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Roanoke Colony

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Roanoke Colony

Roanoke Colony, 1585 to circa 1590:[1] Roanoke Island, Virginia (then),[2][3] Roanoke Island, North Carolina (now).[4] The island is "a 10-mile-long and 2.5-mile wide land mass sandwiched between mainland North Carolina and the Outer Banks."[5]

"Almost bounded by Sir Francis Drake's circumnavigation of the globe in 1580 and the defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588, the first phase of English colonizing efforts in the New World was initiated by Sir Humphrey Gilbert and continued by his half-brother Sir Walter Ralegh. Gilbert, after an aborted voyage in 1578, took possession of Newfoundland in 1583, but was lost at sea on his return to England. Shortly thereafter, Ralegh received a patent to plant settlements in the unclaimed area south of Gilbert's territory. Exercising his grant with amazing speed, he prepared a reconnaissance voyage which departed England on 27 April 1584, and arrive at the coast of what is now North Carolina, appropriately enough, on the 4th of July."[6]

The first colonization effort (1585) failed; the second (1587) is known as the Lost Colony.[7]

Timeline

  • 1578, 11 June: "Raleigh's brother, Sir Humphrey Gilbert, is granted a patent by the Queen to discover and occupy North American lands not inhabited by Spain.... Raleigh and Carew captain a reconnaissance mission"[8][9] - but not to the area known as Virginia in the 1580s, as Raleigh "never travelled to Virginia himself"[10]
    Raleigh was captain of the Falcon for this mission,[10] and his pilot was Simon Fernandes[8]
  • 1580: Voyage of exploration by Humphrey Gilbert, who held a "Patent of Discovery"[11]
  • 1583, 9 September: Sir Humphrey Gilbert dies at sea returning from Newfoundland when HMS Squirrel goes down with all hands in waters off the Azores[12] - his half-brother Walter Raleigh inherits the "Patent of Discovery"[11]
  • 1584, 5 March:[13] Walter Raleigh secures a patent from Queen Elizabeth I to colonize America[14]
  • 1584, 27 April: two ships, under Capt. Arthur Barlowe and Master Philip Amadas, leave England for America (sent by Raleigh),[15] "piloted by veteran Portuguese navigator Simon Fernándes"[16]
  • 1584, 4 July:[6] Barlowe and Amadas arrive "on the outer banks of what is now the Pamlico Sound of North Carolina. Barlowe described the land as a place where "in all the world the like abundance is not to be found...." He and his crew were met by a large group of the Secotan tribe, led by their king's brother Granganimeo. Their king Wingina was unable to be there because of a leg wound sustained during a battle with a neighboring tribe."[15]
  • 1584: Manteo and Wanchese "returned to England with a reconnaissance party sent by Sir Walter Ralegh in 1584"[17]
  • 1584, December: Walter Raleigh's patent of colonization is confirmed by parliament[13]
  • 1585: upon receiving "accounts of the new found land [Queen Elizabeth] gave it the name of "Virginia" in memory of herself as the Virgin Queen"[2][3] - or she "allowed the entire territory to be named Virginia, a reference to her status as the virgin queen"[5][18]
  • 1585: first (failed) colonizing expedition to Roanoke Island[19]
  • 1585, 9 April: five large ships and two smaller ones set sail from Plymouth, England, with some 600 men aboard, including Manteo and Wanchese[5]
  • 1585, 17 August: the 200 settlers under Capt. Ralph Lane, sent by Raleigh aboard a fleet of seven ships under Sir Richard Grenville, occupy Roanoke Island[13]
    "Upon their arrival in June 1585, the settlers realized that Barlowe and company had oversold the promise of the territory. For starters, it was extremely treacherous to steer ships through the shallow waters around the Outer Banks, and they had no choice but to anchor the largest vessels far offshore—unprotected from bad weather. In the struggle to find safe mooring, the settlers lost the bulk of their food, and Grenville soon headed back to England to obtain more resources. With him went all but roughly 100 men, who, under Lane’s leadership, got to work building a fort on Roanoke Island."[5]
