Provence_of_Nuevo_Santander-1.jpg

Province of Nuevo Santander

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Date: [unknown] [unknown]
Location: Texas and Mexicomap
Surnames/tags: Nueva_Espana Texas Mexico
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Provincia of Nueva Santander of Nueva Espana in what would become part of Texas

NOTE: Also see the new project, Wild Wild West and Westward Ho Projects to develop profiles covering the years 1800-1925

Nuevo Santander extended from the Pánuco River in the modern-day Mexican state of Veracruz to the Guadalupe River in the U.S. state of Texas.

Mary Richardson and Allan Thomas are the leaders of this sub-project. This was a space page for NEW SPAIN subproject., part of the first Southern Colonies. Project.

Spanish Colonies Home Page links to the other Spanish colony of Texas, Florida, New Mexico, Arizona, California, and resources relevant to Spanish colonies

Contents

Colony Origin/History

Timeline 1518 Juan de Grivalja explored Texas at Galveston Island.[1]explored Texas at Galveston Island.

Nov 6, 1528 heading for Florida, Alvar Núñez Cabeza de Vacaand 80 companions were crashed on Galveston due to a storm, then explored in Texas. Soon there were 15 people, who were rescued by the Karankawas. [1]de Vaca wandered through Texas for 8 years as a slave, a trader and a healer. When epidemics caused Native hostility, the Karankawas withheld food from the Spaniards. After several years as a slave for the Karankawas, Cabeza de Vaca lived among Coahuiltecan Indians. He was joined by Alonso Castillo Maldonado, Andrés Dorantes de Carranza, Estevanico. All headed west across Texas, and reached the California coastline. He left oral and written accounts of his explorations of Texas.[1]

1588 Luis de Carabajal -First governor of Nuevo Reino de León. He pursued natives for the massacre of 400 castaways from three ships wrecked on the coast en route to Spain. He was accused of using his authority to trade in Native American slaves. First governor of Nuevo Reino de León.[1] 1746 Lieutenant Captain General Jose de Escandon received his appointment to colonize Nuevo Santanderin September 1746. Escandon first initiated a detailed exploration of the region. Later he was accused of murdering the indigenous population and taking Native American slaves;[2]

1749 Escandon established: 1.Villa de Llera de Canales (modern day Llera, Tamaulipas); 2.San Fernando de Güemes (modern day Güemez, Tamaulipas); 3.San Antonio de Padilla (modern day Padilla, Tamaulipas); 4. Villa de Santander de los Cinco Señores (modern day Jimenez, Tamaulipas); 5.Nuestra Señora de Loreto (modern day Burgos, Tamaulipas); 6. Capt. Blas Maria de la Garza Falcon founded Nuestra Señora de Santa Ana de Camargo (modern day Camargo, Tamaulipas); 7.Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe de Reynosa (modern day Reynosa, Tamaulipas) was under the command of Capt. Carlos Cantu;

1750 Inspection tours of the existing seven settlements were begun, Escandon then returned to Queretaro to report on the colonization effort. Jose de Escandon was made a Knight of Santiago and given the title of Count of Sierra Gorda. In all, Escandon established 24 colonies in Santander, most located south of the Rio Grande;

1750 Nuestra Senora de Dolores (modern day Dolores, a few miles north of San Ygnacio, Texas) was founded by Jose Vasquez Borrego;

1755 San Agustin de Laredo (modern day Laredo, Texas) was officially founded on May 15, 1755;

1757 José Tienda de Cuervo, visited the colony as the head of an inspection commission;

1763 French and Indian War (Seven Years War);

1770. Fray Jose de Haro of the order of Saint Francis created a detailed map of Santander. The missions depicted reflect the growth of Catholicism in the area;

1774 "Nuestra Senora del Refugio de los Esteros", later known as Matamoros, at the mouth of the Rio Grande was founded;

1776 Santander became part of the semi-autonomous Provincias Internas;

1810 Mexican War of Independence;

1813 Battle of Medina was fought on August 18, 1813, between the republican forces of the ‘’’Gutiérrez-Magee expedition’’’ under Gen. José Álvarez de Toledo y Dubois and a Spanish royalist army under Gen. Joaquín de Arredondo;

1836 and 1845 Texas was a republic

1845 Annexation. December 29, 1845 is the date of Texas's legal entry into the Union.

1846 Fort Brown/Fort Texas established, by General Taylor, on the banks of the Rio Grande opposite the city of Matamoros, Tamaulipas.

