Kitty (Unknown) Budsworth (abt. 1809 - abt. 1866)

Descendants

Died about 28 Jun 1866 at about age 57 in Tamworth, New South Wales

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Kitty (Unknown) Budsworth was an Indigenous Australian. Join: Indigenous Australians Project Discuss: INDIGENOUS_AUSTRALIANS

First Nations people should be aware that this biography contains images and names referring to people who have passed into the dreaming.

Biography

"Kitty" was a woman of the Gubragal Iyura or the people of the people of the black duck Yurangai and black swan "Mulgu", taking their names from the voices and songs of both birds.^[1]

Birth

Kitty was likely born in 1809.

In December 1821, the Parramatta Native Institution List estimated Kitty was 12 years old in 1821, indicating she was born in 1809.^[2]

On 12 June 1822, Governor Lachlan Macquarie stated that Kitty was 13, further supporting her year of birth to be 1809.^[3]

Tribe/Clan

Governor Macquarie stated that Kitty was from the "Warmuli (Prospect Clan)",^[4]

The Parramatta Native Institution stated Kitty was from the "Prospect" Tribe.^[5]

The Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies (AIATSIS) published map by David R Horton (1996) shows this area to be Dharug.^[6]

Admission to the Parramatta Native Institution

On 28 December 1814, Kitty was admitted to the Parramatta Native Institution.^[7]

Kitty was likely bestowed this name when she entered the institution.^[8]

Kitty was admitted on the same day as three other Aboriginal girls named Maria (Lock),^[9] Fanny, and Friday.^[10]

Details about the Parramatta Native Institution

The Parramatta Native Institution was established at the direction of Governor Lachlan Macquarie.^[11] The missionary William James Shelley (born 1774, died 1815) was appointed its first superintendent and principal instructor.^[12]

"The Native Institution was designed to inculcate European ideas of 'civilisation', commerce and Christianity into Aboriginal people."^[13]

From 1814 to 1820, the Parramatta Native Institution had a total of 37 students.^[14]

Governor Macquarie directed "That no Child after having being admitted into the Institution, shall be permitted to leave it, or be taken away by any Person whatever, (whatever Parents or other relatives) until the Boys shall have attained the age of sixteen years, and the Girls fourteen years." ^[15]

"Aboriginal parents had resisted the school and pined for their children from the beginning – an open slat fence was built early in 1815 to provide parents the requested opportunity to gaze upon their children while at school. Shelley, before his early death in 1815, noted the reluctance of Aboriginal parents to give up their children and Yarramundi spoke of the fear of 'men in black clothes' taking the children to the Institution in 1818.^[16]

The Native Institution closed in 1829.^[17]

Colebee from Richmond

Colebee from Richmond was born about 1783, the son of Yarramundie (a different person to Colebee from Wungal in Sydney).^[18][19]

Colebee was the older brother of Maria Lock, who entered the Parramatta Native Institution on the same day as Kitty.^[20][21]

Colebee and William Cox

William Cox arrived in Sydney in 1800, and he and his family had a significant role in New South Wales exploring, building roads, buildings, and as pastoralists. Cox used convicts to work on his property, and to build roads.^[22]

On 12 July 1814, Governor Macquarie commissioned Cox to build a road across the blue mountains.^[23] Cox stated in his journal "Got two natives who promise to continue with us – Joe from Mulgoa and Coley from Richmond".^[24][25]

In 1816, Colebee was an Aboriginal guide for Military Detachments sent out by Governor Macquarie.^[26]

In 1819, Colebee became the first Aboriginal person granted land by the Colonial Government under British Law, with the document stating "Unto Colebee (a Black Native) His Heirs and Assigns to Have and to Hold for Ever, Thirty Acres of Land lying and situate in the District of Bathurst."^[27]

Marriage to Colebee

On 12 June 1822, Governor Lachlan Macquarie wrote in his diary "Colebee from Richmond marries Kitty, aged 13, from the Warmuli (Prospect Clan), a student at the Native Institution."^[28]

On 26 June 1822, Dr John Harris sent a letter to Colonial Secretary Frederick Goulburn, which stated "Coleby the Black Constable is seldom or ever seen at the Black Town, but is constantly away with the Natives and is of no use there as a Constable… I have had frequent complaints of him before from Windsor for drunkenness and violent conduct."^[29]

