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Wirwatz Name Study

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Surnames/tags: Wirwatz Wirbatz Wirwahn
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Contents

About the Project

Family crest, 16th century

The Wirwatz Name Study project serves as a collaborative platform to collect information on the Wirwatz name. The hope is that other researchers like you will join the study to help make it a valuable reference point for other genealogists who are researching or have an interest in the Wirwatz name.

Also see this page's partner project at Space:Church records of the Amt Battenberg (transcriptions of many relevant source documents).

This One Name Study was started on 10 November 2022 by Daniel Bamberger.

Who is included?

Anyone who carried the name Wirwatz, or one of its variants, at some point. This includes spouses, if they took on the name Wirwatz from their partner. If a person qualifies, the sticker {{One Name Study|name=Wirwatz}} should be added to their profile.

Also see the related surnames and surname variants.

Resources

The following resources have been used frequently for this study:

  • Itzerott, Georg; Lampert, Ulrich: Wirwatz - Wirbatz, Zusammenhänge zwischen Nord- und Südhessen, in: Hessische Familienkunde, volume 3, issue 5 (March 1955), columns 231-238; volume 3, issue 6 (June 1955), columns 299-312
  • Hammann, Ernst: Und Knetsch hatte doch recht - Zur Familie Wirwatz/Wirbatz, Hessische Familienkunde, volume 21, 1993
  • Wirwahn, Helmut: Chronik der Familie Wirwatz/Wirwahn, 1544 bis 1990, Frankenberg-Wangershausen, 1991

All of them contain errors, which I have worked to correct by consulting the primary sources, where this was possible. See the section about common mistakes.

Origins of the Wirwatz family

Memorial for the Wirwetzen, who was
burnt as a witch in 1517

The history of the Wirwatz family begins with a mercenary called "Wirwacz" or "Wurwatz", who is attested in Marburg, Hesse, Germany between 1460 and 1510 (first in 1460,[1] then as a mercenary in 1477,[2] and as the town's master stonemason between 1486 and 1489[3][4]). His widow is notable for being the first victim of the witch hunt in Hesse. She was burnt at the stake in Marburg in 1517.

Almost all known Wirwatzs are descendants of their great-grandson Michael Wirwatz (abt. 1540-1608) from Röddenau in northern Hesse. From there, the family split into multiple branches, most notably in Battenberg, Marburg, and Frankfurt. Multiple generations of Wirwatz have worked in forestry, which is reflected in the family crest.

In 1487, an advocate called Heinrich Wirwatz signed and sealed on several documents for the Counts of Waldeck.[5] His connection to the Wirwatz family from Marburg is unclear.[6] If he was a brother of the mercenary, that may point to family origins in the County of Waldeck. On the other hand, the advocate could have been born in Marburg.

One goal of this One Name Study is the identification of as many Wirwatz descendants as possible, through male and female lines. The table below gives the number of Michael's descendants in each generation, as far as they have been added to WikiTree, and an expected number of descendants (assuming exponential growth), as of 28 November 2024. It is largely complete up to a birth year of about 1650:

Generation Year (ca.) Profiles Model Done Status
-3 1440 2 8 25% incomplete
-2 (grandparents) 1480 1 4 25% incomplete
-1 (parents) 1520 2 2 100% complete
0 1550 1 1 100% complete
1 (children) 1580 8 6 100% possibly complete
2 (grandchildren) 1620 28 29 95% possibly complete
3 1650 144 147 98% possibly complete
4 1680 312 731 43% incomplete
5 1710 388 3.6k 11% incomplete
6 1740 379 18k 2.1% incomplete
7 1780 517 90k 0.6% too many
8 1810 497 450k 0.1% too many
9 1840 409 2.2m 0% too many
10 1860 344 11m 0% too many
11 1890 139 55m 0% too many
12 1920 58 270m 0% too many
13 1950 25 1.4b 0% almost everyone
14 1970 10 6.7b 0% almost everyone
15 2000 7 34b 0% almost everyone
Total 3271 Including 7 active WikiTree members

Data after 1900, roughly corresponding to anything after generation 11, is largely unavailable due to German data protection laws.

