Kateryn Parr's Arms

Date: [unknown] [unknown]
Location: England
Surnames/tags: Parr Greene

Parr's Arms. Queen Elizabeth's Pedigree, A collection of armes in blazon Manuscript. Detail. c. 1590. Folger Shakespeare Library, Washington DC, United States.

Kateryn Parr was the daughter of Thomas Parr of Kendal and Maud Greene of Greens Norton. The Parr arms are described by Burke as argent two bars azure within a bordure engrailed sable.^[1]

The Parrs were an old Northern gentry family and their arms were rarely used without being impaled and/or quartered with other arms. The whole family used several of their ancestor's arms to reinforce their old stock lineage and royal ancestry.

Furthermore, Kateryn married four times and the configuration and combination of her arms changed throughout her life.

Contents 1 The Tomb of Maud and Thomas Parr 2 First and Second Marriages 2.1 Burgh 2.2 Neville, Lord Latimer 3 Queen of England 3.1 Arms 3.2 Badge 4 Queen Dowager 5 Kateryn Parr's Tomb/Memorial 6 Sources

The Tomb of Maud and Thomas Parr

Thomas Parr died in 1517 and Maud Greene in 1531.^[2] It is not known if Maud started building the tomb and it was finished by her children or if her children were in charge of the whole project. The couple was buried at the church of St Ann at Blackfriars, in London, England, which had a complicated history first with the dissolution of the monasteries, then with the building falling down at the end of the 16th century and being rebuilt in stages. It finally burned down in the Great Fire of London in 1666.^[3] Their tomb no longer exists but there's a drawing from the early 16th century showing the arms that were originally used to identify it.^[4]

Heraldic drawing of the tomb of Sir Thomas Parr, d. 1517, and his wife Maud Parr. United Kingdom, British Library, Wriothesley heraldic collections, volume I, f. 109v, Add MS 45131

The escutcheon on the top center shows the quartered arms of the Roos (Ros) of Kendal (first and fourth), Parr (second) and Fitzhugh (third). It is supposed to represent the Parr family. The one on the top right shows the Fitzhugh arms impaled by the quartered arms of the Parrs (first and fourth) and Ros at (second and third). The escutcheon is circled by a garter, which indicates the owner was a member of the Order of the Garter. It probably belonged to William Parr, father of Thomas Parr and Kateryn's grandfather.The escutcheon on the top left presents the Greene's arms impaled by the quartered arms of the Roos (first and fourth) and Parr (second) and Fitzhugh (third). This one probably represents the union of Kateryn Parr's parents.

The frontal part of the tomb itself presents three more escutcheons. The one on the left shows the Fogge arms impaled by the Greene arms. It represents the union of Maud Greene's parents. The center escutcheon has Fitzhugh arms impaling the quartered arms of Neville differenced by a label of three points argent and azure in the first and fouth grand quarters and Montacute and Monthermer quaterly in the second and third grand quarters. It seems to represent the union between Henry, 5th Baron Fitzhugh and Alice Neville. Finally, the escutcheon on the left presents the Neville arms differentiated by a label of three points argent and azure impaling the quartered arms of Montacute (first and fourth) and Monthermer (second and third). This one probably symbolizes the union between Richard Neville, 5th Earl of Salisbury and Alice Montacute.

Parr Arms, English Coats of Arms. 1540-1560. Library of Congress, Washington, DC, United States.

The escutcheon on the top center shows the arms in an unexpected order. The Parr's arms from English Coats of Arms probably produced between 1540 and 1560 shows quartered arms with Parr first and fourth and Roos second and third as would be expected.^[5] The Fitzhugh arms were obtained after the death of Thomas Parr's cousin George FitzHugh, 7th Baron Fitzhugh in 1513, after which Thomas Parr started styling himself Thomas Parr, Lord Fitzhugh. Thomas Fiennes protested his own right to the arms and title but Henry VIII ignored his plea.^[6] And although Thomas Parr inherited half of the Fitzhugh lands and the arms, he could not get the barony.

The Roos of Kendal owned the castle and land at Kirby-Kendal, Westmoreland, Cumbria. According to Sarah Rose, William de Roos inherited one quarter of the Kendal Barony, which passed down to Thomas de Roos. With his death in 1390, the Kendal lands and castle went to his granddaughter Elizabeth Ros Parr thus bringing the ownership of those lands and castle to the Parr family.^[7] It is quite possible that the emphasis on Roos and Fitzhugh arms in Thomas and Maud Parr's tomb is meant to indicate the Parrs' qualifications to be granted a Barony, which ultimately was received by Kateryn's brother William Parr in 1539.^[8]

Arms at the Tomb of Maud and Thomas Parr, composed with images from Wikimedia Commons.

