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Native Americans Project Reliable Sources

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This page of resources and information on sources for Native American genealogy is an ongoing effort of the WikiTree Native Americans Project. Read the Comments and click through the Changes log to see its evolution. If you have suggestions for sources to add please let us know in Comments!

Contents

WikiTree Resources

WikiTree places a strong emphasis on sources, especially for vital statistics and relationships. We realize that this emphasis sometimes conflicts with oral tradition often associated with Native American ancestry. We try to reflect family tradition in the narrative while at the same time following WikiTree's standards for sourcing when it comes to relationships and vitals.

Unreliable Sources: What NOT to Use

  • Unsourced family trees or pedigrees, including those found on Ancestry and FamilySearch. For online trees that are sourced, please check the sources cited, and if accurate, cite those directly.
  • For more good advice on unreliable sources, also see the United States Project's Sources to be Used with Caution and Unreliable Sources; and the Puritan Great Migration Project's Unreliable Sources.

Tribal Lists & Directories

For modern tribal entities, we seek to use the name as it is officially recorded in the Bureau of Indian Affairs Federal Register. For historical tribes, we seek to use the name that is most often used in historical records, understanding that these names are not necessarily what members of that tribe would have used; and that it’s often impossible to connect a person to a specific band, clan, or other smaller grouping so we use broader terminology.

Guides to Native American Genealogy & Research

Research wikis at FamilySearch:

Archives, Libraries & Museums

National Archives

U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA)

Library of Congress

Library of Congress (LOC)

Other Collections

Census Records

Also see Tribe and Region-Specific Sources below for links to additional census records and rolls on space pages maintained by Native Americans Project teams.

Indian Census of the United States, 1885-1940

Additional Census Records

  • American Indians in Census Records - links to additional National Archives records and resources, including special censuses and American Indians in the Federal Decennial Census (e.g., 1880 Indian Population Schedule).

Dawes Records and Rolls

DNA

WikiTree's Native Americans Project follows the expertise of Roberta Estes at DNAeXplained – Genetic Genealogy:

For general information also see:

General Reference

Images

Resources for images and help with photos are on the Native Americans Project Photo Page.

Maps

  • Records of the Bureau of Indian Affairs: Central Map File, 1824-1960
    National Archives record series of maps pertaining to Indian lands and reservations (National Archives Identifier: 305482). 3,000+ digited Items are viewable online via the National Archives Catalog (click above link). Click the "Search within this Series" blue button to narrow or filter your search for Items accessible online.

Schools & Institutions

Conflicts

Treaties

Tribe and Region-Specific Sources

Apache

Blackfeet

California

Cherokee

Some reliable sources for Cherokee history and genealogy are:

  • Dawes Index: Cherokee
  • Guion Miller Commission. The Guion Miller payment was for all Cherokee/Cherokee descendants who were affected by Removal; there was no residence requirement. The Dawes Commission awarded individual land allotments to Cherokee living in Indian Territory. The Guion Miller Commission awarded individual payments.

WikiTree Cherokee Pages:

Choctaw

Some reliable sources for Choctaw history and genealogy are:

WikiTree Choctaw Pages:

Creek

Crow

Delaware (Lenape)

Kansas

Michigan/Great Lakes Region

Navajo

New England Tribes

  • Native Northeast Portal - database of digitized primary source materials by, on, or about Northeast Indians. From The Native Northeast Research Collaborative (formerly the Yale Indian Papers Project).
  • David Allen Lambert (comp.) , Massachusetts: Earle Report of Native Americans, 1861, (database); Boston: New England Historic Genealogical Society (2020); index to the Appendix of 1861 Massachusetts Earle Report of Native Americans from the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. Includes the names, tribal membership, tribe/race, and location where the Native Americans resided in Massachusetts in 1861. The database is searchable by name, location, and tribe. The index contains nearly 1,700 searchable names. While the index may be searched and displayed by the public; viewing actual pages requires NEHGS membership.

New York

Ohio

Ohio Memory: collaborative statewide digital library of the Ohio History Connection and the State Library of Ohio. Digital content from over 390 cultural heritage institutions representing all 88 of Ohio’s counties covering a wide range of topics from prehistory to present day.

