Rustico: an Acadian parish
Location: Rustico, Prince Edward Island
THIS IS A DRAFT CURRENTLY UNDER CONSTRUCTION. Young-50816 15:32, 30 January 2024 (UTC)
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| Panoramic view towards North Rustico Harbour from Rusticoville, Prince Edward Island |
Abstract
This is a research aid for anyone researching Acadian families in Prince Edward Island, Canada. Rustico is a location of historic importance to Acadian families. Rustico was located on the north coast of Prince Edward's Island, almost directly north of Charlottetown, about 32 km (20 miles). The first Acadian families of Rustico arrived in 1763 and by 1798 there were 43 Acadian families living in Rustico.[1] This page describes the area over time and includes resources for researching indigenous peoples and French and Acadian settlers. The primary souces for this research aid are J. Henri Blanchard's account of the evolution of the Acadian settlement and Georges Arsenault's Illustrated History of the Acadians of Prince Edward Island.
History
Rustico was an unincorporated area in Queens County, Prince Edward Island. Its precise location is N 46°25', W 63°18' (Lat 46.4166667, Long -63.3). Rustico (Settlement) was adopted in the Place Names of PEI in 1925. The name changed to South Rustico on 22 Nov 1966.[2]
Rustico is a location of historic importance to Acadian families. The area was located on the north coast of Prince Edward's Island, almost directly north of Charlottetown, about 32 km (20 miles). The area included the township lots 24 and 23 and the eastern part of lot 22, an area of about 50,000 acres. The original forests were almost exclusively hardwood, with some softwood intertwined. The topography of the land was uneven and sandy but well-drained. The clay-rich soil was suitable for cultivation, and the bays allowed good fishing access in the Gulf of St. Lawrence.
The indigenous name for the area was "Tabooetooetun," meaning "three mouths" where the three rivers meet. The first mention of a French-origin name is in the parish register of Port Lajoie (a French settlement across from the Charlottetown of today) for the place name of some baptisms in 1750, using the form Russico or Rasico. Since baptisms of Acadians were not mentioned in the registers, Blanchard conludes that there were no permanent Acadian settlement prior to 1758 at least.
Starting in 1720, the French and Acadians started to settle on the island, and it is within the period of 1720-1750 that the name Rustico evolved. For an overview of the Acadian migration to Prince Edward Island, see The Acadians of Prince Edward Island By Georges Arsenault.
The Racicot-Gallant family and the Census of 1752
The first Acadian families settled on the Island in the 1720s, coming from Acadie, a French colony founded in 1604 (Arsenault, p. 11). France had decided to establish a colony on Île Saint-Jean for agriculture and encouraged settlers from Acadie and France to grow crops and raise livestock to supply the fortress at Louisbourg. The captial of the colony was established at Port-la-Joye (across from present-day Charlottetown) near where many of the Acadians were settling along the Baie Française (Bay of Fundy). France granted the responsiblity of colonizing Île Saint-Jean to a private company named the Compagnie de l'Île Saint-Jean. In the spring of 1720, the company recruited 200 settlers and fisherman in France and brought them to the Island (Arsenault, p. 12). The company's mission favoured cod fishing over agriculture and so the settlers were placed in settlements on the north shore at Havre-Saint-PIerre (St. Peter's Harbour), for better access to the fishing banks of the gulf.
Among the first French inhabitants of Port-la-Joye was René Racicot. In 1734 he was 52 years old. He was from Normandy and married Marie Gallant, daughter of Michel Haché Gallant, and Anne Cormier. According to Blanchard, the marriage of René and Marie first linked the Gallants to Rustico. Oral tradition was that René Racicot had settled in an area later known as "rivière à Louis" where he built a sawmill. He asserts that the name of Rustico is a variant of the name Racicot. He goes on to say that local elders used both the names Rassicot and Rustico in their oral traditions. Other spelling such as Rasticot and Restice were also used. In parish records, Abbé Beaubien (1812-1818) and Abbé Cecile (1818-1822) regularly wrote Rasticot or Rastico. The census of 1752 by de la Roque, mentioned the harbour of the small Racico and of the great Racico. (Blanchard, p. 6)
Earliest Acadian Families of Rustico, 1763
According to Blanchard, there were no Acadian settlements at Rustico before the Deportation of 1758. The first settlers are thought to have arrived in 1763 or 1764.[3] The first Acadian familied started to settle in the Rustico area, in an area they called "Louis's river," likely referring to Louis Gallant who settled there with his three brothers, Jean, Joseph and Bazile [Basile], with Jean Pitre.
