Texas

This space page is part of the Texas Project, part of the United States History Project. led by Mary Richardson.

Texas

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If It Wasn't For TEXAS

Neuva Espana covered exploration to the beginning of the Texas Revolution, that information is included here as well. Thank you for your interest in Texas

Texas Colony

Defenders -Battle of the Alamo

Immortal 32 of Gonzales Colony

Old San Antonio Road

San Jacinto Battle in the Texas Revolution

Texas Resource Page War Between the States

Texas Resource Page War Between the States

Maps, Flags, Art images to upload images

Maps of Texas

Flags of Texas

Historical Art of Texas

Seal.

Texas was the 28th state to enter the union.

Texas was under five flags,.

(1519-1685) Spanish Flag -Spain's Conquest of the New World (1519-1685; 1690-1821). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Álvar_Núñez_Cabeza_de_Vaca

1685-1690 - French Fleg -French landed near Matagorda Bay, by René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle with colonists of France (1685-1690). La Salle was murdered by his own people and all but 5 perished.

1690-1821 Spanish flag - Spanish colonial rule.

1821 - Mexican Flag -Mexico won its independence, , giving the 3rd flag for present-day Texas.

1835-36 Texas Revolution

March 2, 1836'Declaration of Independence drafted

Apr 21, 1836 - 1845 San Jacinto Victory, - Republic of Texas existed 9 years

1845Texas was admitted into the United States as a state.

1861The sixth flag to govern Texas was secession from the union (when Texas joined the Confederate States of America). It was the 7th state to secede and used the 7-star CSA Flag of 1861 throughout the war.

1867 - Readmitted into the union of United States

1845

FACTS ABOUT TEXAS

Exploration and Colonization -New Spain

Colonization New Spain, a brief time under French flag, New Spain Colonies.

Colonization 1821 -Mexican Rule of Texas Colony

Texas Revolution 1835-1836

Before statehood - Republic of Texas

Admission to Union -Dec 29,1845, 28th State

Mexican American War 1846 - 1848

Nickname - The Lone Star State - during the Texas Revolution (independence from Mexico)

Motto - Don't Mess with Texas, "Friendship Flags_of_Texas.png

Capital - Austin

List of Texas State symbols

Languages - English and Spanish

Original name - tejas, meaning friends (Caddo origin)

Size -268,581 square miles ( 2nd largest state of the USA

North of state Oklahoma

Northeast of State Arkansas

East of State Louisiana

West of state New Mexico

Southeast of stateGulf of Mexico

Southwest of state Chihuahua, Mexico

Southwest of state Coahuila, Mexico

Southwest of state Nuevo Leon, Mexico

Texas Timeline/History

Neuva Espana

New Spain

1519- Alonso Alvarez de Pineda explores, maps Texas coastline.

1528 Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca, a survivor of the Panfilo Narvaez Expedition, documents his 8-year rescue attempt while trying to get back to New Spain, explores Texas interior; in 1541, publishes La Relación.^[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Álvar_Núñez_Cabeza_de_Vaca

1540-42 - Francisco Vasquez de Coronado (1510-1554) (Spain) explored Southwest America and Texas up toward Kansas"Vasquez de Coronado biography on Wikipedia

April 20, 1598 -Spaniard Juan de Oñate arrived at the Rio Grande near El Paso, Texas colony and celebrated Mass.

1684 - La Salle sailed from New Rochelle 1684. However he misjudged the mouth of the Mississipi. La Salle and 300 colonists landed at Matagorda Bay. 1689 FRENCH TEXAS COLONY Texas was claimed by French explorer René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle for France when he landed at Matagorda Bay.. It was of the French opinion that a French colonyat the Mouth of the Mississippi River,would split the Spanish dominion, thus advancing the French empire.^[2] Faulty maps misled René Robert Cave when he and the 300 colonists landed at Matagorda Bay, he established Fort St. Louis Colony. One ship wrecked aa they tried to land. La Salle and crew left to find food and help. There was no food on the coastline. The Karankawa Indians were thought to be friendly. Colonists were not farmers. La Salle and crew left on the last ship to obtain food.^[3]

1689 - La Salle and people established Fort St. Louis. This name has been given to the area over the years. René Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle himself, named it the habitation on the riviére aux Boeufs (Buffalo River) near the bay Saint-Louis. Physical location- was the right bank of Garcitas Creek, in present day southern Victoria county. His men mutinied, thus La Salle was killed. This left the colonists starving. Eventually the people in colony died or were massacred by Karankawa. (this account was given by a child hidden by an Indian woman). The Fort gradually decayed after all the settlers died.^[4][5]

Ships of La Salle bound for Louisiana, landed in Matagorda Bay, Texas.

1690 - De Leon and crew reached the area. De Leon and men buried the cannon of the FRENCH failed settlement Fort St. Louis and evidence of the fort.

before 1722 -De Leon and men built the Spanish Nuestra Señora de Loreto de la Bahía Presidio on top the French Fort to eliminate evidence of the colony of French,

1725 De Leon also began the Old San Antonio Road El Camino Real

1996 -Excavations on a ranch found 8 French (300 yr old) cannons. Excavation by TX Historical Com archeologists confirmed Spanish Nuestra Señora de Loreto de la Bahía Presidio was built on La Salle settlement site in 1722.^[6]

1719 -10 missions, 4 presidios, 300 Spaniards, and families were in area between Nacogdoches and San Antonio.

1700's-SPANISH TEXAS Spain establishes Catholic missions throughout Texas. Missions

1716 - Central Texas (west of the Sabine River) was named "Province of New Philippines" by missionaries hoping it would gain royal patronage from King Philip and be successful like the Philippine Islands. The name disappeared from use for Texas, except land grant documents.