Katherine Parr Pedigree, Stained Glass at Hampton Court Palace, England, United Kingdom, photograph by Ian Stubbs (Bolckow)

Some of the arms represented in the tomb of Thomas and Maud Parr can also be observed in Kateryn Parr's Pedigree in one of the stained glass windows in the Great Hall at Hampton Court, England. The pedigree stained glass windows were introduced to the Great Hall in the 19th century and were probably designed by Thomas Willement, stained glass artist and heraldry scholar.^[9] If that was the case, despite Willement's vast knowledge of heraldry, some arms were represented with incorrect tincture, such as the Greene's arms in the escutcheon showing the marriage between Thomas Parr and Maud Greene which should have an azure background instead of vert and also Kateryn's marriage augmentation which should have been or on a pile of gules, instead of argent on a pile of gules as represented in the stained glass window.

First and Second Marriages

Burgh

The Arms of Thomas Burgh (Borough), father of Edward Burgh. English Coats of Arms. 1540-1560. Library of Congress, Washington, DC, United States.

Kateryn married Edward Burgh around 1529.^[10] He died before April 1533. No representations of Kateryn's arms from their lifetime have been found and neither have any representations of the couple's arms. Kateryn could have used just the Parr arms or a combination of a few of her family's arms quartered (possibly Parr, Roos, Fitzhugh and/or Greene). As for Edward Burgh, he likely would have used his father's arms with a label to indicate that he was the eldest son and therefore would inherit the arms after his father's death. However, that never happened as Edward Burgh died before his father.^[11]

The arms for Burgh from English Coats of Arms^[12] are confirmed by Hope, though the color of the mantling and the crest are described differently.^[13] Lord Burgh's arms are thus described:

The shield is quarterly: first and fourth, azure three fleurs-de-lis ermine (for Burgh); two and three, gold a lion azure (for Percy) quartering gold three pales sable (for Strabolgi). The helm is silver garnished gold and covered by a deep blue mantling with ermine lining. The crest is a silver falcon with gold beak and legs and a golden crown about his neck, on a torse azure and sable.^[13]

Neville, Lord Latimer

Neville (Nevell) Arms. English Coats of Arms. 1540-1560, Image 49. Library of Congress, Washington DC, Unites States.

Kateryn married John Neville, Lord Latimer, in 1534 and he died in 1543.^[14] No representation of her or their arms as a couple from their lifetime could be found. The same observations about her arms in the marriage with Burgh apply here. She could have used just the Parr arms or a few of her family's arms quartered (possibly Parr, Roos, Fitzhugh and/or Greene). Lord Latimer seems to have borne the Neville arms: gules on a saltire argent with an anullet sable for difference.^[15][16]

Queen of England

Arms

When Kateryn married Henry VIII in 1543 her arms were quarterly in six quarts: a marriage augmentation granted by Henry (first),^[17] Parr of Kendal (second), Roos (Ros) of Kendal (third), Marmion (fourth), Fitzhugh of Ravensworth (fifth) and her mother's Greene of Greens Norton (sixth). Her arms were impaled by Henry's arms, which were quarterly in four pieces: azure three or fleurs-de lis (France) in first and fourth and gules three lions passant guardant in pale or (England) in second and third.

Kateryn Parr's Arms as Queen. Diagram using image from Willement, Thomas. Regal heraldry; the armorial insignia of the Kings and Queens of England, from coeval authorities. p. 93.

Kateryn's Arms as Queen, composed with images from Wikimedia Commons

• Marriage Augmentation Arms: Or, on a pile gules between six roses of Lancaster three roses of York.^[1], granted by Henry VIII.
• Parr of Kendal: Argent two bars azure within a bordure engrailed sable.^[1] Received from her father.
• Roos (Ros) of Kendal: Or, three water bougets sable.^[18] Received through the marriage between William Parr and Elizabeth Ros, Kateryn's paternal great-grandparents.
• Marmion: vair a fesse gules.^[19] Received from the marriage between Henry FitzHugh and Elizabeth (Grey) FitzHugh, who inherited the Barony of Marmion.
• Fitzhugh of Ravensworth: Azure three chevronels in base interlaced or, a chief of the last.^[20] Received from Elizabeth Fitzhugh, Kateryn's paternal grand-mother.
• Greene of Greens Norton: Azure three bucks trippant or.^[21] Received from Kateryn's mother, Maud Greene.

