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William Goodrich DNA Research

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The purpose of the freespace pages William Goodrich DNA Research and William Goodrich Research Notes are to capture both DNA and Genealogical research efforts about William Goodrich (bef.1609-bef.1645) of Hessett, Suffolk, England and Watertown, Massachusetts (Goodrich-391) and his likely cousins through shared grandfather William Goodrich (1542-1631) brothers John Goodrich (1618-1680) and William Goodrich (1622-1676) of Bury St. Edmunds, Suffolk, England and Wethersfield, Connecticut and their connections to Clement Chaplin (1593-1656) early immigrant to New England who returned to England before his death. A proposed second cousin, Thomas Goodrich, early immigrant to Virginia by shared great-grandfather Robert Goodrich of Felsham, Suffolk is also relevant to this research.

The DNA and records-based research are split into two pages because each is lengthy and very detailed on its own. There is some unavoidable overlap of course.

Uncertain Origins: William-1 Goodridge of Watertown, MA

Though it has been common practice in published works concerning the immigrant William-1 Goodridge of Watertown, MA to focus attention on William-1 Goodridge of Watertown, MA rather than on the more familiar and extensively published brothers John-1 Goodrich and William-1 Goodrich of Wethersfield, CT, [1] [2] [3] a closer investigation and review of various prior works eventually yielded an increase in knowledge of what these three immigrants appear to share in their respective ancestries.

Since there are no known vital, parish, will or other records to corroborate as his parents William Goodrich II of Hessett and Barbara Cole, who were married on 16 May 1608 and had an un-named son (expected to be named William if named after the paternal grandfather, as was the family tradition at that time, or even if named after the father) was baptized on 11 Jun 1609 at St. Ethelbert-Hessett; [4] about 30 miles from Woolverstone where the immigrant William Goodrich married Margaret Butterfield on 19 Aug 1631, an attempt was made to demonstrate with Y-DNA testing whether the proposed parents were even possible, and if possible, what is the current status of the probability that the proposed parents are accurate, and what if any kit types would still be required to improve the current status.

General Y-DNA Testing Strategy

The strategy for determining whether or not the proposed ancestry for William-1 Goodridge of Watertown is likely using Y-DNA testing can be visualized by referring to the Felsham Goodrich ancestral chart below:

Felsham Goodrich Y-Ancestry Options

In the chart above, note that:

