Muhammad I was the fifth Omeya Emir of Córdoba. He was born and died in Córdoba, in Al-Ándalus in the present-day Autonomous Community of Andalusia, Spain. He was born in March or April 0823 and died on 04 Aug 0886 at the age of 63. His full name was Abu l-Mundir Muhammad bin ‘Abd al-Rahman bin al-Hakam bin Hisam bin ‘Abd al-Rahman bin Mu'awiya bin Hisam bin Abd al-Malik bin Marwan bin Al-Hakam bin Abi al-'As bin Umayya. [1]
His father was 'Abd al-Rahman II, and his mother, a favorite of his father's, was Nahtiz [2] or Tahr, Tahahur, or Buhayr, who died when he was very young. He was raised by another of his father's favorites, Sifa. [1] Note that his father's full name was ‘Abd al-Rahman bin al-Hakam bin Hisam bin ‘Abd al-Rahman bin Mu'awiya bin Hisam bin Abd al-Malik bin Marwan bin Al-Hakam bin Abi al-'As bin Umayya. [3] He succeeded his father as Emir of Córdoba, despite the intrigues of his father's favorite concubine, the powerful Tarub. He had previously been governor of Zaragoza and had participated in numerous military campaigns. [4] Muhammad has been described as blond, fair-skinned, with an aquiline nose and stockily built. He was a pleasant man who savored learning and enjoyed cultured company. He delegated a large portion of his tasks (and power) to his Seneschal Hasim bin Abd al-'Azis, the most powerful statesman in the Omeya Dynasty in Al-Ándalus before Almanzor, [1] but who was responsible for numerous abuses that provoked the Hispanic population in the Emirate, fueling discontent and resentment. [4]
Arabs on the Way to the Pastures of the Tell, Eugène Fromentin |
He reigned for 34 years in the period 0852-0886. His reign was marked by several revolts and separatist movements of the Muladi (Muslims of ethnic Iberian origin) and Mozarabs (Christians living in the Muslim controlled areas). The Banu Qasi Muladi family, also rebelled, led by Musa bin Musa, who was allied with the Arista family of the Kingdom of Navarre. Musa proclaimed himself "third king of Spain" (after Muhammad I and Ordoño I of Asturias). Another rebel, the Umayyad officer Bin Marwan ,returned to Mérida and also rebelled against the Emir who, unable to quench the revolt, allowed him to found a free city (Badajoz, in what is now the Spanish Autonomous Community of Extremadura) in 0875. Finally, Toledo rebelled with the support of Ordoño I, but was defeated in the battle of Guazalete. In 880, Umar bin Hafsun, a man of probable Visigothic origin, also started a revolt which was finally suppressed in 0928, nearly 50 years later, by his great grandson Abd ar-Rahman III.
Muhammad I was succeeded by his son Al-Mundir I, who died after barely two years in power, very possibly murdered by his brother, Abd Allah or Abdullah who succeeded him to the throne in 0888. [2] Note that Muhammad was the founder of Madrid. He ordered the construction of a small palace and a citadel in Maŷrit [5] or Magerit, in 865. The name is an Arabic translation of the pre-Muslim name given to the site, Matrice, which means "source of water" (it was near a stream that flowed along present-day Calle de Segovia). [6]
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