Joseph Budworth

On 6 December 1829, a ship from England named the Claudine arrived in Sydney, carrying 180 convicts onboard.^[30]

Joseph Budworth and William Cox

One of the convicts onboard was named Joseph Budworth, born 1813. Budworth was assigned to William Cox, of Clarendon, NSW.^[31]

At this time, Sydney was relatively tiny, with a census the previous year showing a European population of only 10,815 people.^[32]

As identified above, Kitty's husband had worked for William Cox, and the records show they were living in Richmond, which was close to Cox's Clarendon estate.^[33]

Birth and Baptism of Kitty and Colebee's son Samuel

In 1823, Kitty and Colebee had their first child, named Samuel.^[34]

On 23 August 1827, Samuel was baptised at the Catholic Church in Richmond.^[35]

Widowed after the death of Colebee

By 1831, Richmond Colebee had died,^[36] with "a letter requesting his sister Maria receive his 30 acres of land."^[37][38]

In 1831, Kitty was mentioned in a blanket list as being widowed in her 20s living in Richmond.^{[citation needed]}

Details about Blanket Lists

"Traditionally, animal skin cloaks were the main form of insulation from the elements for Aboriginal people from much of the cooler, southern parts of the Australian continent. The cloaks were made from either kangaroo, wallaby or possum skins with some being fashioned from up to 80 pelts, taking over 12 months to acquire and make. In 1814, Governor Macquarie initiated the official distribution of blankets to Aboriginal people. He hoped the adoption of blankets would encourage civilised habits and cooperation with the settlers."^[39]

The Cox Family and the Liverpool Plains Area

Two of Cox's sons staked a claim to the Liverpool Plains area. “By 1826 William Cox’s sons George and Henry had extended their cattle even further north, staking a claim to land at Binnea, south of Coonabarabran, providing the nexus for Jinnie’s move between Mudgee and Coonabarabran… by 1829 George and Henry Cox had moved on from ‘Binnea’ and had established a run at ‘Nomeby’ (‘Nombi’) further northeast into Kamilaroi lands.”^[40]

The 1841 NSW Census shows that "G and H Cox"^[41] and "Edward COX" ^[42], another of William COX's sons, were in residence on the "District Liverpool Plains".

The 22 September 1848 NSW Government Gazette titled 'Claims to leases of Crown Lands, beyond the settled districts. Liverpool Plains district identifies the COX family's extensive land ownership in this area. This includes:^[43]

-Cox George. Name of run, Nomeby. Estimated area, 60,000 acres... and bounded as follows, on the north by Belumbela ridges ; south by Buballa range, east by Bowen or Cox's Creek ; west by rocky ridge.

The relationship of Joseph Budsworth, Aboriginal Black Kitty Budsworth, and the Liverpool Plains Area

In 1832, Joseph had a daughter named Catherine, who was born in Nomby. Her daughter Martha's birth certificate states her mother's name, maiden surname and birthplace was "Catherine", "formerly Budworth" and "Nomby, Tambar Springs".^[44]

Catherine died 26 August 1906. Catherine's death certificate states her father was Joseph BUDSWORTH, and his occupation was 'Boundary Rider'. It states the maiden surname of her mother was unknown.^[45]

The baptism certificates of Joseph's three sons shows for each that their father's name was Joseph Budworth or Budsworth, and their mother's name was listed for the 1833 birth of Joseph as "Kitty Budsworth",^[46] the 1840 birth of James as "Aboriginal", ^[47] and the 1843 birth of John as "Kitty Aborigini".^[48] Furthermore, Joseph's death certificate states his father was Joseph BUDWORTH and his mother was "Black Kitty".

The records show Kitty's husband had died by 1831 and Joseph Budworth began having children with "Kitty" in 1832. Furthermore, as both Budworth and Kitty Warmuli were both closely associated with William Cox and his family, who owned land and properties on the Liverpool Plains, it is understood by the descendants of Joseph and Kitty that this Kitty is one and the same.