  • 1585, 26 August: the Tiger sinks after being grounded "through the vnskilfulnesse of the Master whose name was Fernando"[20]
  • 1585-6: the "Roanoke tribes, ruled by Wingina, were expert farmers whose generosity sustained Lane’s contingent through the winter of 1585"[5]
  • 1586, April: Grenville set out for Roanoke Island with supplies; the fort was already deserted by the time the fleet arrived in the summer. Grenville left 15 of his men to look after the settlement while he and the rest of his forces departed"[5] (when White arrives at Roanoke Island in 1587, the soldiers had disappeared).[19]
  • 1586, 22 July: Drake reaches Portsmouth, England with the Roanoke Island colonists he rescued when his fleet arrived at the colony in advance of a supply fleet, and he "replenished and also took back with him all of the original colonists"[21]
  • 1587, 8 May: Raleigh sends "another colony to Roanoke under Governor John White";[13] fleet departed London at the end of April and departed for America on 8 May, after stops at Portsmouth and Plymouth for water and colonists,[22] including women and children, which would make Roanoke "a legitimate colony, not just a military outpost"[17]
  • 1587, 16 May: the flyboat - the supply ship for the second expedition - is separated from the fleet[23]
  • 1587, 22 July: 121 settlers led by John White land on Roanoke Island[24]
    "In 1587 the settlers' chosen destination was not Roanoke but the Chesapeake Bay but, on reaching Roanoake in late July, and allowing the colonists to disembark, Fernandes refused to let White's men re-board ship."[11]
    White's colonists "found only a single human skeleton and the rest of the property deserted. Several days later, a group of Native Americans killed a newly arrived colonist named George Howe while he fished for crabs."[5]
  • 1587, 26 July: the flyboat is sighted off Roanoke Island, bringing its remaining supplies and the rest of the colonists[23]
  • 1587, 18 August: White’s daughter gives birth to "Virginia Dare, the first English child born in the New World"[24]
  • 1587, 27 August: the second colonization fleet sets sail for England,[19] with Fernandes aboard the Lion and White aboard the flyboat,[23] "leaving behind 117 settlers, including [White's] daughter and granddaughter. He will never see them again."[19]
  • 1587, 16 October: the flyboat, with most of its crew dead or dying, sights land and makes harbor in Ireland. White and Spicer were able to go ashore, but White was left without a crew for the flyboat after an additional three crewmembers died and three more "were brought sicke." White procured passage for himself aboard "'a ship called the Monkie' and, after a few more days at sea, he at long last stepped ashore at Southhampton."[25]
  • 1587-88: resupply of the Roanoke Colony is delayed by the conflict between England and Spain, with England's sea captains being engaged in the defense of England from the Spanish Armada[26]
  • 1588 22 April 22: White sets sail with two ships in a (failed) resupply mission[19]
  • 1590: by 1590, all of the colonists on Roanoke Island had disappeared[24]
    • 20 March: White sets sail from England for the Roanoke Colony[19]
    • 17 August: Edward Spicer's boat capsizes when attempting to go ashore at Roanoke Island and seven men drown: "Edward Spicer, Ralph Skinner, Edward Kelley, Thomas Beuis, Hance the Surgion, Edward Kelborne, Robert Coleman"; four who "could swimme a litle kept themselues in deeper water and were saued"[27]
    • 18 August: White goes ashore and "finds the colony abandoned"[19]
    • October: After being unable to find the 117 colonists he left at Roanoke Island three years before, John White returns to England",[19] arriving at Portsmouth on the 24th[27]

People

  • 6 men listed as "of the companie" under Captains Amadas and Barlow in 1584, who witnessed the claiming of the land for the Queen[28]
  • 108 colonists in 1585[29]
  • 13[30] to 15[19] soldiers left by Grenville in 1586[5]
  • 110-121 colonists in 1587[29]
See also the National Park Service's webpage "A List of Participants in the Roanoke Voyages"[31]