Oklahoma

Plateau Peoples

Pueblo

Seminole

Shawnee

Wyandot & Wyandotte





Images: 3
Map of Indian Territory and Oklahoma
Map of Indian Territory and Oklahoma
Indian Territory by C.A. Maxwell
Indian Territory by C.A. Maxwell
Early Indian Tribes, Culture Areas & Linguistic Stocks
Early Indian Tribes, Culture Areas & Linguistic Stocks
Collaboration
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Comments: 53

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Teague-1504 Robert Teague
Images appearing on a previous version of this space page were removed because they did not have identifying source information or any usage rights/copyright information.
posted on Native Americans (merged) by Robert Teague
Teague-1504 Robert Teague
Might it be time to take another look at this page in the context of recent updates to our Reliable Sources page? (https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Space:Native_Americans_Project_Reliable_Sources)

I could see this page becoming more of a "companion" to Reliable Sources, with a broader focus on starting points and strategies for "learning how to learn" about conducting Native American historical research (at least to the extent that it could be addressed on WT). "Link rot" and links to unsecure sites also need attention. I'm happy to work on this while also honoring the legacy work done here, and just want to get any reaction before proceeding.

Cheers, Bob

posted on Native Americans (merged) by Robert Teague
Smith-32867 Jillaine Smith
Did you read all of the comments below, Robert?

I think this page was historically a strange mish-mash. I'm not even sure how useful it is in its current form.

If you think it could be repurposed in a useful way, I'd say go for it. Just know that Kathie has developed some how-to research pages for doing Cherokee research, so let's not duplicate that. But perhaps there is a more over-arching "how to get started on NA research" ? But even that, I've got to think there are other places (even familysearch's wiki) that might have that already.

Kathie's out for the rest of the month, so I don't expect her to weigh in on this (but see what she's already written below.)

posted on Native Americans (merged) by Jillaine Smith
Teague-1504 Robert Teague
Yep...and my thoughts align with yours and Kathie's.

The general idea would be to repurpose this page as a way to make resources like the excellent Cherokee research pages (and any other sources/resources pages actively maintained by project teams) easier to find - not duplicate effort, but promote it and make it more visible. So we'd have "Reliable Sources" for potential primary sources for use on profiles, and "History Resources" oriented more toward resources for general historical research. I'll take a pass at it to see if it's reasonable.

posted on Native Americans (merged) by Robert Teague
Teague-1504 Robert Teague
Hi Jillaine -

What's the Project's preferred protocol for editing/updating this page? For example, at least 3 links are returning 404-Not Found errors.

I added a link to Dickinson's Carlisle School resource center, and can work on other updates (especially addressing the comment about the "Index of resources on the internet") but I don't want to overstep.

Cheers, Bob

posted by Robert Teague
Smith-32867 Jillaine Smith
Robert, you would not be overstepping; our project, unlike many WT projects, just does not have the capacity to attend to all that needs attending to (much less be proactive with new members, etc., creation and management of teams, etc). So PLEASE feel free to update as you come across things. If you can find updated links, that would be great. If you need access to pages that are not open, let me know. THANK YOU.

If there are other ideas you have, we are in high need of greater volunteer involvement.

posted by Jillaine Smith
Teague-1504 Robert Teague
Got it- thanks, Jillaine! I'll proceed and try to make liberal use of Comments and the Changes log to "show my work."

I'm happy to step up and hear more about specific volunteer needs. Right now I'm attempting to take a wide-angle lens approach to improving formatting, editing, and source information appearing on various profiles and team/project pages that appear to have been dormant for awhile in terms of editing/updating.

posted by Robert Teague
G-499 Arora (G) Anonymous
I figured the Project may find this useful. It is a full list of All Tribes/ Nations in US and the names of All of the Reservations and when they were set up and where by the US government. It is downloadable. The list is extremely long, but would go a long way to establishing all of the reservations on wikitree that are still not listed. This will give at least some in-site to the names of the peoples tribes/nations, many of which, are not known people outside of the Tribes.