PhD Findings of Dr Rosemary Norman-Hill

As stated in the PhD of Dr Rosemary Norman-Hill:^[49]

"As Colebee and Cox had an established relationship, Colebee and Joseph may have met before Colebee’s death, given the property was situated on Boorooberongal lands. According to Kohen (1993; 1996; 2010), Joseph met Black Kitty after she became a widow, suggesting she may have been cared for by Colebee’s family on Country. On 15 February 1837, after serving his seven years, Joseph earned his Certificate of Freedom (Kohen, 2010). By that time the couple had moved along the stock route of the Liverpool Plains in western NSW, with their children being born along this journey."^[50]

"Black Kitty and Joseph Budsworth had a productive partnership, producing six living children, three sons and three daughters. It is unknown whether Colebee and Black Kitty’s first son Samuel went with them or stayed with members of the Richmond clan."^[51]

Recognition of the Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies

As stated on the Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies website:^[52]

"The Stafford brothers are descended from a Cannemegal (Warmuli) woman called Black Kitty who was placed in the Parramatta Native Institution in 1814 at the age of five...

Kitty first married Boorooberongal man Colebee, who had been granted land in the Richmond area of NSW. In 1831, Kitty is mentioned in a blanket list as being widowed in her twenties and living in Richmond.

They had six children, one of whom was Catherine Budsworth, born in 1832 on the Liverpool Plains. The family then moved to the Maitland area. In 1832 Kitty married English convict Joseph Budsworth (aka Henry Joseph Budsworth). Joseph had been assigned to Magistrate William Cox in 1829 in Clarendon and it may have been this connection that led him to meet Kitty."

Joseph and Kitty Budworth's Children

Joseph Budworth and Kitty's children are listed below, with the only details added being those based on the official documents I currently have in my possession. Further details will be added as they become available.

Joseph (Junior)

Joseph (Junior) Born 27 June 1833. Baptised 1 June 1842 in West Maitland by J. T. Lynch, Roman Catholic. This baptism certificate states the father was Joseph BUDSWORTH and the mother was Kitty BUDSWORTH.^[53]This demonstrates that Joseph and Kitty were married, as she had taken his last name. Married 6 August 1857 Died 11 May 1863 in Queensland. The death certificate states his father was Joseph BUDWORTH and his mother was Black Kitty.^[54]

NOTE: Dean John T. Lynch, "who had arrived in Australia in 1838 and was stationed at Maitland in the same year, was closely associated with New England. Of him Monsignor P Hartigan wrote “He was a first-class horseman and as hard as the horse that bore him. He pioneered the Liverpool Plains, went further north than Armidale and combed the whole of the intervening country.”^[55] Joseph (Junior)'s baptism certificate shows that Lynch baptised him in June 1842, consistent with the Catholic Church's records.

James

James. Born 1840. Baptised 12 August 1845 by J. T. Lynch, Roman Catholic. This baptism certificate states the father was Joseph BUDWORTH and the mother was Aboriginal.^[56]

In 1867 married Catherine RYAN in Coonabarabran, NSW.^[57]

John

John. Born October 1843. Baptised 22 October 1845 by J. T. Lynch, Roman Catholic. This baptism certificate states the father was Joseph BUDSWORTH and the mother was Kitty Aborigini (sic). The parents abode was "American River". The baptism ceremony was performed in the "Parish of West Maitland in the County of Northumberland NSW".^[58]

Catherine

Catherine. Born 1832. Her daughter Martha's birth certificate states her mother's name, maiden surname and birthplace was "Catherine", "formerly Budworth" and "Nomby, Tambar Springs".^[59]

NOTE: Nomby is consistent with the land owned by George Cox and Henry Cox as detailed earlier.

Catherine died 26 August 1906. Catherine's death certificate states her father was Joseph BUDSWORTH, and his occupation was 'Boundary Rider'. It states the maiden surname of her mother was unknown.^[60]

NOTE: The occupation of 'Boundary Rider' involves "An employee responsible for maintaining the (outer) fences on a station, or a publicly owned vermin-proof fence... The duties of a boundary rider for the most part consist in riding round the fences every day, seeing that they are all in good order, blocking up any panels that may be broken, putting out strangers (that is stock that have strayed on to the run), and, in fact, doing all that may pertain to keeping his master's stock on his own land, and everybody's else out of it."^[61] This occupation is of particular note as BUDWORTH had been a stable boy in England, and the Cox family were pastoralists.

Mary

Mary, born 1849. Died 18 May 1878. Mary's death certificate states her father was Joseph BUDSWORTH, and his occupation was 'Laborer'. It states the maiden surname of her mother was 'Aboriginal'.^[62]

Sarah

Sarah. Married 24 April 1870 to Frederick George Hamilton. Their usual place of residence is both recorded as 'Bundella Creek'.^[63] Died 19 October 1886 in Inverell, NSW. Sarah's death certificate states her father was Joseph.^[64]

The spelling of Budworth and Budsworth

The alternate spelling of Budworth's children's names in their baptism certificate demonstrate that Joseph was alternately referred to as both Budworth and Budsworth.