From the census of 1768, there were five families settled there. These were the families of Louis, Jean Joseph and Bazile (Basile) Gallant and Jean Pitre (Peters). Shortly after, the Buotes, Blanchards, Chaissons, Doucettes, Doirons, Martins and Gaudets joined them. About 1793, the Blaquieres, the LeClaris, the Gauthiers and the Pineaus settled in what is now known as North Rustico.[4]
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| Fishing shacks in winter Rustico PEI. |
Traditional stories suggest that Louis Gallant was the first Acadian inhabitant of Rustico after the deportation. He came to settle on the edge of the "rivière à Louis" in 1762 or 1763. He was followed by his three brothers Jean, Joseph and Basile, and Jean Pitre. From a map at the Land Office in Charlottetown we learn that in 1765 there was no "house" on Lot 24; there were only "winter cabins", "Wlnter Cabins". However, there were 60 acres of cleared land. (Blanchard, 1979, p. 31)
The first Acadian inhabitants:
- Louis Gallant & Unknown
- Jean Gallant & Agnès Doucet
- Joseph Gallant & Euphrosine Arsenault
- Basile Gallant & Louise Boudrot
- Jean Pitre & Marguerite Arseneau
Formation of Lot 24, 1767
In 1762, Samuel Holland arrived to do a survey of PEI. He divided the Island into 67 townships or lots, which were then awarded to British petitioners in a lottery. These petitioners were supposed to settle their lots with 100 Protestant, non-British persons within 10 years, but many failed to do so. Unpaid rent and broken agreements resulted in a land ownership problem that troubled the Island until after Confederation.[5]
Holland divided the Island into 67 townships or lots which were disbursed by the Board of Trade and Plantations in a land lottery in 1767 to a variety of British politicians and military men. The Island was also divided into three counties, Prince, Queens, and Kings as well as fourteen parishes.[6] [add the parish names].
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| A plan of the island of St. John with the divisions of the counties, parishes, & the lots as granted by government, likewise the soundings round the coast and harbours[7] |
The first five Acadian families and several others who joined them shortly after had settled on land without securing leases that would guarantee them possession. Lot 24 was originally awarded to Lieutenant-Colonels Francis MacLean and Charles Lee. They seemed to have no interest in the colony and did not interfere with the Acadian families who had established themselves on their lot. However, some time later, they ceded their rights to Isaac Todd, a merchant from Montreal. The latter gave full powers to Alexander Fletcher, from Charlottetown, who secured perpetual leases for their lands.
The first leases are dated May 1, 1787. The following is the list of tenants' names, with their associated WikiTree profile (please report any profile linke errors):
- Firmin Martin,
- Pierre Martin,
- Jacques Peters (Pitre),
- John Peters Sr.,
- John Peters Jr.,
- Joseph Gallant,
- Pierre Gallant,
- Basil Gallant,
- Bonaventure Martin,
- Jean Blanchard,
- François Blanchard, (note: In 1767, his father François Blanchard and some of his children returned to the PEI and settled down permanently in Rustico. The estimate date of death of François Jr. before 1782 and the estimated birth of François Sr. about 1686 are problematic.)
- Pierre Gauthro, (note: his brother Honoré moved to Rustico, this is likely the Pierre on the leasehold agreement. Honoré's son Pierre would have been too young in 1787.)
- Alexis Doiron,
- François LeBrun,
- Pierre Gaudet, and
- France Buote.
Of the sixteeen leaseholders, only Jacques Peters, knew how to sign.