1848 The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo which ended the Mexican American war established the Rio Grande as the border between Texas and Mexico, and led to Mexico recognizing Texas as a part of the United States.

“Upon the annexation of Texas, the dispute erupted into war between the United States and Mexico. With resolution of the conflict, Mexican inhabitants of the "Nueces Strip" found themselves disenfranchised, living in occupied territory, and subject to a strange government and customs they did not readily understand” Robert S. Weddle, "NUEVO SANTANDER," Handbook of Texas Online


"The hostile Native American who took refuge in the coastal jungle and adjacent mountains held out until 1748. For more than two centuries the territory had been held by "indios bárbaros, pagans, and apostates."[3]The people in Nuevo Santander were the first to call themselves Tejanos.

Nuevo Santander extended from the Pánuco River in the modern-day Mexican state of Veracruz to the Guadalupe River in the U.S. state of Texas.

In the early 1700’s those areas that today comprise the Mexican states of Veracruz and Tamaulipas and South Texas (the Rio Grande Valley) were still the domain of native Indian tribes. Spain had not yet succeeded to settle those areas, but the English and French had an interest in acquiring territories that Spain claimed as her own. The extension of Spanish colonies into northern Mexico and Texas was prompted by a desire to halt English and French encroachments into Spanish territory and by a need to populate those regions to stop the Native American raids (Comanche) into the more populated regions of New Spain. The man chosen to head the colonization effort was Lieutenant Captain General Jose de Escandon, the "Exterminator of the Pames of Querétaro", a native of the province of Santander in Spain.[4]

José Tienda de Cuervo served as juez inspector of the colony of Nuevo Santander under Agustín Ahumada y Villalón, Marqués de las Amarillasqv, in the mid-eighteenth century.[5]

Original Structure

By the time Nuevo Santander was created, the Spanish had an efficient and relatively successful system for expanding Spanish culture and politics to new lands. This system was embodied in the Laws of the Indies and included the construction of missions and presidios and the formation of civil settlements. The Spanish had a penchant for organization, bureaucracy, and documentation. Santander was divided into several departments. Departments were subdivided into municipalities, which were governed by alcaldes, similar to a modern-day mayor. Each municipality also had an elected ayuntamiento, similar to a city council.

Evolution of Government Structure

Mexico states evolution

1512 The Laws of Burgos, signed by King Ferdinand II of Aragon, focused upon the welfare of the conquered native peoples

1542 Leyes Nuevas, issued November 20, 1542 by King Charles I of Spain regarding the Spanish colonization of the Americas, are also known as the "New Laws of the Indies for the Good Treatment and Preservation of the Native American ", and were created to prevent the exploitation of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas by the Encomenderos (large enterprise landowners) by strictly limiting their power and dominion.

1548 Royal Audiencia of Guadalajarawas the highest tribunal of the Spanish crown in what is today northern Mexico and the southwestern United States in the Viceroyalty of New Spain. It was created by royal decree on February 13, 1548, and was originally located in Compostela and permanently seated in Guadalajara in 1560. Its president was the chief political and executive officer of the district, subordinated only to the viceroy of Mexico

1573 The Laws of the Indies were an attempt to guide and regularize the establishment of presidios (military towns), missions, and pueblos (civilian towns), King Phillip II developed the first version of the Laws of the Indies.

1776 Provincias Internasor Commandancy General of the Internal Provinces of the North was a colonial, administrative district of the Spanish Empire, created to provide more autonomy for the frontier provinces in the Viceroyalty of New Spain, present day northern Mexico and southwestern United States. The goal of its creation was to establish a unified government in political, military and fiscal affairs.

1821-1823 The Mexican Empire (Imperio Mexicano) was the official name of independent Mexico under a monarchical regime, Agustín de Iturbide, was proclaimed emperor of Mexico.