1718 Spaniards grouped around San Antonio River. Mission and presidio (fort) established was known as Villa de Bexar.

Texas Gulf areas 1718.

1719 - Council of Indies suggested recruiting 200 families from Canary Islands, to populate Texas and block westward expansion of the French.

1723 - Marques de Aguayo, Captain-General of Coahuila y Tejas urged the Crown to strengthen Spain's claims to Texas. Spaniards are invited to Canary Islands Marques de Aguayo First Settlement in Texas-Canary.

Mission San Saba, Province Texas, 1765 unsigned.

1763 Seven Years War (French, Indian War)- France gives England territory E. of Mississippi River, except New Orleans. Spanish gave up Florida to English for Cuba.

1763 France formally relinquished its claim to Texas

1765 Mission and presidio at La Bahia-(Goliad) ^[7]

1765 - Destruction of Mission San Sabá in Province of Texas

1773.

1776-1783 - American Revolution creates United States of America. United States Declaration of Independence (July 4, 1776)

1800s Miguel Hidalgo Castillo declares Mexico (including territory north and west of the Rio Grande River) independent from Spain as Ferdinand VII was forced to abdicate by Napolean.

1811 Juan Bautista de las Casas led a revolt against Spain from San Antonio de Béxar, Province of Texas and captured the Spanish governor, Governor Manuel María de Salcedo ( executed in 1813). Spain quickly ended the rebellion and Governor Manuel María de Salcedo was restored to power. Juan Bautista de las Casas and his rebels were executed in August.

1812-1813 -Gutierrez-Magee Expedition cross Sabine from Louisiana against Spanish rule in Texas. [www.tamu.edu/faculty/ccbn/dewitt/adp/history/republic/flags/filabuster.htm Gutierrez-Magee Expedition]

1812- March 2, 1819 Arkansas, which had been part of Missouri Territory (est. June 4, 1812) since 1812, is detached and made a territory. This is mostly focused on when Arkansas separated from Missouri, and lands were ceded to the Indian Territory and Texas, rather than when Arkansas separated from Louisiana. ARK originally included counties of E. TX, like Bowie and Fannin. Arkansas and Louisiana had disputes over the borders for quite some time, before being settled on the current border.Arkansas Neighbor of Texas

1821 -Stephen Austin's Old Three Hundred. Green DeWitt's Colony begin.

1821Mexico was recognized as an Independent country from Spain following the Mexican War of Independence. Mexican Rule of Texas^[8]

January 3, 1822 Iturbide passed the Colonization Law, inviting empresarios to introduce families in units of 200 and defining the land measurement in terms of labores (177 acres each), leagues or sitios (4,428 acres). a married man could apply for a full labor, yet a single man could only apply for 1/4 league.

Pre 1820 Spain already had passes a law forbidding the sale or purchase of slaves and requiring that the children of slaves be freed when they reached fourteen. Any slave introduced into Mexico by purchase or trade would also be freed. The Mexican Federal Government left the States in charge of enforcing this law and others. See government

July 1826 Comanches burn Green DeWitt's town to the ground.

December 21, 1826 Fredonian Rebellion (Fredonian Declaration of Independence is signed, and the Fredonian flag is flown over the Nacogdoches County, Texas, Old Stone Fort, Nacogdoches.

1832Sam Houston resigns as Governor of Tennessee and leaves Nashville, Tennessee to live among the Cherokee until 1832.

1821-1836 division of texas

1830s Aguayo and troops traveled to San Antonio and East Texas missions on the El Camino Real. left breeder pairs of horses, cattle at each river crossing. This resulted in the gigantic herds of wild mustangs and cattle that populated Texas. Aguayo

April 6, 1830  : A law is passed by the Mexican government that includes provisions to banning settlers from the USA immigration from the United States. (Prohibited immigration from the United States to Texas. (This measure was ignored; by 1834, it was estimated that over 30,000 Anglos lived in Texas, compared to only 7,800 Mexicans.)Emigration

:1831  : Three garrisons are established in Texas. The presidio at Anahuac- (first port) became the first port in Texas to collect customs. 2nd customs port, Fort Velasco, was established at the mouth of the Brazos River, while a third garrison, Fort Teranbegan on the Neches River below Nacogdoches to combat smuggling and illegal immigration. The presidios are staffed with convicts.

1832: Sam Houston comes to Texas and becomes involved in Texas politics and the rebellion against Mexico.

June 1832 First of the Anahuac Disturbances-angry colonists attacked Bradburn-'s garrison to free imprisoned lawyers William Barret Travis and Patrick Churchill Jack.

• • The Turtle Bayou Resolutions align the colonists with the Federalists, calling for a return to the Constitution of 1824.

June 25-26, 1832: In the Battle of Velasco, Centralist Mexican forces at Velasco fail to prevent Texians from moving a cannon to Anahuac.

August 2nd, 1832Texian settlers refuse to surrender their arms to Col. José de las Piedras in the Battle of Nacogdoches.

July 1833  : Stephen F. Austin arrives in Mexico City with the proposed Constitution of 1833, asking for extension of tariff exemptions, separation of Texas as a state from Coahuila y Texas, and repeal of restrictive colonization laws.

Nov 21 – the Mexican Congress repeals the ban on foreign settlement in Texas.

Jan 3, 1834  : The government of Mexico imprisons Stephen F. Austin in Mexico City.

Date(s): October 2, 1835 Treaties of Velasco

Territorial changes: De facto Texan independence from the centralist Republic of Mexico

Sept 1, 1835 – Correo-San Felipe Affair. Texas armed schooner San Felipe exchanges fire with and captures Mexican Navy armed schooner Correo de Majica with help of small steamer Laura. Arguably the first shots of the Texas Revolution.