In 1803 James Hodges, from Chepstow, Scotland, became the owner of Lot 24. A little later this property was bequeathed to the family ofJohn Hodges Winsloe, from Trellick, England, and William Hodges, son of James Hodges and nephew of James Hodges Winsloe, was appointed manager. For several years it was he who received the rents, "rents" from James Hodges Winsloe's land.” ([Blanchard, 1979, p. 32](zotero://select/library/items/AEYZX4ZB)) ([pdf](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/TJPZ4XRK?page=32))
From the old parish of Rustico have been detached the parish of North Rustico, and a large number of the parishioners of Hope River parish. Large contingents of Rustico settlers have since 1860 formed the parishes of St. Alexis in Quebec, and the parish of St. Charles in Prince Edward Island, while large numbers have migrated to the parishes of Bloomfield, P.E.I., Acadieville and Rogersville in New Brunswick.
Rustico in the Census of 1768
In 1768 a census made by the English recorded these five families: five men, five women, ten boys and five girls, forming a total of twenty-five people.
Rustico in the Census of 1798
In 1798 in April, a nominal census of all the inhabitants of Saint John Island was made by Robert Fox, surveyor, by order of Governor Edmund Fanning.
In his book, History of Prince Edward Island, Duncan Campbell provides this transcript of the Census of 1798.[8] WikiLinks are provided for convenience.
| Lot No. | Head of family | M < 16 yrs | M 16 to 60 yrs | M > 60 yrs | F < 16 yrs | F 16 to 60 yrs | F > 60 yrs | Total |
| Lot No. 24. | Peter Gallong | 3 | 1 | 4 | 1 | 9 | ||
| Matin Ryan | 5 | 1 | 1 | 7 | ||||
| Jos. Gallong | 2 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 8 | |||
| Peter Martin | 4 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 9 | |||
| Sapplion Gallong | 2 | 2 | ||||||
| Widow Shasong | 1 | 1 | 2 | |||||
| Jo. Peters | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 5 | |||
| Widow Martin | 1 | 1 | 2 | |||||
| Cha. Martin | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 | ||||
| Mich. Doucette | 3 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 7 | |||
| James Peters | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 6 | |||
| Fran. Blanchard | 2 | 1 | 3 | |||||
| Cha. Gallong | 1 | 1 | 2 | |||||
| Bonang Martin | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 | ||||
| John Blanchard | 3 | 3 | 2 | 8 | ||||
| Widow Guthroe | 4 | 1 | 1 | 6 | ||||
| Fabian Gallong | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 4 | |||
| Fran. Brown | 1 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 6 | |||
| Alex. Dourong | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 5 | |||
| Widow Mewes | 4 | 1 | 4 | 1 | 10 | |||
| John Ducette | 2 | 2 | 4 | 1 | 9 | |||
| Fran. Ducette | 1 | 1 | 2 | |||||
| Brazil Gallong | 2 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 8 | |||
| Cha. Gallong | 2 | 2 | 4 | 1 | 9 | |||
| John Gallong | 1 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 8 | |||
| Leman Gallong | 1 | 2 | 1 | 4 | ||||
| John Durong | 4 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 7 | |||
| Jos. Durong | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 6 | |||
| Fran. Botiea | 3 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 8 | |||
| Peter Gooday | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 6 | |||
| John Peter Jr. | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 6 | |||
| Lewi Gallong | 1 | 2 | 3 | |||||
| Joe. Martin | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 | ||||
| Charles Golly | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 4 | |||
| Feoman Martin | 1 | 1 | 5 | 1 | 8 | |||
| John Peter, Senr. | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 | ||||
| Joe. Peneau | 3 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 7 | |||
| Peter Leclair | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 5 | |||
| Lewi Blakair | 6 | 1 | 1 | 8 | ||||
| Peter Peter | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 6 | |||
| Widow Gallong | 2 | 1 | 3 | |||||
| John Gootia | 1 | 1 | 2 | |||||
| James Adams | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 5 | |||
| Lot No. 23. | Capt. Wm. Winter | 4 | 3 | 7 | ||||
| John Grant | 1 | 1 | ||||||
| Jacob Buskirk | 3 | 1 | 4 | 1 | 9 | |||
| John McNeal | 6 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 10 | |||
| Wm. Simpson, Senr. | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 5 | |||
| Wm. Simpson, Jr. | 1 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 6 | |||
| Wm. Clark | 2 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 7 | |||
| Lot No. 22. | Tho. Adams | 1 | 2 | 1 | 4 |
Blanchard added the names of the mothers of families collected from parish registers and other documents. He used a summary of the census as printed in the Royal Gazette of the time; there are errors, noted below. According to the census of 1798, there were a total of 237 people in Rustico. (Blanchard, p. 33).