Seal of Queen Kateryn Parr, Archaeologia, or, Miscellaneous tracts relating to antiquity / Society of Antiquaries of London. Volume 5, 1779

Apart from the marriage augmentation arms, Henry also granted Kateryn and her family a second augmentation. The Parr arms had a maiden's head couped bellow the breasts as their crest, which seems to be a contribution from the arms of the Roos (Ros) of Kendal. The maiden is usually portrayed with golden hair and wearing a flower wreath: A maiden's head full-faced proper, vested Gules, crined Or.^[22] According to Burke, some authorities vest the crest ermine instead of azure.^[1]

Arms of the Parrs of Kendal before the augmentation. Baines, E., Croston, J., Herford, B., Whatton, W. Robert. The history of the county palatine and duchy of Lancaster, p. 20.

The second augmentation granted by Henry to the Parr family substituted the wreath in her head for a crown. The crowned maiden was also a part of Kateryn's badge. The Parrs use of the crest with the augmentation can be observed in the arms of William Parr shown here in two different instances:

Parr arms from Coats of arms granted by William Dethick as York herald and Garter king of arms. Call number 113616

Order of the Garter stall-plate for William Parr. British Museum, 1855,0130.1.

Furthermore, Henry granted Kateryn a new supporter for the sinister side, a multicolored striped panther to replace her father's azure wyvern, which would have been her former supporter. Willement states that the panther was originally one of the supporters for the Fitzhugh arms.^[23] Unlike some of Henry's other Queens, Kateryn was not given two new supporters, only one for the sinister side, adopting Henry's supporter on the dexter side. In English Coats of Arms the supporter on the sinister side appears as her father's azure wyvern instead of the multicolored striped panther. Burke confirms that sometimes her arms would be represented with the azure wyvern as a supporter on the sinister side as a variation.^[1]

Kateryn Parr's Arms, English Coats of Arms. 1540-1560. Library of Congress, Washington, DC, United States.

Badge

Two depictions of Kateryn's badge. On the left: from Willement, Thomas. Regal heraldry; the armorial insignia of the Kings and Queens of England, from coeval authorities. On the right: a digital rendition with ermine vest from Wikimedia Commons by Sodacan

As Queen, Kateryn adopted a badge portraying a crowned maiden rising from a Tudor rose: a maiden's head, royally crowned proper, crined and vested or, conjoined to a part of a triple rose, red, white and red.^[24] The crowned maiden is likely to be a reference to the maiden's head on the crest of the Parr arms, which could have been borrowed from the Roos (Ros) arms.^[25] Therefore, the badge aptly represented the union between the Parr and Tudor families with the crown on the maiden's head reflecting one of the augmentations granted by Henry VIII to the Parr family upon his wedding to Kateryn.^[1] Kateryn's badge was worn by members of her household while she was Queen Consort.

Susan James in her book Kateryn Parr: the Making of a Queen suggested the possibility of the maiden being connected to a representation of Saint Katherine in Horae ad Usum Sarum, a book of hours which was part of the Parr family's library.^[26] However, that seems to be unlikely, since a representation of Saint Katherine would probably contain one of her attributes, usually the wheel, so that the association could be understood by the observers. It seems far more plausible that the badge originated from Kateryn's family crest, which the Parrs had been using at least from the time of Edward IV.^[27]

Queen Dowager

Henry VIII died on 28 January 1546/7. He left provisions in his will to make sure Kateryn would keep being treated as a Queen after his death. That also meant she was allowed to keep the augmentations to her arms he had given her and her family when they married. She married Thomas Seymour in a secret ceremony between May and June 1547. The only depiction of their arms as a couple from their lifetime that could be found was part of a tomb/memorial monument to his father, Sir John Seymour, Knight, which was originally at Easton Priory in Wiltshire, England.