Voyagers & Colonists

  • Philip Amadas (first voyage, 1584),[32][33] captain of the flagship Bark Ralegh[10]
  • Arthur Barlowe (1550-1620), first voyage, 1584[15][34][32]
  • Iames Browewich ("Of the companie" in 1584")[28]
  • Thomas Cavendish (1560-abt.1592), captain of the Elizabeth (first colonization fleet in 1585)[35]
  • John Clarke, captain of the Roebuck (first colonization fleet in 1585)[35]
  • Mr. Coffin, who had apparently stayed on the Island after Drake's fleet had evacuated the colony in July 1586, based on White's comment about wanting "to hear how the Indians had reacted to the hurried departure in 1586",[30] although he could have arrived with Grenville's 1586 fleet
  • Virginia Dare (1587-bef.1590) (first English child born in America)[24][36]
  • Simão Fernándes (1538-1590), "veteran Portuguese navigator" trained by Thomas Hariot, who was the pilot of the 1580 [1578] expedition of his patron, Humphrey Gilbert - Humphrey Gilbert (abt.1537-1583) - and subsequently for Walter Raleigh's expeditions:[11] Amadas and Barlowe's expedition in 1584[16] - Simon Ferdinando ("Of the companie" in 1584")[28] - and the two colonization expeditions, in 1585 and 1587[11]
  • Henry Greene ("Of the companie" in 1584")[28]
  • William Greeneuile [Grenville] ("Of the companie" in 1584")[28]
  • Sir Richard Grenville (1542-1591) - "a wealthy privateer who was also Raleigh’s cousin,"[5] "took the first colony to Virginia, April to October, 1585; went on a second voyage bringing supplies, April to December, 1586"[26]
  • Thomas Hariot (abt.1560-1621), author of A Breife and True report of the New Found Land in Virginia, 1586[34]
  • Iohn Hewes ("Of the companie" in 1584")[28]
  • Joachim Ganz, first Jewish settler in a British colony in North America; a metalurgist and a native of Prague, he arrived in 1585[24][37][38]
  • Ralph Lane MP (abt.1530-1603),[39] "Raleighs First Roanoke Colony"[34] - the 200 colonists of the first colonization effort were under Capt. Ralph Lane,[13] "a cousin of Henry VIII‘s sixth wife Katherine Parr, [who] was recalled from a sheriff’s post in Ireland to become Roanoke’s first governor."[5]
  • Nicholas Petman ("Of the companie" in 1584")[28]
  • Sir Walter Raleigh MP (abt.1554-1618) - 1578 reconnaissance mission for Gilbert[8] and "Mastermind of the Roanoke Voyages (1583-1590)"[10]
  • George Raymond, captain of the Lion (first colonization fleet in 1585)[35]
  • Edward Spicer, captain of the flyboat in the second colonization fleet in 1587[40] and "captain of the Moonlight in the 1590 (likely a supply ship) in the 1590 voyage to Virginia.... drowned off of Cape Hatteras in August of 1590 when his ship's boat was overturned by a wave in an attempt to land in foul weather"[41]
  • Edward Stafford (bef.1562-bef.1595)[22] - sailed in the first colonization expedition in 1585 and in 1587 was commander of the pinnace for the second expedition; he apparently returned to England in November 1587[42][43]
  • John White (abt.1540-abt.1593), Governor for the second (failed) colonizing expedition to Roanoke Island, artist[19] and mapmaker (supposedly),[44] and grandfather of Virginia Dare[36]
  • Bejamin Wood ("Of the companie" in 1584")[28]
  • Iohn Wood ("Of the companie" in 1584")[28]

Native Americans

  • Manteo, "a chief of the Croatan tribe... returned to England with a reconnaissance party sent by Sir Walter Ralegh in 1584";[17][45] he returned to Roanoke Island with Lane in 1585 and left with Drake in 1586,[17] then sailed with White in 1587[30]
  • Menatonon (Chowanoke) of the Chowanoke (abt.1520-)[46]
  • Wanchese,[47][48] believed to be the "last known chief of the Roanoke... who traveled to England with colonists in 1584"[49][45]
  • Wingina (Powhatan) Roanoke (abt.1548-1586) - killed by Ralph Lane and his men in early June 1586, when they "struck first" after hearing that "Wingina was apparently mounting a joint attack with other tribes" against the colonists[5]