Sept 20, 1835 – General Martin Perfecto de Cós, lands at Copano with an advance force of 300 troops and marches toward Goliad, Texas.

Sept 28, 1836 – Albert Martin is selected as Captain of the Gonzales "Old 18" defenders and one of the Immortal 32.

Juan Seguín and a group of tejanos in Floresville, Texas, declare their support and readiness to take up arms in favor of a revolution.

Sept 29, 1835 –Mexican Lieutenant Francisco de Castañeda and 100 dragoons arrive in Gonzales to force the settlers to return the cannon they had been given in 1831, Battle of Gonzales. The Gonzales settlers retained their cannon.

1835-1836Texas REVOLUTION

Gonzales

Oct, 1835 - First shots fired over the Cannon of the Texas Revolution, is known as the "Come and Take It Cannon" of Gonzales Colony. Given to settlers for use in Indian raids. The Old Eighteen and Gonzales Rangers. One of the first battles in the Texas Revolution began over the Come and Take Cannon. Mexican forces who had previously given the cannon to Gonzales Colony for use in in case of Indian raids, were sent to remove it. They were denied by the Gonzales OLD EIGHTEEN and Citizens of Gonzales Colony refused to release it, and fired on them..Gonzales

Concepcion

Oct 28, 1835 Texians led by Jim Bowie win Battle of Concepcion, the small 30 minute skirmish Oct 28 on the grounds of Mission Concepción, 2 miles (3.2 km) south of what is now Downtown San Antonio. There were 276 Mexican troops agains 90 militia.15--76 Mexican soldiers killed versus 1Texian killed.. Concepcion

This is considered by historians as part of the Siege of Bexar (Oct - Dec 14, 1835 San Antonio.Siege of Bexar

Siege of Bexar final battle

October - Dec 14, 1835 -Siege of Bexar- in San Antonio. Texans drive the Mexican army from Bexar Colony. The Mexican army left their cannons behind at the Alamo..

Company leaders- Austin, Parrott, Breece, McNeill, Burleson.

Texian 600 forces, 35 killed, wounded

Cos, Ugartechea, Castenada - Mexican forces

Mexican 1200 forces, 150 killed, wounded

Texian 600 forces, 35 killed, wounded

SIEGE AND BATTLE OF THE ALAMO,1836

Feb 23, 1836 “Victory or Death” letter began with words “To the People of Texas & all Americans in World.” by Col. Travis.

Feb 23, 1836 - March 6, 1836 (13 Day Siege of the Alamo) Texians under Colonel William B. Travis were besieged by the Mexican army 13 day siege at the Alamo, in San Antonio, Bexar colony.

189 Texans, Tejanos, European at the Siege and Battle of the Alamo 187 Texians, Tejanos, Europeans were killed Unknown amounts of the Mexican Army were killed.

Mar 2, 1836 Texas Declaration of Independence- from Mexico was drafted. Republic of Texas born at Washington on the Brazos, Texas. Signed next day after correcting mistakes.

Replica where writers signed Declaration of Independence

March 6, 1836 -Battle of the Alamo and Fall of the Alamo. 187 Defenders killed in the Battle of the Alamo (one from France elected to leave) (one from Texas convinced the Mexican soldiers he was a prisoner).^[9]

^[10]

Texas Seal of Revoluion.

Early Texas Hand Painted Flag:

Hand-Painted Texas Flag

March 1836 Goliad Massacres

March 1836 - Runaway Scrape -settlers fled their homes following defeat of the Alamo to avoid being killed by the advancing Mexican army of Santa Anna.

Apr 21, 1836 - Battle of San Jacinto, defeat of Gen. Santa Anna, winning Texas Independence. Republic of Texas Texians under Sam Houston with other colonials working with him defeat Santa Anna, win independence. For Statistics of the Battle of San Jacinto, See that Space Page

San Jacinto

"The Battle of San Jacinto", Rosenburg, Galveston .

Bradford map, Texas 1839 - forward Divisions

Emigration, Grants

Glo (General Land Office) has Spanish Land Grants on file, Land Bounties, Texas grants

Mexican Land grants are on file with (General Land Office) GLO

Empresario colonies were established under contracts with Mexican land grants and later the Republic of Texas added more colonies. All records are on file with GLO

Ad for colonization of Old 300, public domain

Stephen Austin's Old Three Hundred This was the first colony granted by the Mexican government to Moses Austin (Stephen Fuller Austin's father). This included 297 grantees in 1821, made up of families and some partnerships of unmarried men, who purchased 307 parcels of land from Stephen Fuller Austin, establishing a colony. Ill health caused Moses Austin to ask Stephen F To come to Texas to manage the colony. Old Three Hundred

DeWitt Colony DeWitt Colony April, 1825, Green DeWitt was awarded Empresario grant for 6 years by Saltillo, Coahuila with vague boundaries, subject to Mexican 1824 Colonization Law to settle 300 Anglo-Americans on Guadalupe and Lavaca Rivers. Pioneers arrived, began the 199 Dewitt colony grants and 39 settled along Guadalupe River.

DeWitt colony and Gonzales colony provided the "Texas Immortals" who went to the aid of Colonel Travis and the Defenders of the Alamo in 1836 (74 miles from San Antonio) ^{[11][12] [13]}

http://www.tamu.edu/faculty/ccbn/dewitt/gonreliefframe.htm

Empresario Land Grants to Encourage Colonization in Texas ==== The Mexican Government established Empresario colonies as it didn't have many colonists. All settlers had to take an oath to Mexico, had to submit paperwork in Spanish, and had to learn Spanish. Everything was geared to obey they Mexican government's laws.