Sir John Seymour Memorial, St Mary's Church, Great Badwyn, Wiltshire, England, Wikimedia Commons

That monument and the church no longer exist and Sir John Seymour's remains were transferred in 1590 to St Mary's Church, Great Badwyn, Wiltshire, England. The arms can be observed from a drawing of the original monument. From the drawing it is possible to observe several things:

1. The Seymours were still using their original arms without the augmentation granted to the family by Henry VIII when he married Jane Seymour: gules two wings conjoined in lure, the tlips downwards or. John Seymour died around 1536 and apparently did not live long enough to use the augmentation.
2. Kateryn Parr and Thomas Seymour got married around May 1547, more than 10 years after the death of John Seymour, however their arms as a couple were represented in the latter's tomb/memorial monument along with the arms of other couples in the family.
3. Instead of Kateryn's arms being quartered in six as they were while she was married to Henry VIII, her arms were quartered in four quarts including her own marriage augmentation (first) and the arms of Parr of Kendal (second), Roos (Ros) of Kendal (third) and Fitzhugh of Ravensworth (fourth).
4. Thomas Seymour's arms impaling Katheryn's do not show any marks for difference. As John Seymour's third surviving son, Thomas would bear a mullet (star).
5. John Seymour's arms bear a crescent as a mark for difference.

Seymour-Parr arms, Tomb of Sir John Seymour, Knight, originally at Easton Priory, Wiltshire, England, The Wiltshire Archaeological and Natural History Magazine, Volume 6

Those arms shown in John Seymour's memorial monument for Kateryn Parr and Thomas Seymour were probably their arms when they first got married. They remained married for less than two years, however, Thomas' arms changed a few months after their clandestine wedding.

According to Burke, Thomas Seymour took the same arms as his brother Edward Seymour, who, after Henry VIII's death, became Lord Protector and Duke of Somerset. That also included the use of the crest and supporters.^[28] Edward's arms seem to have changed after King Edward VI, his nephew, granted him and his family once more the marriage augmentation Henry VIII had granted the Seymour family when he married Jane Seymour. That grant was given to Edward Seymour in August 1547.^[29]

Coat of arms of Edward Seymour, Duke of Somerset, Wikimedia Commons

Seymour Arms and Jane Seymour's Marriage Augmentation, composed with images from Wikimedia Commons

The arms of Edward Seymour as Duke of Somerset as described by Burke: quarterly, 1st and 4th, or, on a pile gules between six fleurs-de-lis azure three lions or of England (being the coat of augmentation granted by Henry VIII. on his marriage with Lady Jane Seymour); 2nd and 3rd, gules two wings conjoined in lure, the tips downwards or, for Seymour. Crest— Out of a ducal coronet or, a phoenix gold issuing from flames proper- Supporters — Dexter, a unicorn argent armed, maned, and tufted or, gorged with a ducal collar per pale azure and gold, to which is affixed a chain of the last; sinister, a bull azure ducally gorged, chained, hoofed, and armed or. Motto— Foy pour devoir.^[30]

After the death of Henry VIII, Thomas Seymour became Lord High Admiral and was granted the Barony of Sudeley. It would seem that he took his brother's arms and without having access to the patent letter it is difficult to understand why and how that happened. Since the above arms were granted to Edward Seymour and his family it is possible that Thomas Seymour felt that included him. It could also be that he bore those arms by courtesy of his brother. In either case, it is likely that Thomas would bear those arms with a mark for difference, as he would not be allowed to bear the exact same arms as his brother.

The use of the Seymour arms quartered with the marriage augmentation in place of honor (first and fourth) was a strategic reminder of the Seymour brothers' kinship with the young King Edward VI and the legitimacy of their roles in court and in the Privy Council.

Kateryn Parr's Tomb/Memorial

Kateryn died of puerperal fever days after giving birth to her only child in 1548. She was initially laid to rest in a chapel at Sudeley Castle. The chapel fell into disrepair and her tomb was forgotten. Her body was desecrated repeatedly until what was left of her remains was finally laid to rest in the 1860s in a neo-gothic Tomb/Memorial at St. Mary's Chapel, Sudeley Castle, Winchcombe, Gloucestershire, England, UK. The tomb was designed by Sir George Gilbert Scott as part of his restauration project for the chapel. The front of the sarcophagus was decorated with five coats of arms. four of them represent Kateryn's arms with each one of her husbands and one in the middle with Henry VIII's arms. Most of the arms seem to be simplified.

Kateryn Parr's Tomb, St Mary's Chapel, Sudeley, Gloucestershire, England, UK, photograph by The Freelance History Writer

Kateryn's Parr Tomb at St Mary's Chapel, Sudeley Castle, detail, Wikimedia Commons

Arms from left to right:

1st: Burgh/Parr - the Burgh arms are represented without the quartering present in his father's arms, which he would have also born. They did get the label correct. It is unknown if Kateryn would bear only the Parr's arms or a quartered combination of her family's arms.