  • The ancestries of Thomas-1 Goodrich of Old Rappahannock, VA (represented by kit G-62; YF05421 on the YFull tree on YFull.com) and of William-1 Goodrich of Wethersfield, CT (represented by kit G-18; YF02189) are known; the proposed ancestry of William-1 Goodrich/Goodridge (represented by kit G-50; YF05422) is being tested.
  • If G-50 was a descendant of the Goodrich ancestry shown, he would be more closely related to G-18 than he is related to G-62, and William-1 Goodridge would be a first cousin of William-1 Goodrich, and they would be second cousins of Thomas-1 Goodrich.
  • Therefore, if G-50 is more closely related to G-18 than to G-62, the ancestry of G-50 also has to go through William Goodrich I of Hessett, and only then would G-50 be a single generation closer to G-18, with common Y-ancestor William Goodrich I of Hessett, with Robert Goodrich of Felsham being the common Y-ancestor of all 3 kits G-18, G-50 and G-62.
  • The requirement that the Y-line of G-50 must co-descend from William Goodrich I of Hessett is the reason why the un-named son of William Goodrich II of Hessett, baptized 11 Jun 1609 at Hessett, [5] is of interest, because in the Felsham Goodrich chart shown above there are only 3 Y-descendants of William Goodrich I of Hessett who had sons, and only one of them, William Goodrich II of Hessett, is both old enough to be the father of William-1 Goodridge of Watertown, and has a recorded son old enough to be William-1 Goodridge of Watertown.
  • If G-50 is not related more closely to G-18 than to G-62, or if a closer relationship cannot be demonstrated with sufficiently reliable evidence, then the resulting greater number of possible origins of William-1 Goodridge of Watertown in the cumulative Felsham Goodrich ancestry will restore a sole reliance on finding a proof record, with no way to know in advance where to find it.
  • Eldest son Robert died before the 1631 will of William Goodrich I of Hessett, so though he is old enough to be the father of William Goodridge of Watertown, MA, there is no record to substantiate that eldest son Robert Goodrich even survived childhood after he was named: William Goodrich and Robert his son, in a Hessett deed of feoffment with livery of seisin dated 06 Oct 1585. [6] At least in the case of Robert, there is a record of his baptism on 05 May 1577 at St. Ethelbert-Hessett, [7] and the deed of feoffment in 1585, to verify that he existed. In other (especially earlier) cases in which a Felsham Goodrich will has a principal heir not named after his paternal grandfather, there may have been another undocumented son who, like Robert, was named after the paternal grandfather, and was possibly destined to be the principal heir in the will of his father, until this son died prematurely.
  • Though second son William Goodrich II of Hessett was named in the 1631 will of William Goodrich I of Hessett, he was not the principal heir, though it is unknown if second son William knew, 22 years earlier in 1609, that this would be the case, and so he would be expected to name his eldest son after paternal grandfather William Goodrich I, and even if William Goodrich II ignored the family first name convention and named his first son after himself, the eldest son would still be named William.
  • Third son Henry Goodrich also died before the 1631 will of William Goodrich I of Hessett, and had by his second wife, Rose Howe, [8] a son John Goodrich baptized in 1621, [9] and in 1626 his son named William Goodrich was baptized. [10] Both of these sons were too young, by far, to be married in 1631 as was the immigrant William Goodrich/Goodridge of Watertown, MA.
  • Fourth son and principal heir John Goodrich not only named what is now realized to be his first son, Rev. William Goodrich the Elder of Hessett, after paternal grandfather William; he also named a younger son, the immigrant William-1 Goodrich of CT, William Goodrich the Younger; and named both sons with this distinguishing convention along with his youngest son Jeremy Goodrich and his second son and principal heir John Goodrich in his 1632 will (13 years after third son Henry Goodrich was baptized and buried in 1619); [11] a year after John had been named as principal heir in the 1631 will of William Goodrich I of Hessett, despite not being the eldest surviving son.
  • Though all three immigrant ancestors have multiple Y-DNA test kits shown in their Y-STR groupings, William-1 Goodridge of MA and Thomas-1 Goodrich of VA both have representation from just one generation 2 son of the immigrant ancestor, while William-1 Goodrich of CT has representation from all four surviving generation 2 sons.

Two major types of Y-DNA testing have been accomplished: Y-STR (since 2005) and next-generation-sequencing (NGS) Y-SNP (since 2013).

Y-STR Testing

Though Y-STR mutations are not permanent, and are reversible, and therefore have limitations in terms of their capability of resolving relationships in genealogical timeframes, there appear to be two potential uses for Y-STR testing in the current situation.

After commercial Y-STR Y-DNA testing became available after 2000, 5 Y-line descendants of William-1 Goodridge of Watertown, Massachusetts tested Y43/Y37 with SMGF. [12] The results for these 5 kits (2-6) as of Jan 2011, when SMGF was still operational, are shown and are compared with kit 1; also known as G-18, who is an attested Y-descendant of William-1 Goodrich of Wethersfield, Connecticut, in the image that follows.

Goodrich (1) vs. Goodridge (2-6) in SMGF Y-STR Y43/Y37 Y-DNA Testing (26 Jan 2011)

More extensive Y-STR comparison information is available from FTDNA [13] Y25, Y37, Y67 and Y111 Y-STR tests, shown in the 2-part (Y1-Y55); (Y56-Y111) image below with a probability assessment for the DYS390 = 25 (William-1 Goodridge of MA and William-1 Goodrich of CT) vs. DYS390 = 24 (Thomas-1 Goodrich of VA) results.