Ships

See the National Park Service's webpage "Ships of the Roanoke Voyages" for definitions, ships by expedition, captains & masters.[50]
"In his 1593 letter to Hakluyt, White said that he had been to Virginia five times. There were five known voyages to Roanoke"[51] (apparently the 1584 expedition, the two colonization fleets of 1585 and 1587, one of the rescue missions in 1586, and White's return in 1590).
1584 expedition: two barks[32] depart England in April[15]
  • Flagship: Raleigh's 200-ton vessel Bark Ralegh (possibly)[16] Captain Philip Amadas[33] was "a member of Sir Walter Raleigh’s household, and in this function was, at the age of nineteen, made captain of the flagship Bark Ralegh (though the Portuguese navigator Simon Fernandez was master and pilot)"[10]
  • Dorothy (possibly), Master Arthur Barlowe[16]
1585 colonization fleet: seven ships under Sir Richard Grenville with 200 colonists under Capt. Ralph Lane (arriving in August)[13]
  • Flagship: The Tiger, "the queen's vessel, commanded by Sir Richard Grenville",[35] "with Simon Fernandez chief pilot and master":[50] "The grounding of the Tiger in 1585 had ruined the chances of Ralph Lane's colony"[52]
  • Lyon (Red Lyon) of Chichester,[50] The Lion, captained by George Raymond[35]
  • The Roebuck, under John Clarke[35]
  • Dorothy, probably captained by Arthur Barlowe[35]
  • Elizabeth, under Thomas Cavendish[35]
  • two pinnaces - "One was lost on the outbound leg, so Grenville's party built its replacement at Tallaboa Bay, Puerto Rico."[50]
1586 rescue by Drake's fleet, which arrived at Roanoke Island in June; see next section for a narrative & the National Park Service website for a list of his ships[50]
1586 "a supply ship of 100 tuns, owned and sent by Ralegh" arrives after 19 June, "found Lane's settlement deserted, and soon left"[50]
1586 "a fleet of two large vessels and four or five smaller ones commanded by Sir Richard Grenville. Grenville arrived shortly after Ralegh's supply ship had departed. He left a holding party of fifteen men with food for two years."[50]
1587 "Sir George Carey's Expedition"[50]
  • Commander - "(2000 tuns), owned by Carey; William Irish, leader of the expedition, may have been her captain. Commander and two consorts left England before the squadron bearing the colonists and evidently called at Chesapeake Bay, the colonists' supposed destination, but found no evidence of English settlement. The exact relationship of Carey's expedition to White's has not been established."[50]
  • "Swallow, a bark of 70 tuns owned by Carey"[50]
  • "Gabriel, a pinnace of 30 tuns owned by Carey"[50]
1587 second colonization fleet with 121 colonists under Gov. White, arrived at Roanoke Island on 22 July[24]
