Andrew's birth year is uncertain. The 1900 census lists Jan 1837. The 1920 census lists about 1830.
Andrew's parents are Henry and Viney Coats. Both were born in North Carolina.
The 1920 census lists Andrew as widowed. Documentation has not been found for Andrew's death, so it is estimated at 1925 as he is not found in the 1930 census.
The 1900 census indicates Doshia Freeman, Andrew Coates Sr's niece, is living with Andrew's family.
Residences per Census
1900 residence: St. Johns, Hertford, North Carolina. Occupation: farm.
1920 residence: St. Johns, Hertford, North Carolina. Occupation: painter.
Elizabeth Coates, Andrew's wife
Andrew's wife's given name is Elizabeth. Uncertain yet whether Andrew's wife's LNAB is Tann or Lann or Lewis. She was born Jan 1851 in North Carolina. (Profile not yet created due to uncertainty of LNAB.)
Andrew & Elizabeth's marriage was 28Sep1871 in Northampton, North Carolina. One of the marriage records appears to be in error as it does not indicate Andrew & Elizabeth are African American.
Elizabeth's parents are James Lewis and Martha Tann (or Lann). Both of Elizabeth's parents were born in North Carolina. (Profiles not yet created for Elizabeth's parents due to uncertainty of surnames.)
As of the 1900 census, Elizabeth had had 12 children, 9 of whom were living.
Original intent for starting this and related profiles was from working on a G2G post that included only the following:
"who was Martha Ann Elizabeth Becky Jane naomi Omar Coates? she lived in North Carolina." <tagged>: earley
This is clearly a conflation of several people. There's a public Ancestry Tree with a nearly identical entry to that posted in G2G.[1]
Findings are for an extended African American family in the counties of Northampton or Hertford County, North Carolina. (Northampton was formed in 1741. Hertford was formed in 1759 as a combination of parts of Northampton, Bertie and Chowan Counties.) [2]
Simplistically, briefly considering the Ancestry tree mentioned, an answer to the original question is Andrew Jackson Coates Sr's wife.
A longer possible answer follows. At this time, the following are not all connected in a single branch.
Martha - May refer to Andrew's mother-in-law, Martha Tann?/Lann?. See Section 2.2 above regarding Andrew's wife's, Elizabeth's, parents. If others have had difficulty keeping the various Coates families of Northampton County distinct, Martha may also refer to what appears to be another family. See Louella Martha Coates.
Earley - There is a likely though not yet worked out connection (or another conflation) to Luther Earley which would begin to address the tag in the original G2G post. One of Andrew's daughters is Lillie M Coates b. Mar 1888. There is another Lillie M(ae) b. 10Mar1885 who is daughter to a William Coates, also living in the Northampton/Hertford County area. This Lillie married a Luther Earley.
"North Carolina, County Marriages, 1762-1979 ," database with images, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:QKJS-5WJ3 : 4 November 2017), Andrew J Coats and Elizabeth Tan, 28 Sep 1871; citing Northampton, North Carolina, United States, p. , North Carolina State Archives Division of Archives and History; FHL microfilm 275,842.
"North Carolina, County Marriages, 1762-1979 ," database with images, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:QKJ3-XV4V : 4 November 2017), Andrew J Coats and Elizabeth Tann, 28 Sep 1871; citing Northampton, North Carolina, United States, p. , North Carolina State Archives Division of Archives and History; FHL microfilm 1,760,479.
"United States Census, 1900," database with images, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:MSYP-NHZ : accessed 29 December 2018), Andrew Coats, St. Johns Township, Precinct 1, Hertford, North Carolina, United States; citing enumeration district (ED) 52, sheet 9B, family 154, NARA microfilm publication T623 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, 1972.); FHL microfilm 1,241,200.
"United States Census, 1920," database with images, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:MZVV-XDP : accessed 29 December 2018), Andrew J Coats in household of Willie Coats, St John, Hertford, North Carolina, United States; citing ED 47, sheet 7B, line 84, family 118, NARA microfilm publication T625 (Washington D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, 1992), roll 1305; FHL microfilm 1,821,305.
See Also:
(Andrew Jr's death record) "North Carolina Deaths, 1931-1994," database, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:FG33-QGS : 17 July 2017), Andrew Coats, 13 Mar 1950; citing Murfreesboro, Hertford, North Carolina, p 5579, State Department of Archives and History, Raleigh; FHL microfilm 1,926,810.