This comes from Gov. Archives- https://www.archives.gov/files/publications/lists/special-list13.pdf

posted by Arora (G) Anonymous
edited by Arora (G) Anonymous
Smith-32867 Jillaine Smith
Arora, what an amazing find. Clarification: the document is an index of sorts to *maps* concerning tribal lands. I wonder if they ever digitized the maps. Would love to see those! I'll add this document, though, to our list above.

And you're right, especially the index at the very end, could be a valuable reference as a "list" of sorts of at least federally recognized tribes. (Although I think I've seen such lists elsewhere.)

As for adding more tribes to our list here, I'm conflicted about that. We already have a lot of tribes on the Tribes category page that are completely empty of profiles. I guess I'm more in the school of "create new ones when we have use for them." (And I also think the Categorization project frowns on creation of categories if you have less than multiple profiles for the given category.)

But did you have another idea, Arora?

posted by Jillaine Smith
edited by Jillaine Smith
G-499 Arora (G) Anonymous
I believe I read in the documents pages that some of the maps if not all are digitized. but will have to go back thru it to tell you where, or if a link, what it was. don't have time right now.

Maybe set a free space page up, listing the names of the reservations and which tribes were a apart of those reservations, and for what years. I don't have time, wish I did, but offline family needs/ responsibilities these days keep me busy about 14-16 hours a day. Maybe ask in G2g if anyone would like to be on a team to address all the pages of reservations, and subdivide the gov.pages to individuals that want to help, subdivide and have each person do just a section, to set up free space page list of all of them with the Years details, and link the page to the Native American Nations / Tribes category? I dunno that that would work, but might be a thought.

Also please remember different time periods of Reservations ..from present times means.. If they were on a reservation, then they were at least.. recognized as "Indians" for that time period involved. I'm only thinking in aspects of .. were they indian or weren't they. not about who qualifies for what and who doesn't.

posted by Arora (G) Anonymous
Teague-1504 Robert Teague
Indeed many have been digitized! Added a link in the Maps subsection.
posted by Robert Teague
Weinheimer-29 Mark Weinheimer
I just stumbled across a few more:
posted by Mark Weinheimer
Weinheimer-29 Mark Weinheimer
As I research local families in the Upstate New York region, I run across resources that sometimes provide primary documentary information about local Indians, particularly Haudenosaunee people. Two examples are:

And:

These two sets of documents provide names of many individual people and, in the case of the Fort Hunter records, document family relationships. Where should these be posted?

posted by Mark Weinheimer
edited by Mark Weinheimer
Smith-32867 Jillaine Smith
Nice finds; perhaps we need a subsection called "New York" (after New England)?
posted by Jillaine Smith
Smith-32867 Jillaine Smith
Closing the loop here: I finally added a New York sub section and added what you found there; thanks Mark.
posted by Jillaine Smith
Jordan-13977 Richard (Jordan) J
For your consideration, please evaluate and consider this source.

Source: The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, Vol 13, No. 3 (Jan, 1906, pp 225-264). Published by: Virginia Historical Society.

Virginia and the Catawbas and Cherokees, A Treaty Between, 1756, page 225

pdf pages 258 - 296 of 596

page 260 of 596

"See The Cherokee Nation of Indians, by Charles C. Royce, Fifth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology. Mr. Royce appears, however, not to have read the Dinwiddie Papers, to have been ignorant of the treaty here printed, and is entirely, mistaken when he says (p. 145) that Fort Loudon was built by South Carolina."

286 VIRGINIA HISTORICA MAGAZINE.

Best! Richard Jordan, Amherst County, Virginia

posted by Richard (Jordan) J
edited by Richard (Jordan) J
Parks-2399 Kathie (Parks) Forbes
This article is in error. Virginian troops built a fort a mile above Chota, the South Carolina troops, accompanied by German engineer DeBrahm, build Fort Loudon.
posted by Kathie (Parks) Forbes
Jordan-13977 Richard (Jordan) J
The source is 37 pages long. Excluding the error, would the remainder be of any value?

If not, please consider adding the source to the un-reliable list.