Empresario colonies were established under contracts with Mexican land grants and later the Republic of Texas added more colonies.

The Old 300 Hundred Colony was granted by Mexican government to Austin's father. Ill health caused him to ask Stephen to come manage and make money on the colony.

Stephen Austin's Old Three Hundred 297 grantees in 1821, made up of families and some partnerships of unmarried men, who purchased 307 parcels of land from Stephen Fuller Austin, establishing a colony. ^[14]

DeWitt's colony ^[15]April, 1825, Green DeWitt was awarded Empresario grant for 6 years by Saltillo, Coahuila with vague boundaries, subject to Mexican 1824 Colonization Law to settle 400 Anglo-Americans on Guadalupe and Lavaca Rivers. Pioneers landed, took up the 199 Dewitt colony grants and 39 settled along Guadalupe R. Stipulations: 1) respect previous colonists' rights, 2) official correspondence had to be in Spanish, 3) schools had to teach in Spanish, 4) militia, 5) Catholic church. This colony provided the "Texas Immortals" who went to the aid of Colonel Travis and Defenders of the Alamo in 1836 (74 miles from San Antonio). ^{[16][17] [18]}

Fisher - Miller’s Colony (1842) (expired).

Mercer’s Colony (1844), and Castro’s Colony (1842). ^[19]

Peter's Colony A North Texas Empresario Grant made by Republic of Texas in 1841 to W. Peters and 20 investors for settlement of North Texas: 4 contracts. 1) Boundaries were set in North Texas area: 200 families settle/3 year time. Terms: 320 acres/single man and maximum of 640 acres/family. 2) boundary extension- 9 Nov, 1844, required # colonists to 800. 3) July 26, 1842 - 6-month extension. 4) 5 year extension: million acres to west until 1848. Peter's Colony https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/peters-colony https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter%27s_Colony https://txarchives.org/txglo/finding_aids/00049.xml https://www.glo.texas.gov/history/archives/collections/resource-page/Peters-Colony-Records.html https://www.mansfieldtexas.gov/1402/Peters-Colonists https://www.collincountyhistory.com/peters-colony.html https://sites.rootsweb.com/~txcolli2/index2.html/Peters_Colony.html

The Adelsverein, (Mainzer Verein), or (Society for Protection of German Immigrants in Texas), organized 1842, by 21 German noblemen at Biebrich on Rhine, near Mainz for land grants for settlers in Texas. Prince Carl Solms arrived, found Fisher-Miller Grant had expired, and signed for land near 2 rivers for fresh water (New Braunfels in central Texas). ^[20] Emigrating Germans became founders of New Braunfels (Comal Co.), Fredericksburg (Gillespie Co.), Pin Oak, Bastrop Co.y (now Comal Co.), Seguin, Texas, and Victoria, TX. ^{[21] [22]}

1836 - 1845 - REPUBLIC OF TEXAS

Dec. 28 1845 Republic of Texas ratifies approval on Texas statehood.^[23]

Texas annexation

19 Feb. 1846 -State Motto - "Friendship".

1846 Transfer of power- United States transfers power of Texas from Republic of Texas to Union (28th State)

1846-1848 Mexican-American War - US admitted Texas into Union caused war with Mexico over Texas boundaries. ^[24]

1862-1865 - Civil War

1845.

1866 Texas counties formation.

1875 Texas capital was needing a larger capital. The Texas constitutional convention set aside 3,000,000 acres of a ranch in the Panhandle to build new capitol. When a fire destroyed the old capital, in 1881, Gov. Oran M. Roberts called a special legislative session. in the meeting with Charles B And John F Farwell, they agreed to build the capitol and accept the 3,000,000 Panhandle acres in payment. It struck a bargain with Charles B. and John V. Farwell, brothers of Chicago, under which they agreed to build a $3,000,000.00 capitol and accept the 3,000,000 Panhandle acres in payment. This was the XIT ranch which extended from near Lubbock in areas 30 miles wide over 10 counties northward to Dallam county. By 1885 the Cattle were in Dalhart..

XIT

Reconstruction

1917-1918 - Great War

1930's Depression

1941-1945 - World War II

1945-1952 - Korean War

1955 - April 30, 1975 - Vietnam War

Old San Antonio Road

El Camino Real black, Old San Antonio Rd- Red.

El Camino Real- black, Old San Antonio- Red.

The Old San Antonio Road as shown red was the first roadway by which explorer, Alonso de Leon traveled when he established missions along the road. This was not an interstate or even paved. It developed as paths. The paths varied with weather and with Indian threats.

1915 Daughters of the American Revolution (DAR) and the State of Texas backed a project to place markers at 5 mile intervals along the Road. First a surveyor placed oak posts, then the markers were installed..It is also known as King’s Highway. Close examination shows the heaviest traveled areas were running San Antonio, Bexar county eastward toward the old Washington on the Brazos, then on to Nacogdoches.

The road extends 47 miles into Louisiana and ends at Nachitoches, Louisiana. The Old San Antonio Road's length is 540 miles whereas the El Camino Real is over 1200 miles.^[25][26]

Governments/Missions

Spain had an efficient and relatively successful system for expanding Spanish culture and politics to new lands. This system of government was not sustainable due to numerous Apache raids and after the Mexican Revolution in 1821. In 1848 the United States won the Mexican War and gained all of Arizona, north of the Gila River through the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

Missions Established in Spanish Texas

• Mission San Francisco de la Espada
• Mission Santísimo Nombre de María
• Mission San Juan Capistrano
• Mission Nuestra Señora de la Purísima Concepción de Acuña
• Mission San José de los Nazonis
• Mission Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe
• Mission Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe de los Nacogdoches
• Mission Nuestra Señora de los Dolores de los Ais
• Mission San Miguel de Linares de los Adaes
• Mission San Antonio de Valero
• Mission San José y San Miguel de Aguayo
• Mission Nuestra Señora del Espíritu Santo de Zúñiga
• Mission San Francisco Xavier de Nájera
• Mission Santa Cruz de San Sabá
• Mission Nuestra Señora del Rosario
• Mission San Francisco Xavier de los Dolores
• Mission Nuestra Señora de la Luz
• Mission Nuestra Señora del Refugio

Settlers of Texas

Texas had emigrants from the United States, Europe, Mexico, Germany, and Spain.