Some of the early Wirwatz lines

Michael Wirwatz's son Johann Christoph Wirwatz, who became forester in Battenberg in 1599, has probably attracted the most attention from genealogists in the past, due to his marriage to the noblewoman Margaretha von Biedenfeld, who had close family ties to the Goethe-ancestor Philipp Orth.[7] While the theory that Margaretha von Biedenfeld was the mother of Johann Christoph's children has been disproven, a close connection to the Orth family still exists through the wife of his son Johann Daniel.

While descendants in general are plentiful (both in Germany and abroad), living male line descendants, in particular those carrying the name today, appear to be extremely rare. The name Wirwatz is probably extinct in Germany, according to kartezumnamen.eu. The variant Wirwahn exists 22 times, Wirbatz 15 times, and Werwatz 14 times. In 2007, about 20 people named Wirwahn lived in the United States.[8]

The family disappeared from Röddenau itself in 1642. In Battenberg, the name Wirbatz is also extinct; the last Wirbatz in the town passed away in 1955. The name was still abundant until the 19th century, when four different lines of the family existed in parallel. All but one of them ended before the turn of the century, either without any descendants, or with just daughters. Branches in southern Hesse, Baden-Wurttemberg and the Ruhr area survive.

Notable family members

Witch trial against the
Wirwatzenn zu Marcpurg

Most Wirwatz's lived a quiet life. The few exceptions listed below are not representative of the family as a whole:

The word "Wirwatz"

Etymology

From Jacob Grimm to Bayerischer Rundfunk, a number of people have tried to explain the word Wirwatz. Some possible origins are discussed below.

A scatterbrain or an untidy person

In the dialect spoken in the Palatinate region, a Wirrboßen [węʳbōsə] is a messy bundle of straw, a compound of wirr ("messy") and boßen ("a bundle of straw").[9]

The Rhenish dialect also knows the word Wirrbussen [węărnbosə], with the same meaning,[10] and Wirrwar [we·r.wār] in the sense of "quarrel", "dispute".[11]

The dictionary of the Southern Hessian dialect lists the variants Wirrwatz, Wirrboßen and Wirrwarr as synonyms of Wirrkopf, meaning "scatterbrain"; also Wirrwarr, Wirrboßen and Wullewatz as synonyms of Wirrstroh, with a figurative interpretation as "untidy person" or "scumbag".[12]

An etymology like Wirrboßen [węʳbōsə, węărnbosə] → Wirrboß [węrbos] → Wirrbotz ['vɪʁbɔt͡s] → Wirwatz ['vɪʁvat͡s] seems plausible. However, a compound involving the word Watz may be more likely, see the following entry.

A wereboar (a shapeshifter who can assume the form of a boar)

In the Southern Hessian dialect, Werwatz is also a word for a hungry boar, figuratively a man who eats as much as a boar.[13] Watz/Wetz is an old word for a male pig, which was only replaced by the now more common word Eber in the early 20th century. The existence of the variant Wetz may explain why the family name is also spelled "Wirwetz" in some of the oldest documents.

In an 1859 article about the werewolf myth, Johann Wilhelm Wolf, following the work of Jacob Grimm, argued that the origin of the name lies in a myth closely related to that of the werewolf. He wrote:

Notable is the occurrence, if rarely, of the family name "Werwatz" in Starkenburg (i.e. Dreieichenhain) and Upper Hesse. This word is formed like "Werwolf" (werewolf), compare Grimm's Teutonic Mythology, page 1048. The name means "a person who turned into a boar". Philipp Dieffenbach has told me that, in the Starkenburg area (probably in the region around Dietzenbach), the word "Werwatz" is used as an insult meaning "someone who is as hungry as a boar". In the Wetterau region such a person is called a "Werwolf".[14]

In his 1835 work Deutsche Mythologie, Jacob Grimm himself mentions it only briefly. He writes (framing it as a question, indicating that he was much less sure about it than Johann Wilhelm Wolf later suggested):

Werwatz (watz = brood-hog) is a family name at Dreieichenhain; is it formed like werwolf?[15]

The family name Werwatz was indeed present in the Starkenburg region at the time, but it had only arrived recently, with the brothers Johann Daniel and Johann Henrich Wirwatz, who had moved there from Battenberg in Upper Hesse in 1698 and 1711, respectively. Many of their descendants changed the spelling of the name from Wirwatz to Werwatz.