  • Flagship: The Lion 120 tons,[22] "Lyon (120 tuns); the admiral, captained by Governor John White, with Simon Fernandez as master and pilot"[50]
  • "an unnamed flyboat" to carry supplies,[22] (20 tuns), Edward Spicer, Master[50][23]
  • a pinnace, commanded by Edward Stafford (who had served under Lane in 1585),[22] "a small seaworthy vessel... usually of 40 or 50 tons compared to the 150 or 200 tons of the typical English ship"[42]
Gov. White stopped at Roanoke Island, "where he hoped to find Master Coffin and his men in rude health [and] to hear how the Indians had reacted to the hurried departure in 1586. He also hoped to persuade the 13 English soldiers to remain on the island in order to protect Lord Manteo. Then... White intended to 'passe along the coast to the Baye of Chesepiok where we intended to make our seate and make our forte'...." However, Fernandes had other plans and the colonists were left on Roanoke Island.[30]
1588: 22 April: "Two small ships, the Brave and the Roe, plus John White and fifteen settlers, sail from Bideford, England, on a mission to resupply the English colony at Roanoke Island. The two ships are separated and, after a fight with the French, are forced to return to England."[19]
  • Brave - "a pinnace of 30-50 tuns commanded by Captain Arthur Facy; Pedro Diaz, pilot"[50]
  • Roe - "a pinnace rated at around 25 tuns"[50]
1590: 20 March: "Four English privateering ships set sail from England on a mission to drop off John White at the English colony at Roanoke Island. White had left the colonists there three years ago and was delayed by the Spanish Armada".[19] One, the Moonlight, was captained by Edward Spicer.[41] On 16 August they arrived at the Outer Banks: "towards Euening we came to an anker at Hatorask... three leagues from the shore."[27]
  • "Hopewell (also known as the Harry and John), 140-160 tuns; Abraham Cocke, captain; Robert Hutton, master. Governor White booked passage on this vessel. White's account of the voyage suggests that the company barely tolerated [his] presence even as a passenger with no real authority."[50]
  • "John Evangelist: a pinnace, captained by William Lane."[50]
  • "Little John (120 tuns), Christopher Newport, captain; Michael Geare, master."[50]
  • "Moonlight (formerly Mary Terlayne), 80 tuns; owned by William Sanderson, commanded by Captain Edward Spicer."[50]
  • "Conclude, a pinnace of 20-30 tuns owned by Thomas Middleton and partners; Joseph Harris, captain; Hugh Harding, master; consort of Moonlight."[50]
  • "Two shallops lost under tow in the waters just off Plymouth."[50]
1590: "Another Squadron that May Have Called At Roanoke Island"[50]
  • "Bark Young, owned by associates of Sir George Carey; William Irish, captain."[50]
  • "Falcon's Flight, owned by John Norris."[50]