Best! Richard Jordan, Amherst County, Virginia

posted by Richard (Jordan) J
edited by Richard (Jordan) J
Parks-2399 Kathie (Parks) Forbes
At the time this article was written - 1906 - these records were only accessible in a library or archive. Most are now digitized and readily available. Some early journal articles can be very useful, but most are simply outdated.
posted by Kathie (Parks) Forbes
Jordan-13977 Richard (Jordan) J
Agreed.

Please consider the following: '''Fort Loudon Preceded Fort Loudoun

The French and Indian War brought conflict to the Virginia frontier. The militia was more formally organized, and Lewis became a captain in George Washington's regiment. Lewis was at Fort Necessity when Washington was forced to surrender to the French in 1754.

Washington's proposal for a series of frontier fortifications was approved, and Lewis was promoted to major to oversee the region along the Greenbrier River.<ref>https://military-history.fandom.com/wiki/Andrew_Lewis_(soldier)</ref>

=

‘’’FORTS OF THE VIRGINIA FRONTIERS‘’’

The military authorities of the State of Virginia took vigorous steps to resist this tide of invasion. They erected a chain of forts extending from Winchester [Virginia] to the Tennessee River.

The Earl of Loudon. who had been appointed commander of the King’s troops in America, and Governor of the Province of Virginia, came over in 1757. He sent Andrew Lewis (Afterward General), to build a fort on the south bank of the Tennessee River at the highest point of navigation. about 30 miles from the present town of Knoxville. This fort, called in honor of the Earl, Fort Loudon was remarkable as being the first fort erected in Tennessee by Anglo-Americans. At the other end of the line, in 1756, in another fort was built at Winchester [Virginia], which was called "Fort Loudon." About this time "Fort Lewis" [present day Bath County, Virginia] a name so familiar to many of our readers was built. Its site was on the present farm of Alexander White (now Frank B. Gordon), of this County, a few yards southwest of his residence.”

Note: Fort Lewis of Virginia, was built by Col. Charles Lewis, the youngest brother of Gen. Andrew Lewis. Col. Charles Lewis was killed at the battle of Point Pleasant, Virginia, on 10 October 1774. The Battle of Point Pleasant, also known as the Battle of Kanawha, was the only major action of Dunmore's War.<ref>Norfolk & Western Railway, ‘’The Southern Homeseeker and Investor's Guide‘’, Volumes 7-10, Quarterly, September, 1915, Norfolk and Western Guide, page 20.</ref><ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Lewis,_Virginia</ref><ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Point_Pleasant</ref>


=

The fort [Fort Loudon] was to be a joint effort by Virginia and South Carolina. The party from South Carolina was hampered by bureaucratic delays, however, and the Virginians, led by Major Andrew Lewis, reached the Cherokee "mother town" of Chota in the Little Tennessee Valley on June 28, 1756, several weeks ahead of the party from the other colony. Rather than wait, Lewis's party began work on a fort across the Little Tennessee River from Chota. This structure, known as the "Virginia Fort," was square in shape, measuring 105 feet (32 m) on each side, with walls consisting of earthen embankments topped by a 7-foot (2.1 m) palisade. Lewis's orders were simply to construct the fort, so after its completion in early August 1756, the Virginians returned home.<ref> James C. Kelly, "Fort Loudoun: A British Stronghold in the Tennessee Country," East Tennessee Historical Society Publications, Vol. 50 (1978), pp. 72-92.</ref><ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Loudoun_(Tennessee)</ref>

=

In 1756, after laborious preparations and in consequence of donations by Prince George himself and by the colonies of Virginia and South Carolina, Fort Loudon was erected here on the southern bank of the Tennessee River in what is now Monroe County, near the point where the Tellico River runs into the Little Tennessee, more than thirty miles southwest of Knoxville. It was built by Gen. Andrew Lewis, the chief engineer of the British troops, under the direction of the Earl of Loudon. This was the first Anglo-American settlement in Tennessee, and its romantic and melancholy story is an introduction to the history of Tennessee.<ref>Tennessee Historical Magazine, Old Fort Loudon, https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/America/United_States/Tennessee/_Texts/THM/3/4/Old_Fort_Loudon*.html</ref>