Settlers:

The handbook of Texas: The 1990 United States census revealed that 1,175,888 Texans claimed pure and 1,775,838 claim partial German ancestry. This equals to 2,951,726 Texans with German ancestry (17½% of the state's total population). This gives a result that Germans rank behind Hispanics, and are the 3rd largest national origin group. https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/png02

Most of the emigrant German's tended to settle in a broad, yet fragmented belt. This is evident in Galveston, Houston, Kerrville, Boerne, Fredericksburg, Mason county, Hondo, Lindsay in Cooke County, Waka in Ochiltree County, Clay County, Russian German Baptist; and Lockett in Wilbarger County (north Texas) and the the heavily settled Hill County north and near San Antonio to Austin, Texas. A majority of the German emigrants came to areas which stretched from Galveston and Houston on the east to Kerrville, Mason, and Hondo counties on the west; from the fertile, humid Coastal Plain to the semiarid Hill Country and even Muenster, North Texas. German Settlers

Contributions include

1) Chester W. Nimitz (military),

2) Robert J. Kleberg (ranching),

3) Gustav Schleicher (politics),

4) Charles A. Schreiner of Kerrville (retail business). German settlements contributed to architecture, food, customs, rock fences, Gothic churches, sausage and sauerkraut and beer-- Texas German beers as Pearl and Shiner (see PEARL BREWING COMPANY, and SPOETZL BREWERY) German settlers

• Second-class headrights issued between Mar 2, 1836 and Oct. 1, 1837. Heads of families:1280 acre. Single men - 640 acres.

Republic of Texas, GLO.

• Third-class headrights issued to those arriving Oct 1, 1837 - Jan.1, 1840. Heads of families- 640 acre, single men - 320 acres. 3rd class

• Fourth-class headrights - colonists arriving between Jan 1, 1840 - Jan 1, 1842. Same amount issued; ten acres required to be cultivated.History and land grants
• Bounty grants for military service issued by Republic of Texas to soldiers who served in Texas Revolution and those enlisted in the army before Oct. 1, 1837

cattle of Texas, Ron Garcia, PhD personal collection

Emigrating Germans became founders of New Braunfels (Comal Co.), Fredericksburg (Gillespie Co.), Pin Oak, Bastrop Co.y (now Comal Co.), Seguin, Texas, and Victoria, TX. ^{[27] [28]}

Pioneers, commons.

Native Americans, Spaniards, German, current Mexican citizens, English, Irish, Scottish, Slaves, African-Americans, Free or Escaped, of any type, Danish, Finnish, Germans Polish, Jewish Swiss, Chinese and Pioneers from United States.

Native Americans

Caddo Pottery Tradition.

Apache, Alabama, Atakapa, Biloxi, Caddo, Cherokee, Choctaw, Coahuiltecan, Comanche, Creeks, Koasati, Koroa, Kiowa, Muskogee, Pueblos, Quapaw, Shawnee, Waco and Wichita tribes Indian Rangers

Map- Right - 1856 Comancheria: - Texas area, part New Mexico, part Territory of Kansas, Indian Territory, occupied by various Comanche tribes prior to 1850. "Reynolds's Political Map of the US" (1856) from Library of Congress collection

Pioneers.

Native Americans, Spaniards, German, current Mexican citizens, English, Irish, Scottish, Slaves, African-Americans, Free or Escaped, of any type, Danish, Finnish, Germans Polish, Jewish Swiss, Chinese and Pioneers from United States

Conflicts Within Spanish and Mexican Texas

Death of COL William B. Travis, by Ruth Conerly (Alamo Collection)

Death of COL William B. Travis, by Ruth Conerly (Alamo Collection)

1541-1685 - Native American Raids, Mutiny

1685-1810 - Native American Raids (continued until 1875), Diseases, Droughts, Floods,

1810 - 1821 Mexican War of Independence

1812 - 1814 Magee Expedition Gutiérrez–Magee Expedition Battle of Medina.

1820 - 1875 Texas Indian Wars

1836 - Texas Revolution against Mexican Government

March 2, 1836 - Formal Texas Declaration of Independence, adopted at the Convention of 1836 at Washington-on-the-Brazos on March 2, 1836.

Texas Declaration of Independence, adopted at Washington-on-the-Brazos on March 2, 1836.

'Texas Independence'Click HERE

Ships

German Ship Passenger Lists (1842-1854) ^[29]

typical ship of 1840.

European contact with Texas during this early period was through the Gulf of Mexico. Indianola, Point at Matagorda and Galveston were the original ports of entry. In 1843, the newly independent Republic of Texas invited a group of Hessians to establish a colony (Adelversein) in Texas. The next year, about 150 families arrived in Indianola bay until 1870's when Indianola Bay was destroyed by hurricane. Galveston, Brownsville became the gateway for other settlers.

Resources

Pumpjack oil- West Texas.