Goodrich Surname Y-STR Y-DNA Project (Y1-Y55)
Goodrich Surname Y-STR Y-DNA Project (Y56-Y111)
Goodrich Surname Y-DNA Project DYS390 Y-STR Results Compared to Parent Y-DNA Haplogroup E-Z5018 Results

In the more extensive Y25-Y111 Y-STR data depicted in the 3 images above, with representation from one generation 2 son for William-1 Goodridge of MA and Thomas-1 Goodrich of VA and representation from all four generation 2 sons of William-1 Goodrich of CT, note that:

  • No consistent trends are observed when kits are compared side-by-side in terms of genetic distance (difference in the number of highlighted mutations) at Y37, Y41, Y43, Y67 or even at Y111, yet this was the preferred simple method of comparison of close genealogical time-frame relations from 2005 through 2011.
  • There are, however, certain mutations at individual Y-STR markers that are useful as long as the Y-STR markers involved mutate just fast enough so that points of difference are seen, yet do not mutate too rapidly so that stray mutations not associated with a point of difference of interest are avoided. The best example of such a Y-STR marker in the Y111 data shown is DYS390, which has been DYS390 = 24 (24 is known as the allele value for DYS390) for all Y-descendants of Thomas-2 Goodrich of VA, and DYS390 = 25 for all Y-descendants of William-1 Goodridge of MA and of William-1 Goodrich of CT. No stray instances of DYS390 = 25 or DYS390 = 24 that are not part of this single trend have been seen. It remains to be seen whether DYS635 = 21 (DYS635 is also known as Y-GATA-C4) among Y-descendants of William-1 Goodridge of Watertown is of similar utility once DYS635 status in kits that represent all of the 3 surviving sons of William-1 Goodridge of Watertown is determined.
  • In the DYS390 allele value chart shown, the number of instances in which DYS390 is allele value 22, 23, 24, 25, 26 in the parent Y-DNA haplogroup E-Z5018 is shown. DYS390 = 24 is the modal (mode), or most prevalent, or the "ancestral" allele value, with 70.54% occurrence in 594 total E-Z5018 kits, and DYS390 = 25 is one of the minor mutated allele values at 16.67% occurrence.
  • The probability that a given kit (an independent observation) is DYS390 = 25 is 0.167 or 16.7%. And so the probability that, for instance, all of the kits Y-descending from the 4 sons of William-1 Goodrich mutated to DYS390 = 25 independently sometime after their respective Y-lines diverged is, with regard to the 4 Y-lines involved: 0.167 x 0.167 x 0.167 x 0.167 = 0.0007778, or 1 in 1,295. It is therefore unlikely that the current status of DYS390 = 25, among all Y-descendants of William-1 Goodrich who have tested so far, is due to independent mutations in the 4 Y-lines; rather, it is more likely the mutation DYS390 = 24 to DYS390 = 25 occurred in a shared Y-ancestor no later than William-1 Goodrich of CT, or in one of his Y-ancestors.
  • The DYS390 = 25 situation for the 1 son (of 3 total sons) of William-1 Goodridge is not as straightforward. SInce the 6 kits shown all Y-descend from the same generation 2 son (and even share the same generation 7 Y-ancestor), it is not prohibitively unlikely that this single Y-line went from DYS390 = 24 to DYS390 = 25 with a probability of 0.167 or 1 in 6, especially in this case since there are 7 generations of shared Y-ancestry during which this mutation could have taken place, whereas there is considerable generational diversity represented among the 4 sons of William-1 Goodrich of CT who have tested so far. And so the appropriate conservative interpretation is that the probability the single Y-line of William-1 Goodridge of Watertown represented so far mutated to DYS390 = 25 independently, sometime during the 7 generations these 6 kits shared the same Y-line, is 1 in 6, and therefore this possibility is not sufficiently prohibitive.
  • The situation for William-1 Goodridge Y-descendants could be improved if Y-descendants of sons Jeremiah-2 Goodridge and Benjamin-2 Goodridge could be recruited and tested. If DYS390 = 25 is seen in all 3 of these Y-lines, then it could be stated that the probability that each of the 3 Y-lines mutated to DYS390 = 25 independently is 1 in 215, and the 3 Y-lines and the 4 Y-lines of William-1 Goodrich of CT could be pooled to yield a cumulative probability that the 7 Y-lines involved mutated to DYS390 = 25 independently is just 1 in 279,544.
  • The situation is improved further if Y-descendants of the other sons of Thomas-1 Goodrich of VA: Benjamin-2 Goodrich, Joseph-2 Goodrich, and Peter-2 Goodrich, test and have DYS390 = 24 result seen for Y-descendants of Charles-2 Goodrich; providing maximum support for the interpretation that the DYS390 = 24 to DYS390 = 25 mutation occurred in a shared Y-ancestor of WIlliam-1 Goodridge of MA and William-1 Goodrich of CT, which in turn would require that William-1 Goodridge of MA and William-1 Goodrich of CT were related to each other more closely (first cousins) than they were related to Thomas-1 Goodrich of VA (second cousins).