A [*] indicates a research note under Census, 1798.
Parish Census of 1806
p. 40 “In 1806, a census of the Isle shows that the population of Rustico was 59 families, or a total of 362 people.” (Blanchard, 1979, p. 40)
Census of 1921
The population of Queens was recorded as 36, 650 of which 2,659 were Acadians, compared to 7,910 in Prince County and 1,402 in Kings County. The total population of PEI was recorded as 88,615. (Blanchard, 1975, p. 81) Queens County Acadians accounted for only 3% of the total population of the Island.
The schools in Rustico were:
| District | Students | Acadian Students | Teachers | French Education |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| St-André | 95 | 90 | Zachary Buote, Cyriac Buote, Ignace Buote | Reading, grammar, dictation |
| Rustico Cross | 45 | 35 | Irène Arsenault | Reading, grammar, dictation |
| Doiron’s Creek | 23 | 15 | Louise Arsenault | Reading, grammar, dictation |
| St-Augustin (convent) | 71 | 55 | Annie White, Julie Arsenault, Rosella Arsenault (nuns) | Reading, grammar, dictation |
(Blanchard, 1975, p. 86)
1926 - Today
In 1973, Rayburn documented the area as follows:
North Rustico: Village incorporated in 1954 in Lot 24. PO from 1855. North Rustico Harbour is a community 1 mi E on North Rustico Harbour.[9]
Rustico: An area name for the N half of Lot 24. PO [Post Office] 1852-1967 at South Rustico.[10]
Rustico Bay: Adjacent to the Gulf of St. Lawrence, Lots 24 and 33. Named for Réné Rassicot from Normandy 1724. Jumeau 1685 possibly R. bobokimik: Map 1750 R Touboutouinée: De la Roque 1752 Grand Racico: Holland 1765 Harris Bay, with Grand Rastico a secondary name; JHa 1774 Harris’s Bay or Grand Rustico. In Micmac Tabooetooetun, “having no outlets”. Blanchard 1938 suggests “three mouths,” but gives no authority. Caven 1899 gives Quiquibougat as a Micmac name, but this is New London Bay.[10]
Rustico Island: Between Gulf of St. Lawrence and Rustico Bay, and part of PEI National Park. Map 1758 Gotteville Island: M’Gregor 1832 Peters Island for its owner, Peter McAusland; Bayfield 1851 McAuslin Island; Meacham 1880 Robinsons Id. (with E end called Halls Island) with P. W. and J. Robinson as owners.[10]
Rusticoville: 2 mi S of North Rustico in Lot 24. PO [Post Office] 1886-1947.[10]
South Rustico: 3 mi SE of North Rustico in Lot 24. PO Rustico 1852-1967; PO South Rustico 1967-1968. Meacham 1880 shows the school as Anglo Rustico, the PO as S. Rustico and the area as Commercial Cross and S. Rustico.[11]
Today, the area generally known as Rustico is comprised of: [citation needed]
- Anglo Rustico (an unincorporated area)
- North Rustico (an incorporated town), where the Stella Maris Roman Catholic Church is located.
- North Rustico Harbour (an unincorporated area)
- Rusticoville (an unincorporated area)
- South Rustico (an unincorporated area), where the St. Augustine Roman Catholic Church is located.
Missionaries and Clergy
Research Notes
- Find 1787 lease agreements original source location.
- Add Occupation categories: Farmer, Fisherman, Lighthouse Keeper, Merchant.
- Add section about Missionaries and Clergy, link to profiles if they exist.
Records and Transcripts
- Census, 1798
- Possible transcription error regarding Agnès Bernard, Bernard vs. Blanchard
- Possible transcription error regarding John Peter Jr. &Marie Doiron; they are likely Jean Baptiste Gauthier and Marguerite Arseneau and the next line is Jean Pitre, the son.