• Cattle
• Sheep
• Oil
• Gas
• Wind - (Wind turbines for electric power
• Agriculture
• Aquaculture
• Tourism
• Industry
• Construction/Building materials

WikiTree Pages

Space: WikiTree Profiles Roll of Honor

Grassyville Cemetery and Histories freespace page by Jon Czarowitz-1

• Texas in the Great War

• The Great War 1914-1918
• United States in the Great War
• World War II Project
• Korean War Project
• Vietnam War Project

Category:Confederate States of America, United States Civil War

Mexican-American War

Category: United States of America, Mexican-American War

United States of America, World War I

Category: American Expeditionary Force (AEF), World War I

Category: 36th Infantry Division, United States Army

Category: United States Army Regiments, World War I

Category: United States Army Divisions, World War I (stateside)

Notable TEXANS on WikiTREE

Texas Senate Seal.

Texans in the Great War]

Juan Nepomuceno Seguin, Politician, Colonel, J.P.

Jose Francisco Ruiz, signer of the Texas Declaration of Independence

Colonel Sam Robertson

Robert McAlpin Williamson Battle of Gonzales, bringing aid to Alamo, Texas Revolution

Richard King - Mexican American War, Civil war, founder of the King Ranch.

Jose Escandon (1700-1770) "Father of the Lower Rio Grande Valley

Thomas Jefferson Rusk

Lyndon Baines Johnson Vice President and President from Texas

William Barret Travis, Col. Commander of Alamo Defenders

Robert Justus Kleburg

James C Neill Colonel, Gonzales Colony Battle, Commander of Alamo, left for family,when he returned, the Alamo had fallen.,

Sterling C. Robertson

David Hawkins Stern “Davy” Crockett Colonel, Alamo

James Bowie Colonel, of the Alamo volunteers

Samuel Houston General, 1st, 3rd President

Edward Murray BurlesonGeneral

Sterling C. Robertson

Samuel Houston General, Governor

Stephen F AustinFounder, Father of Texas

President George H W Bush

President George W Bush

John Neely Bryan (1810–1877), the founder of Dallas.

Moses Austin Bryan

Anson Jones

Mirabeau B. Lamar

Collin McKinney drafter of the Texas Declaration of Independence

John McMullen

Jose Antonio Navarro, one of three Tejanos to sign the Texas Declaration of Independence and Politician

Juan Jose María Erasmo Seguin

David Hatcher Childress

Oveta (Culp) Hobby

Ma Ferguson, first woman Governor of Texas

[http://www.womenintexashistory.org/bios/ Women in Texas History/on womenintexashistory.org website

Famous Texans on famoustexans.com

Notable Texans on wikipedia

Famous Texans on Texas Escapes Online Magazine

Famous Texans on worldatlas.com

Texans Service in Wars

Audie Leon "Little Texas" Murphy Major

Admiral Chester Nimitz

• • General Walton Harris Walker (Died in Service in Korea)

Confederate War Records

Native Americans

Cabeza de Vaca and other Spaniards recorded over 49 different groups of Native Americans. American Indians Indian Relations in Texas Some bands, groups, remnants of tribes migrated to west of the Mississippi River to present-day Texas correlating with westward expansion of northern European colonization.

• Atakapa Ishak
• Karankawas - near South Texas

Map of area of Karankawa Indians

By 1860 the Karankawa tribe is believed to have become extinct.Karankawa

• http://www.angelfire.com/tx/phamton/indian.html

Research Resources

• RESOURCE to search for Land Grants: Texas General Land Office :
• GLO type in the last name of person in question, with comma and first initial.

• GLO

Declaration of Independence, Republic of Texas.

Sources

1. ↑ Cabezo de Vaca on Wikipedia
2. ↑ "The Handy Texas Answer Book" by James Haley
3. ↑ Robert S. Weddle, "LA SALLE'S TEXAS SETTLEMENT"
4. ↑ French colonization of Texas
5. ↑ Robert S. Weddle, "LA SALLE'S TEXAS SETTLEMENT"
6. ↑ Robert S. Weddle, "LA SALLE'S TEXAS SETTLEMENT" https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/uel07 La Salles Settlement]
7. ↑ Dewitt
8. ↑ Mexico Independence
9. ↑ http://www.thealamo.org/history/the-1836-battle/13-days.html
10. ↑ http://www.thealamo.org/history/the-1836-battle/the-defenders/index.html The Defenders]
11. ↑ http://www.tamu.edu/faculty/ccbn/dewitt/gonreliefframe.htm
12. ↑ http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/ued02 Old Station
13. ↑ http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/ued02
14. ↑ Old Three Hundred
15. ↑ http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/hcd07
16. ↑ http://www.tamu.edu/faculty/ccbn/dewitt/gonreliefframe.htm
17. ↑ http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/ued02 Old Station
18. ↑ http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/ued02
19. ↑ http://www.glo.texas.gov/what-we-do/history-and-archives/_documents/categories-of-land-grants.pdf
20. ↑ "Die Auswanderung as dem Kreis, Limburg- Weilburg in den Kreis, Bastrop Co., Texas" (the Emigration from Limburg-Weilburg County to Bastrop Co., Texas" by Manfred Kunz: translated by Carol Marlo of St Louis, MO, I Vol XXXIV No.2 1991; I & 2 Vol XXIV; Plum Creek Almanac, Vol 10
21. ↑ http://www.lib.utexas.edu/taro/utcah/01592/cah-01592.html
22. ↑ ADELSVEREIN
23. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_annexation
24. ↑ http://www.datesandevents.org/american-timelines/43-texas-history-timeline.htm
25. ↑ Washington on the Brazos Park history
26. ↑ Old San Antonio Road on wikipedia
27. ↑ http://www.lib.utexas.edu/taro/utcah/01592/cah-01592.html
28. ↑ ADELSVEREIN
29. ↑ Ship Lists