1824 Constitution of Mexico The Federal Constitution of the United Mexican States of 1824 (Spanish: Constitución Federal de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos de 1824) was enacted on October 4 of 1824, after the overthrow of the Mexican Empire of Agustin de Iturbide. In the new constitution, the republic took the name of United Mexican States, and was defined as a representative federal republic, with Catholicism as the official and unique religion

1835 President Santa Anna revoked the Constitution of 1824. In October 1835, Santa Anna abolished all state governments.

Settlers

Luis de Carabajal is presumed to be the first Spaniard to cross the Rio Bravo (Rio Grande) in pursuit of marauding natives responsible for the massacre of 400 castaways from three ships wrecked on the coast en route to Spain. He was accused of using his authority to trade in Native American slaves

GARZA FALCÓN, BLAS MARÍA DE LA (1712–1767). Capt. Blas María de la Garza Falcón, colonizer of South Texas and Tamaulipas and the first settler of Nueces County, Texas, was born in Real de las Salinas, Nuevo León, Mexico, in 1712 to Gen. Blas de la Garza Falcón, twice governor of Coahuila, and Beatriz de Villarreal. His five brothers and six sisters spent their childhood at the hacienda Pesquería Chica near Monterrey. He probably received his education in Monterrey[6]

VÁZQUEZ BORREGO, JOSÉ (?–?). José Vázquez Borrego, pioneer cattle rancher from Coahuila, Mexico, established the first permanent settlement at the site of present Dolores in South Texas on August 22, 1750. In the 1740s Vázquez Borrego made his living as a rancher breeding horses and mules on his ranch.[7]

Migrating From the Northern Colonies

Migration from the north did not begin in earnest until establishment of Fort Brown in 1846

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Ships

Ports were undeveloped along this stretch of the Gulf. The nearest port of entry was the international port of Veracruz in the State of Veracruz

Native Americans

Carancaguases (Karankawas), Copanes (Cópanos), and Piguacasas (Piguiques).[8] Comanche and Apache raiders.

Indentured Servants

The indigenous peoples that survived European diseases could be considered indentured servants of the Colonials.

Slaves

Moorish African, Cuban African, ship wreck survivors and the indigenous peoples all were subjected to slavery.


Economic Resources and Information

Ports, salt deposits, agricultural lands, longhorn cattle, sheep, horses, mules, and fishing all held potential as economic resources.

Conflicts Within The Colony

Raids by the Spanish enslaving the indigenous peoples, Colonization, Mexican War of Independence, Indian raids in retaliation for the slavery raids, the Texas Revolution, all contributed to the disruption of peace in this area.


Research Resources

The Bexar Archives are the official Spanish documents that preserve the political, military, economic, and social life of the Spanish province of Texas and the Mexican state of Coahuila y Texas. Both in their volume and breadth of subject matter, the Bexar Archives are the single most important source for the history of Hispanic Texas up to 1836

UT Arlington Library's Special Collections has built a diverse research collection and collects materials in virtually all formats and makes them available to researchers.

TWO MANUSCRIPT MAPS OF NUEVO SANTANDER IN NORTHERN NEW SPAIN FROM THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY By DENNIS REINHARTZ

Existing Categories
Related Free Space Pages

Nueva Espana Some of Provinces of Nueva Espana and later Mexico

Surname/Family Pages

Cemeteries

NOTE: This should include a "how to" set up a cemetery. Need to get an advisor on board from that project. On individual Cemetery pages, resources should be listed along with a description.

Free Resources

Rootsweb Familysearch.org

Paid Resource Sites

Ancestry.com

Mexican Genealogy Research Online: A Guide to Help You Discover Your Ancestry


Photos and Images

Sources for this Page

  1. 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 http://www.houstonculture.org/spanish/exploration.html
  2. "Escandón, José de," Enciclopedia de México, v. 5. Mexico City, 1988
  3. http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/usnue
  4. "Escandón, José de," Enciclopedia de México, v. 5. Mexico City, 1988
  5. http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fti19
  6. http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fga66
  7. http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fva43
  8. http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/upo01
  • "Indians of the Rio Grande Delta: Their Role in the History of Southern Texas ..."By Martín Salinas, pg 177
  • Nuevo Santander in 1795: A Provincial Inspection by Félix Calleja
  • "The Southwestern Historical Quarterly", by David M Vigness, Vol. 75, No. 4 (Apr., 1972), pp. 461-506, Published by: Texas State Historical Association
  • John Schmal, Donna Morales, coauthored "Mexican-American Genealogical Research: Following the Paper Trail to Mexico" (Heritage Books, 2002).
  • "General State of the Foundation of the Colony of Nuevo Santander" Book online: Vol I Hispanic II Genealogy 929.3721 JEST 11 Vol.1 1 5 in the CC libraries.




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Hello, let's keep this project page privacy white (open), please.
posted by Mary Richardson
Can someone please remove Category: Matamoras, Mexico and replace it with Category: Matamoros, Tamaulipas? Thank you.
posted by [Living Guerra]
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December 8, 2014

posted by Paula J