- Possible transcription error regarding John Peter St. & Rose Doiron who are likely Jean Pitre and Marie Rose Doiron.
- Transcription error regarding Marguerite Richard, discrepancy in first name, Marguerite vs. Geneviève.
- Transcription error: Spouses were interchanged - Joe Peanuea married Charlotte Doucet, and Peter Leclair married Rose Belliveau.
- Regarding James Adams: In his wife's profile, Catherine (Cole) Adams, there is a reference to a book by J. Clinton Morrison, "Along the North Shore: A Social History of Township 11, P.E.I., 1765-1982," page 259, which states "By 1798 he, (James) and Catherine (Cole) Adams were residing in Lot 24, Rustico, PEI, with a family of three children , one boy and two girls.- all under the age of 16 years."
Resources
Original Sources
- Vital Records
- Rustico records start in 1812 and the first decade is extremely difficult to read. Generally death records don't exist before 1906 when vital statistics started. There are some burial records but they are patchy. The Rustico Catholic records start in 1812 for baptisms, marriages and burials. Baptismal records are indexed so locating copies is straight forward. Marriages and burials are not indexed so one needs to search thru the records. The pre 1817 records are in very poor condition and pages and parts of pages are missing.
- Civil registration began in Prince Edward Island in 1906.
- Director of Vital Statistics, Department of Health holds birth records from 1840 to 1905.
- Check the The Public Archives and Records Office (PARO) for the specific records that they hold. The PARO Collections Database can be searched for item-level access to vital statistics records, census material, and their most popular archival content, including maps, architectural plans, photographs, and other material.
- Some parish statistics from St. Augustine's Church 1838-1988:[12]
- An examination of the parish records... [from 1838 to 1988] reveals the following figures:
- Number of baptisms - 8102
- Number of marriages - 1453
- Number of deaths - 2266
- Baptisms - During the period 1848 to 1860, the average number of baptisms per year was 106, the largest number was in 1860 when 112 babies were baptised. In the early 1930's, the average dropped to 39 per year and this number as reduced further to about 23 per year following the creation of Stella Maris Parish in 1936. From 1960 on, the average number of baptisms is 16 per year.
- Marriages - Up to the yera 1860, the number of marriages was always 15 to 20 per year, the highest being 24 in 1852. Marriages were always performed on Wednesday morning and most took place in the months of January and February. On some days, as many as five or six couples could take their marriage vows. Since 1960, the average number of marriages in the parish is 7.
- Deaths - The recods of deaths indicate that many infants and young people in their teens passed away presumably from the scourge of tuberculosis. In many instances, babies were baptised on the same day as they were born because of the high incidence of deaths. It is also noted that people died at a relatively young age as persons living over 80 and 90 was indeed a rarity. Since 1960, the average number of deaths is 8 per year.
- Census Pre-Confederation, 1861, Township Lot 24
- 1861 Census: The agricultural schedules for Lot 24 have survived but the population schedules have not. As of Jan 2024, the LAC shows the census for Lot 24 as missing but it is available on Ancestry. On Ancestry, Lot 24 is on images 132-154 of 807. Image.
- Census, Dominion of Canada, 1871 to 1931
- PEI is included from 1881 onwards.
- Census, Dominion of Canada, 1871 to 1931
Derivative Sources
- Clem Gallant, Scrapbook of St. Augustine’s Parish (Rustico, Prince Edward Island: Clem Gallant, 2022).
- Duncan Campbell, History of Prince Edward Island, Delhi, India: Facsimile Publisher (Gyan Books PVT. LTD.), 2022 (Charlottetown: Bremner Brothers, 1875).
- Georges Arsenault, Illustrated History of the Acadians of Prince Edward Island, trans. Sally Ross (Charlottetown: The Acorn Press, 2019).
- Jean Bernard, Généalogie Des Familles Acadiennes de l’Île-Du-Prince-Édouard, 7 vols. (Baie de Malpèque, Î.-P.-É.: Jean Bernard, 2009).
