Native American History

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This space page is associated with the Native Americans Project. See also: Native Americans Project Reliable Sources.

The first peoples of the America's lived, hunted and cared for the lands in the America's for tens of thousands of years prior to European plantations. With these Plantations, Native Peoples were transplanted, moved or killed in order for the new arrivals to create nations. The treaties these nations signed with the native peoples fell aside and the european plantations expanded. Expansion across the continents created pockets of habitation and marginalized the once prosperous Native, indígenas, Aborigen, Amerindian, Guianas, Aboriginal, First Nations, Inuit, Métis, and Alaskan Natives.

In the US, colonization and western expansion created conflict between the Native Peoples and settlers.

Expansion

Eastern Lands

As colonization began along the coasts of the US Native populations plummeted. The Colonists brought with them diseases that these populations had no resistance to. The tribal members who were not killed off were assimilated by other tribal communities.

Western Lands

At the end of the Civil War and the completion of Transcontinental Railroad,there were a number of Indian Wars. Over time, the United States forced a series of treaties and land cessions by the tribes and established reservations for them in many western states. In 1924, American Indians who were not already U.S. citizens were granted citizenship by Congress.

The Trail of Tears

The Trail of Tears was the forced relocation of American Indian tribes from southeastern parts of the United States following the Indian Removal Act of 1830. Including Cherokee, Muscogee, Seminole, Chickasaw, and Choctaw nations, among others,they were moved from their homelands to the Indian Territory west of the Mississippi River. More information about Trail of Tears.

Other Native American History Links

Native American Historical Indexes

• Native American Sites (American Indian Library Association) Mostly historical and general information; not genealogical.
• Edward S Curtis, The North American Indian Photographic Images (1907-1930) (Northwestern University). Largely historical. Stunning photography.
• Omaha Indians Music (Library of Congress)
• American Indians of the Pacific Northwest (University of Washington). Largely historical. Not specifically genealogy.

Chiefs

• Glenn Walker, Great Chiefs & Leaders (Indigenous Peoples Literature)
• Top 10 Greatest Indian Chiefs (California Indian Education)
• Native American Leaders of the Wild West (Biography.com)
• Notable Native Americans on the Frontier (Legends of America)
• Native American Indian Chiefs Facts, information and articles about Native American Indian Chiefs from the history of the Wild West. (History.net)
• This Day in History - Sep 21, 1904 -The great Nez Perce leader Chief Joseph dies in Washington. (History.com)
• Black Kettle Cheyenne Indian (unknown - 1868) (The Wild Wild West)
• American Horse Wasicu Tasunke Oglala 1840-1908 (American Tribes.com)
• Past Notable Native Americans (Snow Wowl.com)
• Nd Studies - Traditional Leaders of the Hunkpapa Lakota
• Wild West History - The Minnesota Massacre, or Dakota War of 1862 Chief Little Crow.
• Legends of America - Native American Tribes.

Tribes/Nations

• Alphabetical Enumeration of the Indian Tribes and Nations
• Old West Daily Reader - A list of Native American Tribes
• aaanativearts - Native American Indian tribes of the US
• Wikipedia - List of Federally Recognized Tribes by State
• Vlib.us - Plains and Emigrant Tribes of Kansas.
• History on the Net - Native Americans - Tribes/Nations.
• Indian Entities Recognized and Eligible to Receive Services from the United States Bureau of Indian Affairs
• American Indian Tribes in North Carolina
• American Indian Tribal List
• List of Tribes, Library of Congress
• List of Federally Recognized Tribes by State
• Unrecognized Tribes of the US
• US Archives_(National)_The Five Civilized Tribes

Florida

• The Indians of North Florida Timeline
• "SOLDIERS OF FLORIDA in the Seminole Indian, civil and Spanish-American wars", 1903: Democrat Book and Job Print, under the supervision of the Board of State Institutions, Live Oak, FL, with the muster rolls of almost all of the regiments enrolled in the State for the CSA between 1861 and 1865. It is available in reproduction at http://www.amazon.com/Soldiers-Florida-Seminole-Indian-Spanish-American/dp/1176993178 ; many reference libraries have copies. There is an online archive copy at https://archive.org/details/soldiersofflorid00flor with freely downloadable options from PDF to ePub.
• What We Have Endured: A Novel of the Seminole War, by Seminole Chief Justice & Historian Willie Johns, and Seminole War historians John and Mary Lou Missall, Florida Historical Society, 2020 (a historically accurate account of the Seminole Wars told from the perspective of a fictional character)

Mexico

• Original Inhabitants of the Area Now Called Mexico

Michigan

• Indians of Michigan
• Great Lakes Indians & Metis
• French-Canadian & Native families
• Les Relations des Jesuites WikiTree space page for for Jesuit publications is a resource for researching documented historical interactions. Publications are in French.