As the Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies has stated, "Be mindful of spelling variations as people often recorded information as it sounded and in earlier times many people could not read and write."^[65]

Committed to Jail

On 28 July 1865, as per the record of the Maitland Mercury and Hunter River General Advertiser newspaper, an Aboriginal woman named Kitty was committed to jail by the Tamworth Court. This was in the same region where Kitty had her children.^[66]

Death

On 28 June 1866, Kitty died in custody from consumption, which is another name for tuberculosis.^[67]

The Advertiser stated:^[68]"An inquest was held at the East Maitland gaol, yesterday, by the coroner, James Thomson Esq, on the body of an Aboriginal woman named "Kitty," who arrived in gaol on a committal by the Tamworth bench, on July 28th last year. It appears by the evidence of Dr. Wilton, the deceased showed symptoms of disease of the lungs soon after her admission into gaol, and has been in the habit of spitting large quantities of blood. Everything was done to her that could tend to her comfort and relief, nevertheless she died about nine o'clock on Thursday evening. Verdict Death from consumption."

Of note, Kitty did NOT die from alcohol consumption, which had previously been incorrectly alleged on another page. This is a false and improper conclusion as per Dr Wilton's explicit findings.

Legacy

Kitty is recognised by the City of Parramatta as a "Significant Aboriginal woman".^[69]

Kitty's descendants number in the hundreds today, including great-great-great-great-great grandchildren, and are known to live around the world.

Many of Kitty's descendants have served in the Australian military. In World War 1, three of Kitty's great-grandsons, known as the Stafford brothers, Charles Fitzroy, Clyde Gilford, and John Harold, served in the Australian Light Horse. Charles fought at Gallipoli, and at the Battle of Beersheba on 31 October 1917, taking part in the third battle of Gaza at the famous mounted charge of the 4th Light Horse Brigade. Clyde was also involved in the third battle of Gaza, and John was involved in the Egyptian uprising. All three brothers survived World War 1.^[70]

Naming and Kinship

Suggested use of naming fields:

Proper first name: Unknown Preferred name: Kitty - this is not the name she was born with but is the only name recorded in documents Other Nicknames: Black Kitty Skin name: unknown Clan/family group: Warmuli- as Kitty's skin name is not publicly known, Warmuli has been used as a proxy to represent her family group in the Last Name at Birth (LNAB) field and make it easier for family members to identify her.