• UT Arlington Library's Special Collectionshas built a diverse research collection and collects materials in virtually all formats and makes them available to researchers.
• http://www.txsgs.org/TSGS/ Texas State Genealogical Society
• http://www.cah.utexas.edu/research/reference_tools.php Dolph Briscoe Center for American History, University of Texas at Austin - an organized research unit and public service component of The University of Texas at Austin.
  • http://www.glo.texas.gov/what-we-do/history-and-archives/the-collection/index.html The Texas General Land Office Archives is home to the original register of settlers in Stephen F. Austin’s first colony in Texas. With approximately 35 million records dating back to 1720, including approximately 80,000 maps, sketches and plat maps, the present-day Archives collection continues to serve as the repository for the history of Texas land.
• Texas State Historical Association
• http://txsaghs.org/ San Antonio Genealogical and Historical Society
• http://www.lib.utexas.edu/taro/browse/browse_cah1.html TARO (Texas Archival Resources Online)

• https://www.tsl.texas.gov/landing/explore.html Texas State Library and Archives Commission
• http://www.tamu.edu/faculty/ccbn/dewitt/alarconex2.htm Entradas and Royal Inspection Expeditions Future DeWitt Colony 1550-1800
• https://www.tsl.texas.gov/landing/collections.html TSL Online Collection
• http://www.cah.utexas.edu/research/reference_tools.php Dolph Briscoe Center for American History, University of Texas at Austin - an organized research unit and public service component of The University of Texas at Austin.
• http://www.tamu.edu/faculty/ccbn/dewitt/alarconex2.htm Entradas and Royal Inspection Expeditions Future DeWitt Colony 1550-1800
• https://www.tsl.texas.gov/landing/collections.html TSL Online Collection
• http://www.lib.utexas.edu/taro/browse/browse_cah1.html TARO (Texas Archival Resources Online)
• http://www.cah.utexas.edu/research/reference_tools.php Dolph Briscoe Center for American History, University of Texas at Austin - an organized research unit and public service component of The University of Texas at Austin.
• Texas State Historical Association
• http://www.cah.utexas.edu/collections/bexar.php The Bexar Archives
• http://www.tamu.edu/faculty/ccbn/dewitt/empresarios.htm
• http://genealogytrails.com/tex/military/mil_confvetwarrec.html
• http://www.starmuseum.org/descendant/family_tree.html
• http://www.lsjunction.com/events/runaway.htm
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runaway_Scrape
• https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/pfr01
• The Mexican-American War and the Media, 1845-1848
• [http://www.txsgs.org/TSGS/ Texas State Genealogical Society[
• http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/uep02
• Texas State Historical Association
• San Antonio Genealogical and Historical Society
• Texas State Library and Archives Commission
• Entradas and Royal Inspection Expeditions Future DeWitt Colony 1550-1800
• TSL Online Collection
• TARO (Texas Archival Resources Online)
• Dolph Briscoe Center for American History, University of Texas at Austin - an organized research unit and public service component of The University of Texas at Austin.
• http://www.tamu.edu/faculty/ccbn/dewitt/gonreliefframe.htm
• Genealogical Resources Dolph Briscoe Center for American History, University of Texas at Austin
• The Bexar Archives are the official Spanish documents that preserve the political, military, economic, and social life of the Spanish province of Texas and the Mexican state of Coahulia y Texas. Both in their volume and breadth of subject matter, the Bexar Archives are the single most important source for the history of Hispanic Texas up to 1836
• UT Arlington Library's Special Collectionshas built a diverse research collection and collects materials in virtually all formats and makes them available to researchers.
• http://www.starmuseum.org/descendant/family_tree.html
• General Land Office The Texas General Land Office GLO Archives is home to the original register of settlers in Stephen F. Austin’s first colony in Texas and the land bounties awarded to Defenders of the Alamo and settlers.]
• The Handbook of Texas Online- project of the Texas State Historical Association. The online Handbook offers a full-text searchable version of the complete text of the six-volume print edition, all corrections incorporated in the second printing, and approximately 400 articles not included in the print edition due to space limitations.
• Texas History Resource Center
• http://www.baylor.edu/lib/texas/ The Texas Collection is http://digitalcollections.baylor.edu/cdm/ Baylor University]'s oldest special collections library. University Archive that collects, preserves, and provides access to materials on the history, heritage and culture of Texas.
• Immigration in America
• Brisco Center for American History
• A Guide to the Verein zum Schutze deutscher Einwanderer in Texas Records, 1842-1858
• http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/hcd07
• Texas History is Your Heritage
• Spain in the Revolution
• New Spain Index Nueva España: Nuevas Philipinas--Provincia de Tejas1528-1821
• Marqués de San Miguel de Aguayo 1721-1722
• First Civil Settlement in Texas
• Texas Rangers Indian War Pensions
• Spanish Texas
• LA SALLE'S TEXAS SETTLEMENT
• DEWITT'S COLONY
• https://www.tsl.texas.gov/travis-letter.html
• http://www.thealamo.org/history/the-1836-battle/13-days.html
• http://www.thealamo.org/history/the-1836-battle/the-defenders/index.html
• http://www.thealamo.org/history/the-1836-battle/the-travis-letters.html
• http://www.texasranger.org/ReCenter/Indian_Rangers_Smith.html Indians and Rangers in 19th Century Texas
• http://www.glorecords.blm.gov/ Bureau of Land Management(BLM), General Land Office (GLO) Records Automation
• http://www.archives.gov/research/genealogy/index.html National Achieves]
• http://www.lonestargenealogy.com/courses/texas/migration.html]