Drake

Sir Francis Drake (abt.1545-1596)
See the National Park Service website for a list of the ships in his Fleet that arrived at Roanoke Island in June 1586[50]
During the war between England and Spain, "Queen Elizabeth I... ordered Sir Francis Drake to lead an expedition to attack the Spanish colonies", and Drake left Plymouth in September 1585 with 21 ships. "On 6 June 1586... he attacked the wooden Spanish fort at San Agustín in Spanish Florida and burnt the town to the ground.... After the raids he then went on to find Sir Walter Raleigh's settlement much further north at Roanoke which he replenished and also took back with him all of the original colonists before Sir Richard Grenville arrived with supplies and more colonists. He finally reached England on 22 July, when he sailed into Portsmouth, England to a hero's welcome."[21]

Lost Colony DNA

See this G2G post, "Roanoke Island re: DNA", 2 January 2020. Among the links included in this answer:

Footnotes

  1. From WikiTree's Virginia Dates, posted by the Virginia Project, citing Wikipedia's article on Roanoke Colony (accessed 17 June 2023).
  2. 2.0 2.1 Lyon Gardiner Tyler, "Elizabeth, Queen of England", Encyclopedia of Virginia Biography (Lewis Historical Publishing Company, New York, 1915; accessed 18 June 2023).
  3. 3.0 3.1 Note that different entries in Tyler have the Queen naming the land "Virginia" at different times - when Amadas and Barlowe returned with their account of the new land ("Raleigh, Sir Walter" and "Amidas, Philip") or upon Sir Richard Grenville's return ("Elizabeth, Queen of England"). Hakluyt's The Principal Navigations... Volume 13, includes a letter from Ralph Lane - "From the New Fort in Virginia, this third day of September, 1585" (page 301).
  4. Wikipedia: Roanoke Island (accessed 18 June 2023).
  5. 5.00 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08 5.09 5.10 Ellen Gutoskey, 13 Tantalizing Facts About the Lost Colony of Roanoke, posted 31 January 2023 on Mental Floss (link shared in this G2G post). Note: Although the posting appears to have no sources, text links throughout the piece connect to online sources.
  6. 6.0 6.1 National Park Service: Roanoke Revisited, "Exploration of Roanoke Island, 1584" (accessed 19 June 2023).
  7. Wikipedia: Roanoke Colony (accessed 18 June 2023).
  8. 8.0 8.1 8.2 Lee Miller, Roanoke: Solving the Mystery of the Lost Colony, page 135 (accessed 18 June 2023).
  9. The "Carew" who sailed with Raleigh in 1578 may have been the George Carew of the WikiTree profile George Carew (1555-1629), but one of the sources cited for the profile says that he and his brother "appear as captains of a company of Devon and Cornishmen that landed at Waterford [in Ireland] in 1579." ~ LibraryIreland: Sir George Carew, by Alfred Webb (accessed 18 June 2023)
  10. 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 Roanoke Colonies Illuminated: Characters (accessed 19 June 2023).
    • Dictionary of North Carolina Biography, ed. William S. Powell. (Chapel Hill: UNC Press, 1979), s.v. "Amadas, Philip."
    Website Hosted by Digital Collections, Joyner Library, East Carolina University
  11. 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 Wikipedia: Simon Fernandes (accessed 18 June 2023).
  12. Wikipedia: Humphrey Gilbert (accessed 18 June 2023).
  13. 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Lyon Gardiner Tyler, "Raleigh, Sir Walter", Encyclopedia of Virginia Biography (Lewis Historical Publishing Company, New York, 1915; accessed 18 June 2023).
  14. From the WikiTree profile for Walter Raleigh (accessed 17 June 2023), citing Oxford Dictionary of National Biography: Ralegh, Sir Walter (1554–1618).
  15. 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 Wikipedia: Arthur Barlowe (accessed 18 June 2023).
  16. 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 Phillip W. Evans, "Amadas and Barlowe Expedition" (Encyclopedia of North Carolina, 2006; accessed 18 June 2023).
  17. 17.0 17.1 17.2 17.3 Virtual Jamestown, "Manteo and Wanchese (fl. 1584-1590)", accessed 18 June 2023.
  18. Another source says that Raleigh named the territory Virginia. ~ Eric Klingelhofe, "Captain Edward Stafford of the Roanoke Colonies", page 1 (1 of 16 in pdf), accessed 18 June 2023.