Sources

1. ↑ Uncle Richard Green (n.d.)Roots of our identity in Dharug and Dharawal Resources Accessed 10 Feb 2024
2. ↑ Parramatta Native Institution Admission List: 10 January 1814 to 28 December 1820. Brook, J. and Kohen, J. (1991). The Parramatta Native Institution and the Black Town: A History. Kensington NSW: New South Wales University Press.
3. ↑ Macquarie, Memorandum, List of Natives at Native Institution, 28 December 1819, MS A772:151, ML.
4. ↑ Macquarie, Memorandum, List of Natives at Native Institution, 28 December 1819, MS A772:151, ML.
5. ↑ Parramatta Native Institution Admission List: 10 January 1814 to 28 December 1820. Brook, J. and Kohen, J. (1991). The Parramatta Native Institution and the Black Town: A History. Kensington NSW: New South Wales University Press.
6. ↑ David R Horton (1996), Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies (AIATSIS), https://aiatsis.gov.au/explore/map-indigenous-australia.
7. ↑ Parramatta Native Institution Admission List: 10 January 1814 to 28 December 1820. Brook, J. and Kohen, J. (1991). The Parramatta Native Institution and the Black Town: A History. Kensington NSW: New South Wales University Press.
8. ↑ Uncle Richard Green (n.d.) link Colebee in Dharug and Dharawal Resources Accessed 10 Feb 2024.
9. ↑ Brook, J. and Kohen, J. (1991). The Parramatta Native Institution and the Black Town: A History. Kensington NSW: New South Wales University Press.
10. ↑ Parramatta Native Institution Admission List: 10 January 1814 to 28 December 1820. Brook, J. and Kohen, J. (1991). The Parramatta Native Institution and the Black Town: A History. Kensington NSW: New South Wales University Press.
11. ↑ Heidi Norman, 2015, State Library New South Wales, Dictionary of Sydney, Parramatta and Black Town Native Institutions, https://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/parramatta_and_black_town_native_institutions.
12. ↑ Australian Dictionary of Biography, William James Shelley (1774-1815), https://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/shelley-william-james-2653.
13. ↑ Heidi Norman, 2015, State Library New South Wales, Dictionary of Sydney, Parramatta and Black Town Native Institutions, https://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/parramatta_and_black_town_native_institutions.
14. ↑ Heidi Norman, 2015, State Library New South Wales, Dictionary of Sydney, Parramatta and Black Town Native Institutions, https://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/parramatta_and_black_town_native_institutions.
15. ↑ Brook, J. and Kohen, J. (1991). The Parramatta Native Institution and the Black Town: A History. Kensington NSW: New South Wales University Press. pp.59-62.
16. ↑ J Brook and JL Kohen, The Parramatta Native Institution and the Black Town: A History, (Kensington: University of New South Wales Press, 1991), 263.
17. ↑ Heidi Norman, 2015, State Library New South Wales, Dictionary of Sydney, Parramatta and Black Town Native Institutions, https://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/parramatta_and_black_town_native_institutions.
18. ↑ Uncle Richard Green (n.d.) Blackstown and Windsor in Dharug and Dharawal Resources Accessed 10 Feb 2024.
19. ↑ Rosemary Norman-Hill (2020), Reclaiming Darug history : revealing the truths about settlement on Darug Ngurra through the lens of an Australian Aboriginal historical research methodology, Southern Cross University, https://doi.org/10.25918/thesis.70.
20. ↑ Brook & Kohen, 1991.
21. ↑ Rosemary Norman-Hill (2020), Reclaiming Darug history : revealing the truths about settlement on Darug Ngurra through the lens of an Australian Aboriginal historical research methodology, Southern Cross University, https://doi.org/10.25918/thesis.70.
22. ↑ Biography of William Cox, https://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/cox-william-1934.
23. ↑ Australia Dictionary of Biography, 1966, William Cox, (1764–1837) https://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/cox-william-1934.
24. ↑ William Cox, Journal 1814, MS C708-2/CY Reel 1022:25 ML.
25. ↑ Rosemary Norman-Hill (2020), Reclaiming Darug history : revealing the truths about settlement on Darug Ngurra through the lens of an Australian Aboriginal historical research methodology, Southern Cross University, https://doi.org/10.25918/thesis.70.
26. ↑ Sharpe, A. (2000). Pictorial history Blacktown and District. Alexandria, Australia: Kingsclear Books.
27. ↑ Brook & Kohen, 1991, p.38.
28. ↑ Macquarie, Memorandum, List of Natives at Native Institution, 28 December 1819, MS A772:151, ML.
29. ↑ Brook & Kohen, 1991, p.51.
30. ↑ Convict Records, Claudine, https://convictrecords.com.au/ships/claudine.
31. ↑ The Biographical Database of Australia, Biographical report for Joseph BUDWORTH. https://www.bda-online.org.au/mybda/search/index-search-results?f=joseph&l=budworth&ol=&i=1&s=&p=.