• https://archive.org/details/mexicanwarvetera00roba
• https://openlibrary.org/books/OL6917509M/Mexican_War_veterans
• http://www.starmuseum.org/descendant/family_tree.html
• http://www.lsjunction.com/events/runaway.htm
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runaway_Scrape
• https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/pfr01
• http://www.history.vt.edu/MxAmWar/Newspapers/Niles/Nilesd1846NovDec.htm The Mexican-American War and the Media, 1845-1848
• http://www.txsgs.org/TSGS/ Texas State Genealogical Society
• http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/uep02
• Texas State Historical Association
• http://txsaghs.org/ San Antonio Genealogical and Historical Society
• https://www.tsl.texas.gov/landing/explore.html Texas State Library and Archives Commission
• http://www.tamu.edu/faculty/ccbn/dewitt/alarconex2.htm Entradas and Royal Inspection Expeditions Future DeWitt Colony 1550-1800
• https://www.tsl.texas.gov/landing/collections.html TSL Online Collection
• http://www.lib.utexas.edu/taro/browse/browse_cah1.html TARO (Texas Archival Resources Online)
• http://www.cah.utexas.edu/research/reference_tools.php Dolph Briscoe Center for American History, University of Texas at Austin - an organized research unit and public service component of The University of Texas at Austin.
• http://www.tamu.edu/faculty/ccbn/dewitt/gonreliefframe.htm
• http://www.cah.utexas.edu/research/genealogy.php Genealogical Resources Dolph Briscoe Center for American History, University of Texas at Austin
• http://www.cah.utexas.edu/collections/bexar.php The Bexar Archives are the official Spanish documents that preserve the political, military, economic, and social life of the Spanish province of Texas and the Mexican state of Coahulia y Texas. Both in their volume and breadth of subject matter, the Bexar Archives are the single most important source for the history of Hispanic Texas up to 1836
• http://www.uta.edu/library/spco/collections.php UT Arlington Library's Special Collections has built a diverse research collection and collects materials in virtually all formats and makes them available to researchers.
• http://www.starmuseum.org/descendant/family_tree.html
• http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/search The Handbook of Texas Online - project of the Texas State Historical Association. The online Handbook offers a full-text searchable version of the complete text of the six-volume print edition, all corrections incorporated in the second printing, and approximately 400 articles not included in the print edition due to space limitations.
• https://www.tshaonline.org/membership/resource-center/resource-center.php?s=1 Texas History Resource Center
• http://www.baylor.edu/lib/texas/ The Texas Collection
• http://digitalcollections.baylor.edu/cdm/ Baylor University]'s oldest special collections library and serves as the University Archive preserves, and provides access to materials on the history, heritage and culture of Texas.
• http://immigrationinamerica.org/479-empresario-land-grants-in-texas.html Immigration in America
• http://www.lib.utexas.edu/taro/utcah/01592/cah-01592.html. Brisco Center for American History A Guide to the Verein zum Schutze deutscher Einwanderer in Texas Records, 1842-1858
• "Die Auswanderung as dem Kreis, Limburg- Weilburg in den Kreis, Bastrop Co., Texas" (the Emigration from Limburg-Weilburg County to Bastrop Co., Texas" by Manfred Kunz: translated by Carol Marlo of St Louis, MO, I Vol XXXIV No.2 1991; I & 2 Vol XXIV, Plum Creek Almanac, Vol 10
• http://vrhc.uhv.edu/manuscripts/indianola/iddresult.cfm?keyword=Adam+Becker Victoria Regional History Center] Indianola Immigrant Database
• http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/hcd07
• https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/ufa01 Texas History is Your Heritage]
• http://www.americanrevolution.org/hispanic.html Spain in the Revolution]
• http://www.tamu.edu/faculty/ccbn/dewitt/Spain.htm#ally New Spain Index] Nueva España: Nuevas Philipinas--Provincia de Tejas1528-1821
• http://www.tamu.edu/faculty/ccbn/dewitt/alarconex2.htm Marqués de San Miguel de Aguayo 1721-1722
• http://www.uiw.edu/sanantonio/FirstCivilSettlementinTexas.html First Civil Settlement in Texas
• Flowers and Fruits from the Wilderness; Morrell, Z. N., 1803-1883. (1872)
• http://www.texasranger.org/E-Books/Texas_Rangers_Indian_War_Pensions.pdf Texas Rangers Indian War Pensions
• Wikipedia: Texas–Indian wars
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Texas Spanish Texas
• https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/uel07 LA SALLE'S TEXAS SETTLEMENT
• http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/ued02 DEWITT'S COLONY
• https://www.tsl.texas.gov/travis-letter.html
• http://www.thealamo.org/history/the-1836-battle/13-days.html
• http://www.thealamo.org/history/the-1836-battle/the-defenders/index.html
• http://www.thealamo.org/history/the-1836-battle/the-travis-letters.html
• http://www.texasranger.org/ReCenter/Indian_Rangers_Smith.html Indians and Rangers in 19th Century Texas
• http://www.archives.gov/research/genealogy/index.html National Achives]
• Handbook of African American Texas
• African American History Resources The Dolph Briscoe Center for American History at the University of Texas at Austin offers a wide variety of material for the study of African American life, history, and culture in Texas.

• Handbook of African American Texas
• Wikipedia: History of Slavery in Texas
• African American History Resources The Dolph Briscoe Center for American History at the University of Texas at Austin offers a wide variety of material for the study of African American life, history, and culture in Texas.
• African Slave Trade in Texas
• Sabine Lake, Focal point of Illegal Slave Trade
• Old Slave Cemetery Pilot Point, Denton County, Texas
• Texas Slavery Project

• • https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Space:United_States_Armed_Forces%2C_Decorations%2C_Awards%2C_and_Badges