- J. Henri Blanchard, Rustico: une paroisse acadienne de L’Ile du Prince-Edouard, images, Island Lives (UPEI), (https://islandlives.ca/islandora/object/ilives%3A195294#page/1/mode/2up : accessed 3 Jan 2024). Originally published in Rustico, Prince Edward Island, 1937.
- J. Henri Blanchard, Rustico : Une Paroisse Acadienne de l’Ile Du Prince Edouard, transcription, archive, Canada’s Digital Collections, 1979, (https://epe.lac-bac.gc.ca/100/205/301/ic/cdc/acadie/rustico.htm : accessed 3 Jan 2024). Originally published in Rustico, Prince Edward Island, 1937.
- J.-H. Blanchard, Histoire Des Acadiens de L’Ile Du Prince-Edouard, 2e édition, 1975 (Summerside, PEI: Williams & Crue Limited, 1927).
- Stephen A. White, Dictionnaire Généalogique Des Familles Acadiennes, En deux volumes. (Moncton, N.-B: Centre d’études acadiennes, Université de Moncton, 1999).
- St. Augustine’s Church. Rustico, P.E.I. 1838-1988 (Rustico, Prince Edward Island: 150th Anniversary Committee, 1988).
Maps, Newspapers and Other Souces
- Historic Maps of Prince Edward Island
- The Island Imagined is an online collection of historic maps of Prince Edward Island from the University of Prince Edward Island.
- Island Imagined
- Newspaper Archives
- Offers a fully-searchable online archive of PEI's main newspaper of record, The Guardian, from 1890 to 1957. Many other island newspapers are now available. By the University of Prince Edward Island Robertson Library.
- Island Newspapers
Categories
- Categories are a useful way to group profiles by location, occupation or other community. Add these guidelines to categorize your Rustico-area profiles. The Rustico parish name may be used in the biography as that helps in identification of the location.
- Top-Level Category (not used in profiles)
- Prince Edward Island category
- Locations, Acadian period, pre-1763
- See Acadians Project
- Lot 22, Prince Edward Island category
- Lot 23, Prince Edward Island category
- Lot 24, Prince Edward Island category
- Locations, Post-Acadian period, after 1763
- See Prince Edward Island page
- Rustico, Prince Edward Island category
- Locations, Modern day
- North Rustico, Prince Edward Island category, 1925-today
- Rusticoville, Prince Edward Island category, 1925-today
- South Rustico, Prince Edward Island category, 1925-today
- Stanley Bridge, Hope River, Bayview, Cavendish and North Rustico, Prince Edward Island category, 1990-today
- Cemeteries
- Saint Augustine's Roman Catholic Cemetery, South Rustico, Prince Edward Island|Saint Augustine's Roman Catholic Cemetery, South Rustico, Prince Edward Island category
- Stella Maris Roman Catholic Cemetery, North Rustico, Prince Edward Island category
- Saint Mark's Anglican Church and Cemetery, South Rustico, Prince Edward Island category
Location Names
- Location names for vital events in a WikiTree bio should use the historical place name as recorded on the original source. On WikiTree, the following location names are used for vital events in the parish of Rustico. Note that township or county name is not used; the format is village/town/city, colony/province, country.
- Acadian period, pre-1763
- See Acadians Project
- Acadian settlers arrived in 1763-1764.
- Post-Acadian period, post-1763
- See Prince Edward Island page
- Rustico, Colony of St. John's Island from February 11, 1763 to end of 1798 (written town name, Colony of St. John's Island). There was a short period between 1763 and 1769 where St John's Island was administered as part of Nova Scotia Colony, but we don't use that designation.
- Rustico, Colony of Prince Edward Island from 1799 to June 30, 1873 (town name, Colony of Prince Edward Island)
- Rustico, Province of Prince Edward Island, Canada after July 1, 1873 (town name, Province of Prince Edward Island, Canada) - do not use the abbreviation PEI.