Next-Generation-Sequencing (NGS) Y-STR Testing

The latest NGS Y-SNP tests also include hundreds of Y-STR markers, and the FTDNA Big Y-700 test, in particular, provides up to 700 Y-STR markers or more. Increasing the number of Y-STR markers that are being compared increases the number of Y-STR mutation points of difference, which increases the accuracy of calculations of genetic distance between kits.

G-18 and G-62 have taken the Big Y-700 test, and G-50 is preparing to take the Big Y-700 test soon.

In the meantime, using the FGC Y-Elite 2.0 test that G-18, G-50 and G-62 took at the same time in 2014 and had interpreted in 2015, the Y-STR portion of the data was interpreted by YFull and a total of 463 Y-STR markers with reliable reads were found to be shared by the 3 kits. The table below, summarizing the results by comparing each kit to the Y463 modal of the 3 kits, suggests that G-18 is related more closely to G-50 than to G-62.

Y463 Y-STR Comparison

However, the modal distances between G-18 vs. G-50 (16), and G-18 vs. G-62 (19), differ by just 3 mutations. This could be increased to as much as 5 mutations when Big Y-700 Y700+ data is available for all 3 kits, and of course the disparity should be in the same direction if the trend is accurate, so for now the data shown above is considered preliminary, with an outcome that is at least not inconsisted with the proposed placement of William-1 Goodridge of Watertown as son of William Goodrich II of Hessett.

NGS Y-SNP Testing

NGS Y-SNP testing is a much simpler and more powerful tool to use that is capable of producing Y-SNP mutations that, due to their permanent, irreversible nature, are considered to be of "fingerprint" quality, provided that: 1) a Y-SNP mutation point of difference exists, 2) the Y-SNP mutation point of difference is detected, and 3) the Y-SNP mutation point of difference has reliable rather than ambiguous reads of the allele status (A, C, G, T) at the nucleotide base pair (nbp) out of the 59 million total nbps of the Y-chromosome. There are an estimated 12-14 million nbps, of the 59 million total nbps of the Y-chromosome, believed to be capable of reliable reads for Y-SNP mutations in the FTDNA Big Y-700 and FGC Y-Elite 2.1 NGS Y-SNP tests. [14]

The current output for the Goodrich Surname Y-SNP Project shown in the table that follows lacks the complexity and ambiguities of the Y25-Y111 Y-STR outputs shown previously:

Goodrich Surname NGS Y-SNP Project

Each color-coded level of relationship is associated with a specific Y-SNP mutation, or group of Y-SNP mutations, including as examples:

  • E-Z5018: the geographically diverse parent of its rare branch E-Z16242, with its origins in the Balkans possibly concentrated in the former Roman provinces of Moesia Superior, Moesia Inferior, and Illyria.
  • E-Z16242: seen in all Y-descendants of Felsham Goodrich who have tested, as well as in 2 separate kits from Brazil with known pre-1500 origins in Portugal and in 1 kit from Georgia; formerly of Armenia. Until E-Z16242+ is seen in a kit from the Balkans, its current roster of kit locations seems to imply that E-Z16242 originated in the former Roman province of Hispania sometime after its Roman conquest (presumably including imperial auxiliary cavalry units with carriers of the parent E-Z5018 Y-SNP mutation) began in 218 BC. No other families that have immigrant ancestor origins in England and who are E-Z16242+ have been found so far, and E-Z16242 remains one of the rarest descendant haplogroups of the much larger, Balkans-originated E-Z5018 to date.
  • E-L1019: seen in all Y-descendants of Robert Goodrich of Felsham who have tested; Robert is the most recent common Y-ancestor of all of the E-L1019+ kits shown.
  • E-FGC19308: seen in all Y-descendants of William-1 Goodrich of CT who have tested; William is the most recent common Y-ancestor of all of the E-FGC19308+ kits shown.
  • E-FGC14559: seen in all Y-descendants of Ephraim-2 Goodrich who have tested; Ephraim is the most recent common Y-ancestor of all of the E-FGC14559+ kits shown.
  • E-A21920: seen in all Y-descendants of David-2 Goodrich who have tested; David is the most recent common Y-ancestor of all of the E-A21920+ kits shown.
  • E-FGC61650, E-FGC61651, E-FGC61652: a set of 3 Y-SNP mutations seen in a group of Y-descendants of William-2 Goodrich; the particulars of their specific Y-ancestry, and the specific Y-SNP mutation, if any, attributable to William-2 Goodrich remain to be determined.
  • E-FGC44079: this Y-SNP mutation was used previously as a point of difference; believed since 2015 to be shared by Y-descendants of William-1 Goodridge of MA and William-1 Goodrich of CT and not shared with Y-descendants of Thomas-1 Goodrich of VA. Unfortunately, E-FGC44079 appears to be an example of a Y-SNP mutation with occasionally ambiguous reads similar to those seen for E-BY3880; the parent of E-Z5018; however, there are enough kits that have reliable E-BY3880+ and E-BY3880- reads to compensate statistically for those that are not, which is not the case for E-FGC44079, which is now left out of the chart shown. The prospects of compensating for E-FGC44079 by accumulating a sufficient number of reliable positive and negative reads are poor, given that only one representative of William-1 Goodridge of MA and one representative of Thomas-1 Goodrich of VA have been identified, recruited, and have taken NGS Y-SNP testing since 2014.
  • Note how the pattern of shared Y-SNP mutations is more consistent within the generation 2 ancestral lines than is the case in the Y25-Y111 output shown previously. However, the ideal single Y-SNP mutation shared by Y-descendants of William-1 Goodridge of MA and William-1 Goodrich of CT not shared with Y-descendants of Thomas-1 Goodrich of VA is not E-FGC44079, and therefore has not appeared yet, though with further testing of more representatives of each Y-line one could appear.
  • Regarding the known and postulated origins of the 4 families so far, including Felsham Goodrich, that share the rare Y-SNP mutation E-Z16242: E-Z5018 is the parent of E-Z16242, which is represented so far by 2 families (1 kit for both) from Brazil with certain pre-1500 origins in Portugal, and 1 family (1 kit) from Armenia (now in Georgia), and 1 family, Felsham Goodrich (43 total kits shown), from England (now in USA), with suspected shared origins in what is now Portugal. Their confluence in Portugal can be rationalized most readily by the known conquest of the former Hispania by the Roman Empire that began in 218 BC and ended in 19 BC; bringing the Y-DNA haplogroup E-Z5018; a descendant of E-V13, with known origins in the Balkans, to Hispania where, so far, it appears that E-Z16242 emerged. The two kits from Brazil could share Y-ancestors who were part of the Ala II Flavia Hispanorum Roman auxiliary cavalry unit, which had a permanent garrison at Rosina de Vidriales near the Legio VII Gemini in Leon in NW Spain near northern Portugal. [15] This could have kept their Y-line in Hispania through the 4th-5th centuries, while other E-Z16242+ Y-lines were being deployed to Britannia and Armenia in the 1st-2nd centuries and settled ultimately in these remote locations.
Potential Interplay of (E-Z5018+, E-L17+) and (E-Z5018+, E-Z16242+) in Iberian Roman Auxiliary Units
  • When the kit from Armenia, in particular, appeared and displayed Y-DNA relation to kits from Portugal and England, the immediate interpretation that came to mind was the invasion of a then-much-larger Armenia/Parthian Empire by the Roman General-Emperor Trajan; a native of Hispania with Italian ancestry, in the years 114-117 AD. Trajan had a single unit in his army, the Ala I Ulpia Auriana, that was comprised, in part, of a unit based in Hispania, the Ala I Hispanorum Auriana, that took part in the invasion and conquest of Armenia in 114-117 AD at the time of the Roman Empire. [16] This may be as close as the Goodrich Surname Y-SNP Project can ever approach to an actual placement of any kit as a Y-descendant of a member of a specific Roman imperial cavalry unit, or any other group from ancient history, due to the fortuitous military recruitment circumstances described for the Ala I Ulpia Auriana.
  • The simplest attempted rationale for E-Z16242+ proto-Goodrich in Britannia; now England (as part of an imperial Roman auxiliary cavalry unit based in Hispania and attached to Roman legions in military deployments), involves deployment to the Roman fort at Ixworth, Suffolk (10 miles north of Felsham), in the aftermath of the Boudiccan revolt of 61 AD in that general vicinity, as part of a peacekeeping force. Though the revolt was intense and caused thousands of casualties, [17] its aftermath was relatively uneventful, so that by 100 AD the Roman fort at Ixworth had been converted into a civilian settlement, [18] where the proto-Goodrich cavalry soldier could retire as a full Roman citizen, after he had completed 25 years of military service. [19] Hispania-based auxiliary unit candidates include the Ala I Hispanorum Asturum; attested by Roman military diplomas in the former East Anglia. [20]