Even though the family had arrived only recently, the word itself may have existed there long before that. Its existence in the local dialect may even help explain the change in spelling.

Someone who makes a fuss

The word has been interpreted as Lower Bavarian Wirrwe ("fuss"), with the comparative ending -ötz, meaning "someone who makes quite a fuss". It was featured with that meaning in a TV production in 2013.[16]

It is unclear where the TV program got this from. The word does not appear in dictionaries of the local dialects. The interpretation may be supported by an entry in the church records of Frankfurt am Main, in Southern Hesse, from 1726. Regarding the moral conduct of Johann Peter Wirwatz (1695 - 1741), the writer of the church records, after a lengthy description that covers two entire pages, noted quite poetically:[17]

Das laßt mir einen Wirwatz sein
des That stimmt mit dem Nahmen ein!

In English: "He may be called a Wirwatz whose deeds agree with the name!" – This makes sense if Wirwatz is translated as "someone who makes quite a fuss", although translations as "wereboar" or "scatterbrain" fit just as well. Too bad that Frankfurt am Main is not in Bavaria, and that the Bavarian dialect was not spoken there.

The very existence of this word in the Lower Bavarian dialect remains doubtful.

A fortune teller

The word has also been interpreted as a compound of Latin viscera ("bowels") + vates ("seeress"), meaning "fortune teller".[18]

There are problems with this interpretation. The phrase viscera vates scrutabatur did mean "a seer searched the bowels" in medieval Latin,[19] but viscera vates is not attested to mean "fortune teller" (which would be viscerum vates). Even if it did, it remains unexplained how viscera vates would evolve into Wirwatz. And last but not least, the whole idea was brought forward in an attempt to refute the explanation for the Lower Bavarian word "Wirwatz" discussed previously, not accounting for the fact that this word probably does not exist in Lower Bavarian.

The interpretation as "fortune teller" is appealing in the context of NN Wirwatz (abt. 1445 - 1517), who was burnt as a witch, but the family name is already attested for her husband by the 1460s, making this an apparent coincidence.

The reading of "Wirwatz" as "fortune teller" is probably spurious.

Related surnames and surname variants

As of 12 November 2024, there are 218 WikiTree profiles with "Wirwatz" as their last name at birth (LNAB).
There are a number of variants of the name "Wirwatz", including:

In total, there are 643 profiles in Category:Wirwatz Name Study.

Common mistakes

One can find numerous family trees online that link to the Wirwatz family. Unfortunately, many of them contain errors, often propagated from one tree to the next. This is also true for family trees published in the literature, like in the proceedings of the Hessische familiengeschichtliche Vereinigung (HFK). Below are the most common/serious errors:

The marriage of Michael Wirwatz's son-in-law Hans Crafft

One of Michael Wirwatz's daughters got married in Frankenberg (Eder) in 1589. Hammann assumes this to be the wife of Hans Crafft from Marburg. The connection is based on documents from 1593 and 1597, which mention Hans Crafft as Michael Wirwatz's son-in-law. However, there are several children of Michael Wirwatz who were unknown to Hammann, and this included the daughter Margarethe, who married Christian Emmerich, the treasurer (Rentmeister) of Frankenberg. The marriage in 1589 was theirs.

The spurious connection to the Biedenfeld family

The literature often mentions the marriage of Johann Christoph Wirwatz (1574/1575-1642/1643) and the noblewoman Margaretha von Biedenfeld, and their connection to Goethe-ancestor Philipp Orth (Margaretha's grandfather).[20][21][22] This is claimed to connect their children to the Biedenfeld and Orth families. Unfortunately, that connection is spurious: Margaretha, attested as Christoph's wife from two sources dating to 1625 and 1628, was his second wife, and not the mother of his children. Christoph's first wife Güda and their heirs are attested from a 1622 contract.[23] The relevant source (the Gesamtarchiv von Romberg) appears to be completely unknown to the authors of those publications; see the profile of Johann Christoph Wirwatz (1574/1575-1642/1643) for details.

Those who descend from Johann Christophs son Johann Daniel Wirwatz are still related to Philipp Orth and his wife, via Johann Daniel's wife Elisabeth Ebel.