- Modern day, post-1925
- North Rustico, Prince Edward Island, Canda
- Rusticoville, Prince Edward Island, Canada
- South Rustico, Prince Edward Island, Canada
- Stanley Bridge, Hope River, Bayview, Cavendish and North Rustico, Prince Edward Island, Canada (1990-today)
Sources
- ↑ Georges Arsenault, Illustrated History of the Acadians of Prince Edward Island, trans. Sally Ross (Charlottetown: The Acorn Press, 2019), p. 34.
- ↑ Place Finder, Government of Prince Edward Island (http://www.gov.pe.ca/placefinder/index.php3?city=Rustico : accessed 30 Jan 2024).
- ↑ J-Henri Blanchard, Histoire de l'Acadie de l'Île-du-Prince-Edouard, rev. 4th ed., Irwin Printing: Charlottetown (1979), originally published Imprimerie de l'Évangeline (1927); HTML reprint, Canada's Digital Collections archived at Library and Archives Canada (https://islandlives.ca/islandora/object/ilives%3A195294#page/9/mode/1up : accessed 15 Jan 2024), “Rustico : une paroisse de l'Île-du-Prince-Édouard,” pages 5-6.
- ↑ J. Henri Blanchard, LL.D., “The Acadians of P.E.I., Restoration Period” The Guardian (Charlottetown, PEI), 11 Jul 1958, part 4 of 4, page 4, col. 3; image copy, IslandNewspapers.ca (https://islandnewspapers.ca/islandora/object/guardian%3A19580711-004 : accessed 10 Jan 2024).
- ↑ “English Settlement - 1700s to Confederation, 22 Sep 2023” Government of Prince Edward Island, Prince Edward Island Canada (https://www.princeedwardisland.ca/en/information/executive-council-office/english-settlement-1700s-to-confederation : accessed 21 Jan 2024).
- ↑ UPEI Samuel Holland Survey - Lots & Parishes Map
- ↑ Holland, Samuel. "A plan of the island of St. John with the divisions of the counties, parishes, & the lots as granted by government, likewise the soundings round the coast and harbours." Map. London: Printed & sold by A. Dury, [1775]. Norman B. Leventhal Map & Education Center, https://collections.leventhalmap.org/search/commonwealth:6t053n77m (accessed January 22, 2024).
- ↑ Duncan Campbell, History of Prince Edward Island (Charlottetown: Bremner Brothers, 1875), pp. 208-209.
- ↑ Alan Rayburn, Geographical Names of Prince Edward Island (Information Canada, 1973), p 94. (Image at Island Lives (UPEI) : accessed 20 Feb 2024), image 106 of 152. North Rustico.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 Alan Rayburn, Geographical Names of Prince Edward Island (Information Canada, 1973), p 107. (Image at Island Lives (UPEI) : accessed 20 Feb 2024), image 119 of 152. Rustico, Rustico Bay, Rustico Island, Rusticoville.
- ↑ Alan Rayburn, Geographical Names of Prince Edward Island (Information Canada, 1973), p 116. (Image at Island Lives (UPEI) : accessed 20 Feb 2024), image 128 of 152. South Rustico.
- ↑ St. Augustine’s Church. Rustico, P.E.I. 1838-1988 (Rustico, Prince Edward Island: 150th Anniversary Committee, 1988), pages 117-118.
See also:
- UPEI Samuel Holland Survey - Lots & Parishes Map
- UPEI Maps of Lot 24
- PARO Collections Search
- Memory PEI Archival Descriptions
- http://www.gov.pe.ca/placefinder/index.php3?cgndb=BADPO&formattype=&city=Anglo%20Rustico
- http://www.gov.pe.ca/placefinder/index.php3?cgndb=BABYB&formattype=&city=North%20Rustico
- http://www.gov.pe.ca/placefinder/index.php3?cgndb=BABYE&formattype=&city=North%20Rustico%20Harbour
- http://www.gov.pe.ca/placefinder/index.php3?cgndb=BACFD&formattype=&city=Rusticoville
- http://www.gov.pe.ca/placefinder/index.php3?cgndb=BACJG&formattype=&city=South%20Rustico
- Wikipedia List of Parishes in Prince Edward Island
- Rustico – A historic place that has had many names
- The Acadians of Prince Edward Island By Georges Arsenault
- PEI Cemeteries
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