2nd: Neville, Lord Latimer/Parr - Neville's arms are correctly represented. It is unknown if Kateryn would bear only the Parr's arms or a quartered combination of her family's arms.

3rd: Henry VIII - These are the only arms that do not represent a couple, but Henry Tudor individually, as a knight of the Order of the Garter.

4th: Tudor/Parr - Although Henry's quartered arms are correct, Kateryn's arms are quartered in 4 instead of the traditional 6 pieces. Her arms are Marriage Augmentation (1st), Parr (2nd), Roos (3rd) and Marmion (4th). The augmentation should be or, on a pile gules between six roses of Lancaster three roses of York but in the tomb it was represented as argent on a pile of gules.

5th: Seymour/Parr: Seymour's arms are represented without the quartering with the Seymour Marriage Augementation which Seymour probably bore after 1647. This representation of his arms also shows a crescent as a mark of difference that was his father's. Thomas Seymour was the 3rd surviving son, so his mark would have been a mullet (star). As for the Parr arms, they were represented the same way as in the Tudor/Parr arms.

Sources

1. ↑ ^{1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5} Burke, Bernard. The general armory of England, Scotland, Ireland, and Wales; comprising a registry of armorial bearings from the earliest to the present time. London: Harrison & sons, 1884, p. 777. Accessed on The Internet Archive on 7 Oct 2023.
2. ↑ James, Susan. Kateryn Parr: the Making of a Queen. Aldershot: Ashgate, 1999, p. 9. Accessed on The Internet Archive on 25 Sep 2023.
3. ↑ Wikipedia contributors, St Ann Blackfriars, Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St_Ann_Blackfriars&oldid=1151751994 (accessed October 9, 2023).
4. ↑ United Kingdom, British Library. Heraldic drawing of the tomb of Sir Thomas Parr, d. 1517 and his wife Maud Parr. Wriothesley heraldic collections, volume I, f. 109v. Add MS 4513. Accessed on 9 Oct 2023.
5. ↑ United States, Library of Congress. English Coats of Arms. Place of Publication Not Identified: Publisher Not Identified, 1540-1560, image 54. Accessed at the Library of Congress on 4 Nov 2023.
6. ↑ James, Susan. Kateryn Parr: the Making of a Queen. Aldershot: Ashgate, 1999, p. 16. Accessed on The Internet Archive on 25 Sep 2023.
7. ↑ Rose, Sarah. The Barony of Kendal. Victoria County History of Cumbria Project, p.4.
8. ↑ Clay, J. W. The extinct and dormant peerages of the Northern counties of England. London, J. Nisbet & co., ltd., 1913, p. 158.
9. ↑ Willement was involved in the restauration of the Great Hall at Hampton Court. Nevertheless, no documents could be found to confirm his design for that particular window.
10. ↑ James, Susan. Kateryn Parr: the Making of a Queen. Aldershot: Ashgate, 1999, p. 61. Accessed on The Internet Archive on 25 Sep 2023.
11. ↑ James, Susan. Kateryn Parr: the Making of a Queen. Aldershot: Ashgate, 1999, p. 63. Accessed on the Internet Archive on 14 Sep 2023.
12. ↑ United States, Library of Congress.English Coats of Arms. 1540-1560, Image 61. Accessed on Library of Congress Digital Archives - World Digital Library on 10 Oct 2023.
13. ↑ ^{13.0 13.1} Hope, W.H. St. John. The Stall Plates of the Knights of the Order of the Garter, 1348-1485. Westminster: Constable, 1901, plate LXXXVII. Accessed on The Internet Archive on 11 Oct 2023.
14. ↑ James, Susan. Kateryn Parr: the Making of a Queen. Aldershot: Ashgate, 1999, p. 65. Accessed on The Internet Archive on 25 Sep 2023.
15. ↑ Burke, Bernard. Encyclopædia of heraldry, or General armory of England, Scotland and Ireland: comprising a registry of all armorial bearings from the earliest to the present time, including the late grants by the College of arms. London : H. G. Bohn, 1851, p. 715. Accessed on the Internet Archive on 11 Oct 2023.
16. ↑ The Cambridge University Heraldic & Genealogical Society. Arms of Neville (Baron Latimer). Accessed on 11 Oct 2023.