The other Johann Christoph Wirwatz from Röddenau

It has been known for some time that some family trees (especially older ones) mix up the Johann Christoph Wirwatz born in about 1575, and the person of the same name born in 1602 who became mayor of Biebesheim. In his 1993 article, Hammann has shown them to be two separate people, confirming a conjecture by Knetsch from the 1930s. However, one of Johann Christoph's children is linked incorrectly by Hammann, which was only pointed out by Schnell in 2000.[24][25] Unfortunately, Schnell's work has gone widely ignored, and many family trees still use the genealogy given by Hammann. The parents of Anna Margaretha Wirwatz (ca.1631-aft.1671) are connected incorrectly in those works.

Unlike the erroneous Biedenfeld connection mentioned previously, there may actually be a connection to Goethe through Anna Margaretha Wirwatz (ca.1631-aft.1671) -- via the Kornmann family.

The parents of Agnes Nagel

In their 1955 article about the Wirwatz family, Itzerott and Lampert wrongly linked Agnes Nagel (abt.1610-bef.1653) as a daughter of Michael Wirwatz (abt.1540-1608). They were apparently unaware of the documents from the Gesamtarchiv von Romberg, regarding the heirs of Johann Christoph Wirwatz (abt.1575-1642/1643) (see his profile for details). Ernst Hammann and Helmut Wirwahn did not know about those either.

To-do list

The following branches of the family have not been researched yet. If you want to help with extending them, you're welcome! If you find a branch of the family that isn't on WikiTree yet, please add it to this list:

Open questions beyond genealogy

There may be questions that are related to the Wirwatz Name Study, but which do not directly touch on genealogy. Examples may include the appearance of characters called Wirwatz in fiction, and whether something (or someone) can be found that inspired the author of that fiction to use it in their work. The name Wirwatz is so unusual and rare that any such appearance in literature – or any other medium of fiction – would seem to imply a conscious effort by the author. Questions of this nature can be placed below:

  • Among the characters in Wilhelm Bröckelmann's "Selbst ist der Mann" (Self do, self have), a comedy in four acts published in Hamburg in 1787, is "Commerzrath Wirwatz, ehemaliger Proviantbäcker" (Wirwatz, councillor of commerce, a former Proviantbäcker).[26][27]

Membership

How to join the Wirwatz Name Study

... ... ... is a member of the Wirwatz Name Study Project.
{{Member|ONS|name=Wirwatz}}

To join the Wirwatz Name Study, please add your name to the Membership list below, post an introduction comment on this page, and then dive right in!

If you need assistance, please contact the Name Study Coordinator: Daniel Bamberger.

Once you are ready to go, you can also show your project affiliation with the ONS Member Sticker.

Current members

The members of this One Name Study are:

Acknowledgements

This is not the first research project about the Wirwatz family. Several others have studied the family and its history, and have published their results.

The first was Carl Knetsch (1874 - 1938) in the 1930s, followed by Georg Itzerott and Ulrich Lampert (1865 - 1947), whose work published in 1955 in the proceedings of the Hessische familiengeschichtliche Vereinigung (HfK) was the first comprehensive list of descendants of Michael Wirwatz (abt.1540-1608). Ernst Hammann (1923 - 2016) followed up on Knetsch's work in 1993, with an overview of the family, published in HfK. Apart from a correction to Hammann's work by Schnell in 2000, this is the last publication on the family in HfK.

Independently, and apparently unaware of those works, Helmut Wirwahn (1939 - 2016) shared the results of his research on the family in 1991, in the form of a self-published book. He found several important documents about the early members of the family that were unknown to the others.

We have incorporated the results of all of those studies, and corrected and amended them by our own research where necessary. We list some of the most important corrections further up.

Apart from the members and researchers listed above, this one name study has also benefited from the work and kind help of:

Footnotes and sources

  1. From the Städtische Hauptrechnungen, 7. Juli 1460:
    Wirwacze von eynundczwenzig schoczekogeln (zu 16 h.) zu machen, 1 1/2 p. 4 d.
    Küch, Friedrich: Quellen zur Rechtsgeschichte der Stadt Marburg, Band 2, Marburg, 1931, Seite 130. https://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/diglit/kuech1931bd2/0150/image,info
  2. Städtische Hauptrechnungen, 19. Januar 1477:
    Als unser gnediger her aber umbe 10 soldener zu fusse gein Medebach zu schigken begeret hait, sin ußgefertiget uff sontag nach Anthonii Legkerconczchen, Wirwacz, Molnerhen, Jost Begker, Endres Schumecher, Hans sin geselle, Adam Jheiger, junge Plettener, Jost Rode und Gerlach Marpecher, sin kommen biß zu Medebach und waren bescheiden, daselbs uffgenommen solten werden, des doch nicht geschach, han sie uff solichen bescheidt 2 1/2 dage zu Medebach gelegin und darnehst widder hir heym gangen sin, iglichem vor solt und kost zu dag und nach gegebin 3 tor., [...] sin, tud 9 p. 3 s. 4 d. Vor zwey gruone fasse zu solichem bier gegebin 12 s. Als der rath umbe solichs endelichs czogis willen zusamen verbott gewest und etliche ire frunde, nemlich Hennen Martdurff, Gabrieln, Ludewig von Sassen und Petrn von sent Nabor von stunt nach solichem ußczoge zu unserm gnedigen hern uff die burg geschicht han, umbe fure zu werben, profande den von Marpurg nachzusenden, dieselben auch, so die fure kommen ist, uffzuladen bestalt han, sin dieselben in des burgemeisters huße bleben, daselbs die knecht, nemlich koche, underkeuffere und ander me knechte, der man zu dem uffladen behubt hait, gessen, [...] 1 p. 1 s.
    Küch, Friedrich: Quellen zur Rechtsgeschichte der Stadt Marburg, Band 2, Marburg, 1931, Seite 296. https://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/diglit/kuech1931bd2/0316/image,info
  3. Fouquet, Gerhard: Bauen für die Stadt: Finanzen, Organisation und Arbeit in kommunalen Baubetrieben des Spätmittelalters : eine vergleichende Studie vornehmlich zwischen den Städten Basel und Marburg, 1999, Seiten 259, 266, 274.
  4. Ernestus, Christopher: Tagelöhner, Zunftmeister, Stadtschreiber: Städtisches Leben im 16. und 17. Jahrhundert im Spiegel einer Marburger Bürgerfamilie, 2005, Seite 337.
  5. Staatsarchiv München, Waldecker Urkunden Nr. 5956
  6. Wirwahn, Helmut: Nachträge zur Familiengeschichte von Wirwatz/Wirwahn (Entwurf), S.1
  7. Unger, Günther: Goethe-Genealogie: Die Marburger Familie ORTH, http://goethe-genealogie.de/orth/orth.html
  8. Biedenbach, Martina: Auf der Spur der Vorfahren: Amerikaner Eugene Wirwahn besucht Rengershausen und seine dortigen Verwandten, Hessische/NIedersächsische Allgemeine, 27. October 2007, Lokalteil Frankenberg, Seite 10.
  9. „Wirr-boßen, m.“, Pfälzisches Wörterbuch, digitalisierte Fassung im Wörterbuchnetz des Trier Center for Digital Humanities, Version 01/21, <https://www.woerterbuchnetz.de/PfWB?lemid=W03160>, abgerufen am 20.12.2022.
  10. „Wirr-bussen“, Rheinisches Wörterbuch, digitalisierte Fassung im Wörterbuchnetz des Trier Center for Digital Humanities, Version 01/21, <https://www.woerterbuchnetz.de/RhWB?lemid=W04681>, abgerufen am 20.12.2022.
  11. „Wirr-war“, Rheinisches Wörterbuch, digitalisierte Fassung im Wörterbuchnetz des Trier Center for Digital Humanities, Version 01/21, <https://www.woerterbuchnetz.de/RhWB?lemid=W04689>, abgerufen am 20.12.2022.
  12. Mulch, Roland: Südhessisches Wörterbuch, Band 6, Seite 605f., Marburg, 2010. https://www.lagis-hessen.de/de/subjects/rsrec/id/4595/sn/shwb?type=Lemma