Sources

  1. ↑ Goodridge Memorial: Ancestry and Descendants of Moses Goodridge, Sidney Perley, private (1884)
  2. ↑ The Goodridge Genealogy, Edwin Alonzo Goodridge, M.D. (1918)
  3. ↑ "Whence Came William Goodrich of Watertown?" The American Genealogist. 43:1 (1967), pages 43-49
  4. ↑ Church of England Records of St. Ethelbert-Hessett at Suffolk Record Office-Ipswich
  5. ↑ Church of England Records of St. Ethelbert-Hessett at Suffolk Record Office-Ipswich
  6. ↑ Deed of feoffment, 06 Oct 1585, FL528/13/11585, Suffolk Record Office, Bury St. Edmunds Branch
  7. ↑ Church of England Records of St. Ethelbert-Hessett at Suffolk Record Office-Ipswich
  8. ↑ 05 Feb 1618/9: Church of England Records, St. James-Bury St. Edmunds, Suffolk Record Office-Ipswich
  9. ↑ Church of England Records of St. Mary-Troston, Suffolk at Suffolk Record Office-Ipswich
  10. ↑ Church of England Records of St. Mary the Virgin-Ixworth, Suffolk at Suffolk Record Office-Ipswich
  11. ↑ Church of England Records of St. Mary-Bury St. Edmunds at Suffolk Record Office-Ipswich
  12. ↑ Sorenson Molecular Genealogy Foundation
  13. ↑ Family Tree DNA
  14. ↑ ISOGG Y-SNP Testing Wiki
  15. ↑ "The Auxilia of the Roman Army Raised in the Iberian Peninsula," Margaret Roxan (1973). Vol. 1, p 147
  16. ↑ "The Auxilia of the Roman Army Raised in the Iberian Peninsula," Margaret Roxan (1973). Vol. 1, p 111
  17. ↑ https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/boudicca.shtml Boudicca on BBC
  18. ↑ https://www.heritagegateway.org.uk/Gateway/Results_Single.aspx?uid=385184&resourceID=19191
  19. ↑ Retirement Requirements for Auxiliary Soldiers of the Roman Empire
  20. ↑ "The Auxilia of the Roman Army Raised in the Iberian Peninsula," Margaret Roxan (1973). Vol. 1, p 320




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