"See The Cherokee Nation of Indians, by Charles C. Royce, Fifth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology. Mr. Royce appears, however, not to have read the Dinwiddie Papers, to have been ignorant of the treaty here printed, and is entirely, mistaken when he says (p. 145) that Fort Loudon was built by South Carolina."<ref>VIRGINIA HISTORICA MAGAZINE, The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, Vol 13, No. 3 (Jan, 1906, pp 225-264). Published by: Virginia Historical Society.</ref><ref>http://www.ancestraltrackers.net/va/resources/virginia-magazine-history-biography-v13.pdf, specifically page 286, and pages 260 of 596</ref>

posted by Richard (Jordan) J
Bright-1984 Billie (Bright) Keaffaber
I have this man I put story about family in research tab. I found couple books that mentions this guy brother as being Machapunga I like review of information to verify or deny information.

https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Dew-184

Billie

posted by Billie (Bright) Keaffaber
Parks-2399 Kathie (Parks) Forbes
The information you added has nothing to do with the Andrew Dew in the profile, a well-documented white man who was born, lived, and died in Virginia. His parents, wife, children, and brother Thomas are all well documented in records.
posted by Kathie (Parks) Forbes
O'Dell-121 Lorraine O'Dell M.L.S.
Wow, there's a mountain of resources here. I did a little looking but I wonder if you've looked at Aaron Carapella's Tribal Nations Maps? https://www.tribalnationsmaps.com/?fbclid=IwAR0u37to7Gb86N1g0GtRVklqaz_A16bvYkYkqrvxPHOCE4xOteXlvD_2TB8
posted by Lorraine O'Dell M.L.S.
Smith-32867 Jillaine Smith
Thanks, Lorraine; I'm a tad conflicted. The maps are beautiful, but the site appears to be mostly about selling rather high-priced maps for purchase. Can you say more about how you've used this site for research?
posted by Jillaine Smith
O'Dell-121 Lorraine O'Dell M.L.S.
I'm sorry, Jillaine, I haven't used the maps for research. I was mostly wondering if anybody in the project has looked at them to form an opinion of them. I may have looked at them to see what tribes were where in my area of interest but I usually also check 2 to 4 sources to see what agreement different sources have for a bit of information; especially in Native American things.
posted by Lorraine O'Dell M.L.S.
G-499 Arora (G) Anonymous
Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute : founded by General S.C. Armstrong in 1868, Hampton, Virginia, H.B. Frissell, principal. Daniel Murray Pamphlet Collection copy , Indian Residential Industrial School

https://www.loc.gov/resource/lcrbmrp.t1611/?st=gallery

posted by Arora (G) Anonymous
Smith-32867 Jillaine Smith
I'm way behind. I see this includes an account of American Indians trained at Hampton as well as a listing of Hampton graduates and their careers.

Edited to add: I've added a "Schools & Institutions" subsection, and put this there.

posted by Jillaine Smith
edited by Jillaine Smith
G-499 Arora (G) Anonymous
not sure where you want this

Bartlesville Area History Museum- Online Collections, Includes Mariages of white men to native women, also many other collections involving, Oklahoma Cherokee, Choctaw, Shawnee, and others.

home page- https://bartlesvillehistory.pastperfectonline.com/ Archives & Search page- https://bartlesvillehistory.pastperfectonline.com/archive