  13. Südhessisches Wörterbuch, Band 6 (2010), Spalten 315–316. https://www.lagis-hessen.de/de/subjects/rsrec/id/4450/sn/shwb?type=Lemma
  14. Wolf, Johann Wilhelm: Zur Mythologie, in: Zeitschrift für Deutsche Mythologie und Sittenkunde. Band 4, Göttingen 1859. https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_rG8AAAAAMAAJ/page/n17/mode/2up
    Merkwürdig ist der in Starkenburg (z. B. Dreieichenhayn) und Oberhessen, wiewohl spärlich, vorkommende Familienname Werwatz, eine "Werwolf" (Grimms mythol. 1048) gleiche Bildung. Er bedeutet eigentlich einen in einen Eber verwandelten Mann. Wie Phillip Dieffenbach aufgezeichnet und mir mitgeteilt hat, so ist in Starkenburg (wahrscheinlich in der Gegend von Dietzenbach) der Ausdruck der "Werwatz" ein Schimpfwort für einen der so gefräßig ist wie ein Watz. In der Wetterau schimpft man einen solchen Menschen "Werwolf".
  15. Grimm, Jacob (author); Stallybrass, James Steven (translator): Teutonic Mythology, Cambridge University Press, 2012, page 1629. https://www.google.de/books/edition/Teutonic_Mythology/v3mS9TKr2P0C?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=teutonic+mythology+jacob+grimm+%22Werwatz%22&pg=PA1629&printsec=frontcover
  16. Wirwatz?, in: Host mi?, Wir in Bayern, BR Fernsehen, 25. Juni 2013. https://www.ardmediathek.de/video/wir-in-bayern/wirwatz/br-fernsehen/Y3JpZDovL2JyLmRlL3ZpZGVvL2RmYWNiMDdiLTM4NGYtNGQxNi04NjExLTY3YmYyZTMyNTE5OA
  17. Itzerott, Georg; Lampert, Ulrich: Wirwatz - Wirbatz, Zusammenhänge zwischen Nord- und Südhessen, HK, Band 3, Heft 5 (März 1955), Sp. 231-238; Band 3, Heft 6 (Juni 1955), Sp. 299-312.
  18. Stadler, Rupert: Wirwatz, in: Keltische und lateinische Sprachrelikte im bayerischen Dialekt, Eine "spracharchäologische" Sammlung. http://www.boari.de/woerterbuch/wirwatz.htm
  19. Peucer, Kaspar: Commentarius de praecipuis divinationum generibus, 1553. https://books.google.de/books?id=GjOprWFdGOsC&pg=PA240&lpg=PA240&dq="viscera+vates"
  20. Hammann, Ernst: Ahnenverwandtschaften mit dem Hessischen Ritter-Adel vom Ritter Gerlach von Biedenfeld 1180 bis zum Oberförster Johann Christop Wirwatz 1615, Hessische familiengeschichtliche Vereinigung, Dietzenbach, 1997. https://www.hfv-ev.de/archivbestande/gebundene-ahnenlisten/gebundene-ahnenlisten-h-j/
  21. Scholze, Barbara: Berühmte Verwandte ausbuddeln, Offenbach Post, op-online, 23. Juli 2012. https://www.op-online.de/region/dietzenbach/ernst-hammann-dietzenbach-erforscht-stammbaeume-ahnentafeln-2427202.html
  22. Itzerott, Georg; Lampert, Ulrich: Wirwatz - Wirbatz, Zusammenhänge zwischen Nord- und Südhessen, HK, Band 3, Heft 5 (März 1955), Sp. 231-238; Band 3, Heft 6 (Juni 1955), Sp. 299-312.
  23. Landesarchiv NRW Abteilung Westfalen, U 194u / Gesamtarchiv von Romberg / Urkunden, Nr. 2503, https://www.archive.nrw.de/archivsuche?link=VERZEICHUNGSEINHEIT-Vz_acecd7ee-9d23-49f7-81f4-5a47ad106616
  24. Schell, Thomas: Wer waren die Eltern von Anna Margaretha Wirwatz? Änderung zu dem Artikel "Und Knetsch hatte doch recht!" aus der HFK Band 21, Heft 7, Spalte 303-308, HFK 25 (2000)
  25. Hammann, Ernst: Und Knetsch hatte doch recht - Zur Familie Wirwatz/Wirbatz, HFK 21 (1993)
  26. https://www.google.de/books/edition/Selbst_ist_der_Mann/s1JZAAAAcAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Wirwatz&pg=PA4
  27. https://www.google.de/books/edition/Selbst_ist_der_Mann/s1JZAAAAcAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Commerzrath&pg=PA5




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