en.wikipedia.org
- ↑ Family Search; https://www.familysearch.org/
- ↑ Wikitree; https://www.wikitree.com/
- ↑ Wikipedia; https://en.wikipedia.org
- ↑ Family Search; https://www.familysearch.org/
- ↑ Wikitree; https://www.wikitree.com/
- ↑ Wikipedia; https://en.wikipedia.org
- ↑ Family Search; https://www.familysearch.org/
- ↑ Wikitree; https://www.wikitree.com/
- ↑ Wikipedia; https://en.wikipedia.org
- ↑ Family Search; https://www.familysearch.org/
- ↑ Wikitree; https://www.wikitree.com/
- ↑ Wikipedia; https://en.wikipedia.org
- ↑ Family Search; https://www.familysearch.org/
- ↑ Wikitree; https://www.wikitree.com/
- ↑ The Guardian article by Richard Williams , March 24, 2021; https://www.gracesguide.co.uk
- ↑ Family Search; https://www.familysearch.org/
- ↑ Wikipedia; https://en.wikipedia.org
- ↑ Family Search; https://www.familysearch.org/
- ↑ Family Pedia; https://familypedia.fandom.com
- ↑ The Famous People; https://www.thefamouspeople.com
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