North Carolina

• Transcribed Chapman Rolls The Siler and Chapman Rolls were created in 1851/2 to identify Cherokee who remained in the East after Removal who were entitled to payment. Siler missed a lot of people, so the Chapman Roll is a better source. It also is one of the first lists to show all members of a family, not just heads of households.
• Roll of North Carolina Cherokees who removed to the Cherokee Nation 08 June 1881 Text transcribed from NARA microfilm ID: 7RA74, annotated by Glen Davis. All annotations copyrighted 2003 Glen Davis

Oklahoma

• Dawes Final Roll

Texas

• Native American Tribes of Texas
• Indians of Texas
• Bullock Museum American Indians in Texas
• Kickapoo Indians, Texas
• Karankawas
• Texas Handbook Karankawas

Western US

• Native Americans, the First Owners of the West
• Desert Cultures and People
• Lewis and Clark Through Indian Eyes, Nine Indian Writers on the Legacy of the Expedition, edited by Alvin M. Josephy, Jr., Vintage Books, Random House, New York, 2006.

Other

• This Day in History - Dec 20, 1836 - Jackson submits Indian treaty to Congress
• Historynet.com - Death at Summit Springs: Susanna Alderdice and the Cheyennes
• Tolerance.org - Teaching Tolerance This Land Is Ours
• Texas Beyond History - The Passing of the Indian Era
• Eye Witness to History - Massacre At Wounded Knee, 1890
• PBS - Events in the West 1870 - 1880
• Cherokee Museum.org - The Museum of the Cherokee Indian.
• Bjmjr.net - THE WILD WEST OF THE SEMINOLE NEGRO INDIAN SCOUTS - The Killing of Adam Paine, Medal of Honor Winner
• American History - American History Timeline Clashes Between US Soldiers and Native Americans In the Wild West
• History to go Utah - Native Americans in Utah David Rich Lewis Utah History Encyclopedia
• Athentic History.com - 1861-1890: The Plains Indians Timeline
• The Wild West - Native American Wisdom
• Legends of America - Native Americans, the First Owners of the West
• Ailanet.org - American Indian Library Association
• RB Hayes.com - United States Indian Policy During The Late Nineteenth Century: Change And Continuity by Edmund Jefferson Danzinger, Jr.
• Native Languages - Native Languages of the Americas -Preserving and promoting American Indian languages
• Native Languages - Native American State Names
• Wikipedia Native Americans
• Gutenberg - THE EXTERMINATION OF THE AMERICAN BISON.BY WILLIAM T. HORNADAY, Superintendent of the National Zoological Park.
• History Newswork.org - Were American Indians the Victims of Genocide?
• The Wild West - Native Americans
• Daily Mail - The real Wild West - On the Navajo trail of Arizona's Native Americans
• Show Indians (Wikipedia)

Native Americans and the Buffalo

• History Learning - Buffalo and the Native Americans
• Indians.org - American Buffalo
• National Humanities Center - Buffalo Tales - The Near-Extermination of the American Bison
• Historical Insights - Buffalo Bill and Native Americans
• Living Myths - Native American Myths
• Native Languages - Native American Buffalo Mythology
• Eye Witness to History - Buffalo Hunt, 1846
• White Buffalo Miracle - Sacred Buffalo,American Indian Stories and Poems
• Legends of America - Legend of the White Buffalo
• Mercer online - The White Buffalo - "The White Buffalo Woman"
• of America - Arapaho - Great Buffalo Hunters of the Plains
• First People - Native American Legends The story of the Buffalo Dance - A Blackfoot Legend

Language Resources

• Great Lakes Algonquian Syllabics

Asylums

• Access Genealogy

Schools/Seminaries

Beginning in 1878 the goal was to assimilate Indian people into the general population of the United States. By placing the Indian children in first day schools and boarding schools it was thought this would be accomplished. Federal policy sanctioned the removal of children from their families and placed in government run boarding schools. It was thought they would become Americanized while being kept away from their traditional families. Source: Access Genealogy

• Access Genealogy Lists of students names, tribal affiliation, residence and age in hopes that by searching these records you will find your native ancestor.

General

• Wikipedia: Wikipedia Native Americans in the United States
• Indian Timeline, Native American Encyclopedia
• Treaty with the Cherokee, 1791 Treaty of Holston July 2, 1791. | 7 Stat., 39. | Proclamation, Feb. 7, 1792. Indian Affairs: Laws and Treaties. Vol. II (Treaties), Compiled and edited by Charles J. Kappler, Washington : Government Printing Office, 1904, [Pages 29-33]
• Indian Affairs. Laws and Treaties. Vol.I, (Treaties) United States: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1904.
• Indian Affairs: Laws and Treaties. Vol. II (Treaties), Compiled and edited by Charles J. Kappler, Washington : Government Printing Office, 1904
• An Indigenous Peoples' History of the United States, by Roxanne Dunbar-Ortiz, Beacon Press, Boston, 2014 (with sections for Suggested Reading, End Notes, Works Cited, Index)

Sources

See also:

• Native Americans in the United States (FamilyPedia)