32. ↑ Max Prisk, Sydney Morning Herald 185th anniversary: Birth of a crusader, Sydney Morning Herald, 17 April 2016. https://www.smh.com.au/national/it-was-a-dark-and-stormy-night-birth-of-a-crusader-20160407-go0ixy.html.
33. ↑ Biography of William Cox, https://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/cox-william-1934.
34. ↑ Brook & Kohen, 1991.
35. ↑ Sharpe, A. (2000). Pictorial history Blacktown and District. Alexandria, Australia: Kingsclear Books.
36. ↑ Rosemary Norman-Hill (2020), Reclaiming Darug history : revealing the truths about settlement on Darug Ngurra through the lens of an Australian Aboriginal historical research methodology, Southern Cross University, https://doi.org/10.25918/thesis.70.
37. ↑ Colonial Secretary Correspondence re land Maria Lock to Darling 14/3/1831 NSWA Reel 1153
38. ↑ Rosemary Norman-Hill (2020), Reclaiming Darug history : revealing the truths about settlement on Darug Ngurra through the lens of an Australian Aboriginal historical research methodology, Southern Cross University, https://doi.org/10.25918/thesis.70.
39. ↑ State Library New South Wales, 2011, Blanket Lists, https://www2.sl.nsw.gov.au/archive/discover_collections/history_nation/indigenous/blanket/blanket.html#:~:text=In%201814%2C%20Governor%20Macquarie%20initiated,1st%20May%2C%20the%20Queen's%20Birthday.
40. ↑ Marilyn Wood, 2001.
41. ↑ Museums of History NSW Census - 1841 Number INX-18-7022 https://mhnsw.au/indexes/census-and-musters/census-1841/?query=g+and+h+cox+liverpool+plains&page=1.
42. ↑ Museums of History NSW Census - 1841 Number INX-18-702 https://search.records.nsw.gov.au/primo-explore/fulldisplay?context=L&vid=61SRA&lang=en_US&docid=INDEX1263107.
43. ↑ 22 September 1848 NSW Government Gazette titled "Claims to leases of Crown Lands, beyond the settled districts. Liverpool Plains district".
44. ↑ NSW Birth Certificate Registration Number 21301/1877.
45. ↑ NSW Death Certificate Registration Number 1906/008817.
46. ↑ NSW Baptisms Number 2112 Vol: 61.
47. ↑ NSW Baptism Certificate Number 1650 Vol: 62.
48. ↑ NSW Baptism Certificate Number 1729 Vol: 62.
49. ↑ Rosemary Norman-Hill (2020), Reclaiming Darug history : revealing the truths about settlement on Darug Ngurra through the lens of an Australian Aboriginal historical research methodology, Southern Cross University, https://doi.org/10.25918/thesis.70.
50. ↑ Rosemary Norman-Hill (2020), Reclaiming Darug history : revealing the truths about settlement on Darug Ngurra through the lens of an Australian Aboriginal historical research methodology, Southern Cross University, https://doi.org/10.25918/thesis.70, p.233.
51. ↑ Rosemary Norman-Hill (2020), Reclaiming Darug history : revealing the truths about settlement on Darug Ngurra through the lens of an Australian Aboriginal historical research methodology, Southern Cross University, https://doi.org/10.25918/thesis.70, p.233.
52. ↑ Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies, The Stafford Family, https://aiatsis.gov.au/explore/stafford-brothers.
53. ↑ NSW Baptisms Number 2112 Vol: 61.
54. ↑ QLD Death Certificate Registration Number: 000023 Page Number: 1860.
55. ↑ Catholic Schools Office Diocese of Armidale, Parish, 2024 https://arm.catholic.edu.au/about-us/history/armidale/parish/.
56. ↑ NSW Baptism Certificate Number 1650 Vol: 62.
57. ↑ NSW BDM Registration Date 1867 Registration Number 1960.
58. ↑ NSW Baptism Certificate Number 1729 Vol: 62.
59. ↑ NSW Birth Certificate Registration Number 21301/1877.
60. ↑ NSW Death Certificate Registration Number 1906/008817.
61. ↑ Australian National University, Meanings and origins of Australian words and idioms https://slll.cass.anu.edu.au/centres/andc/meanings-origins/b.
62. ↑ NSW Death Certificate Registration Number 5296/1878.
63. ↑ NSW Marriage Certificate Registration Number 3449/1870.
64. ↑ NSW Death Certificate Registration Number 10890.
65. ↑ The Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies. 2022. Birth, death and marriage records. https://aiatsis.gov.au/family-history/family-history-sources/official-records/birth-death-and-marriage-records.
66. ↑ The Maitland Mercury and Hunter River General Advertiser Sat 2 Mar 1867 Page 4 Local News Inquest.
67. ↑ Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, History of World TB Day, https://www.cdc.gov/tb/worldtbday/history.htm#:~:text=TB%20was%20commonly%20called%20%E2%80%9Cconsumption,from%20TB%20in%20the%20lungs.
68. ↑ The Maitland Mercury and Hunter River General Advertiser Sat 2 Mar 1867 Page 4 Local News Inquest.
69. ↑ City of Parramatta Research & Collections, Parramatta History and Heritage, https://historyandheritage.cityofparramatta.nsw.gov.au/research-topics/aboriginal/significant-aboriginal-women-kitty?fbclid=IwAR3uvuSJJ-6GzRpsSnE04IzkliMtp0GXRmVONaPZEItPzTpQLusCo53BYaI.
70. ↑ https://aiatsis.gov.au/explore/stafford-brothers.