posted by Arora (G) Anonymous
edited by Arora (G) Anonymous
Smith-32867 Jillaine Smith
Added to the genealogy section.
posted by Jillaine Smith
Parks-2399 Kathie (Parks) Forbes
The “profiles” list is odd to say the least, and includes at least one mythical person (Mourning Dove). There is no way a single page can cover Native American History, it seems like the project page should be enough.
posted on Native Americans (merged) by Kathie (Parks) Forbes
Smith-32867 Jillaine Smith
I'm going to move the Profiles section to the Project page
posted on Native Americans (merged) by Jillaine Smith
Teague-1504 Robert Teague
Since the Project page has a link to "one of the Native Americans project's example profiles" (Sitting Bull, in our case), I'd like to remove the others. It seems like sample profiles are better linked from active Tribes & Nations teams pages.
posted on Native Americans (merged) by Robert Teague
Smith-32867 Jillaine Smith
Robert, turn this page into whatever you think is best. I appreciate all you're doing to clean up the various NA project and team pages. Thank you.
posted on Native Americans (merged) by Jillaine Smith
Smith-32867 Jillaine Smith
And Trail of Tears has its own page: http://www.wikitree.com/Space:Trail_of_Tears; should we move what's on this page to that one and link to it from here?
posted on Native Americans (merged) by Jillaine Smith
Smith-32867 Jillaine Smith
As I'm re-familiarizing myself with all the pages related to the Native Americans project, I'm still trying to get my head around the purpose of this page vs. the purpose of the project page. Until it gets to profiles, it seems like a type of historical overview of Native Americans in what is now the United States. But then I'm uncertain about the purpose of the "Profiles" section. Can someone walk me through it?
posted on Native Americans (merged) by Jillaine Smith
Smith-32867 Jillaine Smith
Paula, too bad those decisions weren't documented anywhere so subsequent project leadership had something to follow or at least understand. The problem with both Moytoy and Doublehead is that the bulk of those "lines" is fictional. We've spent most of the last two years cleaning up those fictional profiles.
posted on Native Americans (merged) by Jillaine Smith
Parks-2399 Kathie (Parks) Forbes
I think we are trying to eliminate the mythical family names like “Moytoy” and get the LNAB changed to Cherokee.
posted on Native Americans (merged) by Kathie (Parks) Forbes
J-276 Paula J
We adopted the Tribe as last name when we noticed the duplicates that were made because of the policy at the time to name all indigenous peoples with last name Unknown. This was shortly after we put the project up. It started as a subproject to Westward Ho! named American Indians which only covered the western tribes. We got a lot of request for inclusion of Northeastern tribes. We consulted a Cherokee Nation member who strongly suggested we change the name so we did and made the sub a full project that covered all Native Americans. At that time we adopted Tribe as LNAB.

Later through member discussion, there were two famous lines they agreed should be given the last name they were popularly known by due to the continuation of multiple duplicates for these profiles. These were Moytoy and Doublehead. That part was changed after the project changed hands. It was a good idea and there were other famous lines that could have benefited from this idea due to the huge size of the Cherokee tribe and a few Plains Indian Tribes. Now, with the significant improvements with the matching system when adding a profile, that naming convention addition may no longer be needed. However, the name Moytoy is of great historical significance.

posted on Native Americans (merged) by Paula J
Mason-10934 Sarah Mason
Free-space source page for "Indian Census of the United States, 1885-1940"

https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Space:Indian_Census_of_the_United_States%2C_1885-1940

posted by Sarah Mason
X-4925 Anne X
Yale Indian Papers Project [1]
posted by Anne X
Smith-32867 Jillaine Smith
We now have a project page for Reliable NA Sources; I'm going to move the Sources section out of this page and onto that one.
posted on Native Americans (merged) by Jillaine Smith
Rankin-3121 Howard Rankin Jr
I am interested in this project because many of my Creek ancestors were forced to march in the Trail of Tears.
posted on Native Americans (merged) by Howard Rankin Jr
Roberta (Nelson) Farley
Think it's important not to forget the Iroquois Nation tribes who left New York in the 1700's The Onieda Tribe( one of the seven nations) settled in Wisconsin and Minnesota .My maternal grandfather was about 50% Native American.
posted on Native Americans (merged) by Roberta (Nelson) Farley
Strutton-11 Shirley Ann (Strutton) Dalton (1943-2023)
It's not a duplicate. This page has a good deal of information that was never included on the NA Project Page. It is a very useful, very attractive page. And will not be merged into the NA Project Page.

Naming Guidelines should be included on the NA Project Page.

Shirley

posted on Native Americans (merged) by Shirley Ann (Strutton) Dalton (1943-2023)

Categories: Native Americans Project | Native American Genealogy Resources | Native American History | Reliable Sources for Pre-1700 Profiles