17. ↑ Foster, Joseph. Grantees of arms named in docquets and patents to the end of the seventeenth century : in the manuscripts preserved in the British museum, the Bodleian Library, Oxford, Queen's College, Oxford, Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge, and elsewhere : alphabetically arranged by the late Joseph Foster and contained in the Additional ms. no. 37,147, in the British museum. Vol. LXVI. London: The Harleian Society, 1915, p. 191. Accessed on The Internet Archive on 11 Oct 2023.
18. ↑ Burke, Bernard. Encyclopædia of heraldry, or General armory of England, Scotland and Ireland: comprising a registry of all armorial bearings from the earliest to the present time, including the late grants by the College of arms. London : H. G. Bohn, 1851,p. 870 Accessed on The Internet Archive on 11 Oct 2023.
19. ↑ Burke, Bernard. Encyclopædia of heraldry, or General armory of England, Scotland and Ireland: comprising a registry of all armorial bearings from the earliest to the present time, including the late grants by the College of arms. London : H. G. Bohn, 1851,p. 283. Accessed on The Internet Archive on 11 Oct 2023.
20. ↑ Burke, Bernard. Encyclopædia of heraldry, or General armory of England, Scotland and Ireland: comprising a registry of all armorial bearings from the earliest to the present time, including the late grants by the College of arms. London : H. G. Bohn, 1851,p. 356. Accessed on The Internet Archive on 11 Oct 2023.
21. ↑ Burke, Bernard. Encyclopædia of heraldry, or General armory of England, Scotland and Ireland: comprising a registry of all armorial bearings from the earliest to the present time, including the late grants by the College of arms. London : H. G. Bohn, 1851,p. 424. Accessed on The Internet Archive on 11 Oct 2023.
22. ↑ Collectanea topographica et genealogica. vol. 3. London: J.B. Nichols, 1834, p. 74. Accessed on The Internet Archive on 13 Oct 2023.
23. ↑ Willement, Thomas. Regal Heraldry; the armorial insignia of the Kings and Queens of England, from coeval authorities. London: Pub. by the author, 1821, p. 74. Accessed on The Internet Archive on 12 Oct 2023,
24. ↑ Palliser, Bury, Mrs. Historic devices, badges, and war-cries. London: S. Low, son & Marston, 1870, p. 481. Accessed on The Internet Archive on 12 Oct 2023.
25. ↑ Baines, Edward. The history of the county palatine and duchy of Lancaster. Manchester: J. Heywood, 1888-1893, p. 38. Accessed on Hathi Trust on 25 Sep 2023.
26. ↑ James, Susan. Kateryn Parr: the Making of a Queen. Aldershot: Ashgate, 1999, p p. 123. Accessed on The Internet Archive on 13 Oct 2023.
27. ↑ Howard de Walden, Thomas Evelyn Scott-Ellis, Baron & Willement, Thomas. Banners, standards, and badges, from a Tudor manuscript in the College of Arms. London: De Walden Library, 1904, p. 237
28. ↑ Burke, Bernard. The general armory of England, Scotland, Ireland, and Wales; comprising a registry of armorial bearings from the earliest to the present time. London : Harrison & sons, 1884, p. 914. Accessed on The Internet Archive on 12 Oct 2023.
29. ↑ England, The National Archives, Kew. Patent of Edw. VI. to Edward, Duke of Somerset, and his family to bear the coat of augmentation granted by Hen. VIII. to Queen Jane Seymour. viz. or on a pile gules three lions passant regardant of the field, langued and armed az. between 6 fleurs de lys of the last. Dat. 10 Aug, ao f.119. 1547. Accessed on the website of The National Archives, Kew, on 3 Nov 2023.
30. ↑ Burke, Bernard. The general armory of England, Scotland, Ireland, and Wales; comprising a registry of armorial bearings from the earliest to the present time. London : Harrison & sons, 1884, p. 889-890 and p. 915. Accessed on The Internet Archive on 18 October 2023.

See also:

• Boutell, Charles. Boutell's Heraldry. London, New York, F. Warne, 1970,p. 117.
• Boutell, Charles. English Heraldry. London, New York, Cassell, Petter, and Galpin, 1867. p. 236.
• Fox-Davies, Arthur Charles. A complete guide to heraldry. London: T.C. & E.C. Jack, 1909, p. 168-169.
• Nicolas, Nicholas Harris. A Roll of Arms of the Reign of Edward the Second. London, William Pickering, 1829. Mentions Ros and Fitzhugh.
• Wikipedia contributors, Tincture (heraldry), Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tincture_(heraldry)&oldid=1174153717 (accessed October 28, 2023).