  19. 19.00 19.01 19.02 19.03 19.04 19.05 19.06 19.07 19.08 19.09 19.10 19.11 Michael G. Moran, "John White (d. 1593), Encyclopdia Virginia (accessed 17 June 2023).
  20. Richard Hakluyt, The Principal Navigations... Volume 13, page 298 (accessed 19 June 2023).
  21. 21.0 21.1 Wikipedia: Francis Drake (accessed 18 June 2023). Citations within the quoted passage:
    • Kelsey, Harry (2000). Sir Francis Drake: The Queen's Pirate. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0300084634.
    • Kaufmann, Miranda (2017). Black Tudors: The Untold Story. Simon and Schuster. p. 138. ISBN 978-1786071859.
    • Sugden, John (2006) [1990]. Sir Francis Drake. United Kingdom: Pimlico. ISBN 978-1844137626.
    See the Wikipedia article for links within the citations and additional sources.
  22. 22.0 22.1 22.2 22.3 22.4 Giles Milton, Big Chief Elizabeth, page 211 (accessed 18 June 2023).
  23. 23.0 23.1 23.2 23.3 White's log reported that on 16 May, the Lion had lost sight of the flyboat, which Fernandes had left "distressed in the baye of Portugall" ~ Giles Milton, Big Chief Elizabeth, page 212 (accessed 18 June 2023). The flyboat caught up with the colonists in late July, with "'the rest of our planters...' and enough food to stave off starvation" (page 232). White was aboard the flyboat when Fernandes again abandoned it on the return voyage to England (page 245).
  24. 24.0 24.1 24.2 24.3 24.4 24.5 From WikiTree's North Carolina History, posted by US Southern Colonies Project (accessed 17 June 2023).
  25. Giles Milton, Big Chief Elizabeth, page 246 (accessed 18 June 2023).
  26. 26.0 26.1 Lyon Gardiner Tyler, "Grenville, Sir Richard", Encyclopedia of Virginia Biography (Lewis Historical Publishing Company, New York, 1915; accessed 18 June 2023).
  27. 27.0 27.1 27.2 John White's "Return to Roanoke", digitized and posted by Digital History © 2021 (accessed 19 June 2023).
  28. 28.0 28.1 28.2 28.3 28.4 28.5 28.6 28.7 28.8 Hakluyt's The Principal Navigations... Volume 13 (page 293).
  29. 29.0 29.1 Wikipedia: List of colonists at Roanoke (accessed 18 June 2023) - see the article for sources.
  30. 30.0 30.1 30.2 30.3 Giles Milton, Big Chief Elizabeth, page 215 (accessed 18 June 2023).
  31. National Park Service: "A List of Participants in the Roanoke Voyages" (accessed 19 June 2023).
  32. 32.0 32.1 32.2 Barlowe, Arthur and Ralph Lane. The first voyage to Roanoke, 1584 : the first voyage made to the coasts of America, with two barks, wherein were Captains M. Philip Amadas and M. Arthur Barlowe, who discovered part of the countrey now called Virginia, anno 1584. Boston : Directors of the Old South Work, 1898, page 9.
  33. 33.0 33.1 Wikipedia: Philip Amadas (accessed 18 June 2023).
  34. 34.0 34.1 34.2 The Chowanoke Archives (accessed 17 June 2023).
  35. 35.0 35.1 35.2 35.3 35.4 35.5 35.6 35.7 Giles Milton, Big Chief Elizabeth, page 111 (accessed 18 June 2023).
  36. 36.0 36.1 John White's daughter, Eleanor (White) Dare (bef.1568-1587), was Virginia Dare's mother. One of the sources cited:
    See their profiles for additional sources.
  37. North Carolina Jewish History, Virtual Jewish World (accessed 17 June 2023).
  38. Wikipedia: Joachim Gans (accessed 19 June 2023).
  39. Wikipedia:
  40. Giles Milton, Big Chief Elizabeth, page 244 (accessed 18 June 2023).
  41. 41.0 41.1 Roanoke Colonies Illuminated: Edward Spicer (accessed 19 June 2023). "Works cited":
    • The Roanoke Voyages, 1584-1590: Volumes I & II, ed. David Beers Quinn (London: Hakluyt Society, 1955), 66, 500, 525, 592.
    Website Hosted by Digital Collections, Joyner Library, East Carolina University
  42. 42.0 42.1 Eric Klingelhofe, "Captain Edward Stafford of the Roanoke Colonies", page 288 (6 of 16 in pdf), North Carolina Historical Review, volume 94, number 3 (July 2017), accessed 18 June 2023.
  43. Klingelhofe's article conflates this Edward Stafford, who married the widow Margery (Draycott) Babington, with a different Edward, who was living in 1603/4 (Stafford-4363, husband of Ann Dockwray). Margery, Edward Stafford's widow, was married a third time by 11 June 1595:

    "Whereas Eyre is seised for the life of Margery his wife (late wife of Edwarde Stafforde) of the manor of Dethick etc. and a water corn mill at Dethick - and whereas Blackwall is seised of the remainder of the premises - in consideration of £700, Eyre agrees to convey his life interest to Blackwall." ~ Derbyshire Record Office. Ref No: D1088/MT/6. Title: Articles of agreement between Rowlande Eyre and Raphe Blackwall by the mediation of William Agarde and Roger Columbell. Date: 1595 (11 Jun 37 Elizabeth I).

  44. Roberta Estes, "John White Map Chowan Fort Discovery – Analysis", Native Heritage Project, posted 7 May 2012 (accessed 18 June 2023).
  45. 45.0 45.1 Manteo and Wanchese "were Algonquian-speaking Indians in what is now coastal North Carolina.... Manteo maintained a friendly relationship with the English during his stay in London and beyond, whereas Wanchese became hostile toward a people he considered to be his captors soon after his arrival in England." ~ Virtual Jamestown, "Manteo and Wanchese (fl. 1584-1590)", accessed 18 June 2023.
  46. See Menatonon's profile and also WikiTree's space page, Chowanoke.
  47. David B. Quinn, "Wanchese" (Encyclopedia of North Carolina, 1955; accessed 18 June 2023).
  48. Wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wanchese_(Native_American_leader) Wanchese (Native American Leader), accessed 18 June 2023).
  49. Wikipedia: Roanoke people (accessed 18 June 2023).
  50. 50.00 50.01 50.02 50.03 50.04 50.05 50.06 50.07 50.08 50.09 50.10 50.11 50.12 50.13 50.14 50.15 50.16 50.17 50.18 50.19 50.20 50.21 50.22 50.23 50.24 National Park Service: "Ships of the Roanoke Voyages" (accessed 19 June 2023). "Credits: Text by Olivia Isil; edited and expanded by lebame houston and Wynne Dough".
  51. Lee Miller, Roanoke: Solving the Mystery of the Lost Colony, page 275 (not available in snippit view; found in search for "named Virginia").
  52. Giles Milton, Big Chief Elizabeth, age 270 (accessed 18 June 2023).

See Also

  • Barlowe, Arthur (ca. 1550-1620). The First Voyage to Roanoke. 1584. The First Voyage Made to the Coasts of America, with Two Barks, wherein Were Captains M. Philip Amadas and M. Arthur Barlowe, Who Discovered Part of the Countrey Now Called Virginia, anno 1584. Written by One of the Said Captaines, and Sent to Sir Walter Ralegh, Knight, at Whose Charge and Direction, the Said Voyage Was Set Forth : Electronic Edition, Documenting the American South.
  • Hakluyt, Richard. The Principal Navigations, Voyages, Traffiques and Discoveries of the English Nation. America, Volume 13 - page 299 has the list of Lane's colonists. See the WikiTree profile for Richard Hakluyt (abt.1552-1616) for more information about him.
  • North Carolina Historic Markers: "First English Colonies (Marker B-1), accessed 19 August 2023.
  • Virtual Jamestown: The Complete Works of Captain John Smith (1580–1631) in Three Volumes, edited by Philip L. Barbour.
  • It Was America's First Colony English Colony. Then It Was Gone. (Link shared in this G2G post.)
  • "Secotan, an Algonquian village, ca. 1585", A Spotlight on a Primary Source by John White : The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History.
  • Roanoke (clickable link to recent G2G posts tagged "Roanoke")






Collaboration


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Sir Francis Drake's West Indian voyage, 1585-86

The Lost Colony

“The voyage was linked also with the plantation projects of Raleigh, and ended with Drake bringing home the discouraged settlers of the first Virginia colony.”

https://archive.org/details/sirfrancisdrakes0000unse_n4c8/page/n1/mode/1up?q=1585

posted by [Living Warman]
I encountered the following two sources on a WikiTree profile that could prove useful but they didn't have online links so couldn't assess them. Listing them here for the benefit of others:
  • Kingdom Strange, the brief and tragic history of the Lost Colony of Roanoke, by James Horn, 2010 Basic Books, Perseus Books Group, Philadelphia PA. 975.6175HOR
  • The Secret Token, Myth, Obsession and the Search for the Lost Colony of Roanoke, by Andrew Lawler, Doubleday, New York. 2018. p 69,70,73, 90, 92.

edited to clarify which Edward is which - The two sources just listed were encountered on the "not him" profile (not the Edward Stafford who sailed to Roanoke Island with the two colonization fleets):

posted by Liz (Noland) Shifflett
edited by Liz (Noland) Shifflett
Links have been added and those sources added to the Edward of Roanoke Colony,
posted by Connie Mack