John Thomas (Duncan) Dunkin (1743 - bef. 1818)

Born 28 Oct 1743 in Salisbury, Lancaster, Pennsylvania

Ancestors

Husband of Eleanor (Sharp) Duncan — married 27 Aug 1761 (to 1816) in , Hanover County, Pennsylvania

Descendants

Died before 6 Aug 1818 before age 74 in Washington County, Virginia, United States

Problems/Questions Profile managers: Jane Copes [send private message], Sandy Edwards [send private message], Donna Perkins [send private message], Deanna Green [send private message], and Michelle Simpson [send private message]

Research Note

1. John Dunkin-495 (same as John Duncan-1983 -- s/b merged) Only Son of John Duncan and Elizabeth Alexander (Existing updated Wiki Profiles for this Family) Name Variations already included on Duncan Profile 5908 & 1983 2. Married Eleanor Sharp about 1761 3. Anonymous Dunkin-494 (son) is same as Duncan-2925 (John Thomas Duncan/Dunkin Jr. m. Mary Laughlin) Other descendants should be researched for existing Wiki Profiles and corrected as appropriate. 4. James Dunkin-494 (b. 1785-1852) 5. Anonymous Dunkin-492 (Calvin b. 1815)

Biography

Captain John (Duncan) Dunkin served with Virginia Militia during the American Revolution.

John (Duncan) Dunkin is a DAR Patriot Ancestor.

N.B. I have changed John's dob from 1735 to 1743 so that it will be in line with his Findagrave.com entry. If anyone has information and a source in re his actual date of birth, please post that information here, and notify me and/or the profile manager. Thank you. (I realize the gravestone says 1743 but gravestones can be incorrect. (Patricia Prickett Hickin, 27 October 2018.)

N.B. I have removed biographical material that was in the Sources section and placed it in a .pdf, which you may access by clicking here. (Patricia Prickett Hickin, (9 Apr 2019).

N.B. For a 15-page bio of John that is found in his wife's Findagrave.com. entry, click here. (Patricia Prickett Hickin,17 May 2019).

John Dunkin was born before 1743 in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, the second or third of six children and the only son of John and Elizabeth Alexander Duncan.^[1]

His father, (John) Thomas, migrated from Scotland to Ireland, where he later married Elizabeth Alexander (born about 1710, (also of Scottish descent). Name presumed to be a John Thomas - appears to have used THOMAS as first name; married Elizabeth Alexander in Ireland then migrated to Pennsylvania.

Birth Estimate 1735-1745 (presumed to be Lancaster PA)^[2]

Alternate birth information: John Dunkin was born in 1743 (another says 1735) in the only known child of Thomas Dunkin and an unknown mother.

On 26 or 27 August 1761, when he was in his later teens, he married Eleanor Sharp . She bore him ten known children, two sons and eight daughters:

1. Elizabeth Duncan
2. John Thomas Dunkin,
3. Joseph Duncan, reportedly moved to area that became Coffee Co. Tennessee (Probate Proved 1848 Hillsboro (Coffee Co.) TN Deed Book E, pg.140))
4. Sarah Duncan
5. Abigail Duncan
6. Ann Duncan
7. Faithful Duncan
8. Elinor Duncan
9. Margaret Duncan
10. Mary Duncan.

Alternate marriage year: 1767. (no source)

Additional marriage information: Marriage Estimate 1761 (presumed to be Lancaster ) Pennsylvania (or Hanover - Dauphin Co) to Eleanor (Nelly) Sharp (daughter of John and Jane Hamilton) ^[3]

&&

He had three children born before he left Pennsylvania which was about 1765. He moved to what is now Russell County, Virginia, on the waters of Clinch river, and settled at a noted place called the Elk Gardens. This was the most remote northwesterly settlement of Virginia west of the Blue Ridge at that time. At Elk Gardens, he was appointed a Captain of Rangers by a Committee of Safety.^[4] He later removed to Kentucky, and continued to live there for the rest of his life.

Will and death

1-43: 8 April 1832, will of John Duncan; all to wife Mary Duncan during her life and after her decease to be equally divided amongst all my children. Exors Harry B. Duncan and Joseph Duncan. Wit. Isaac King, Wm. C. Hale, LaFayette Berry. Prob. May, 1832.

On 6 August 1818, when he was in his later seventies, he died of unknown causes in Washington County, Virginia, perhaps at Elk Garden.

Will and death

Death Estimate 1818 Spring Creek Washington County, Virginia ^[5]

Burial Place: Green Spring Cemetery, Washington Co., Virginia<

Will dated October 2, 1817; Recorded 27 October 1817,Washington Co. VA, District Court Record of Deeds book B, vol. 8, pg. 418; {friends Stanton Pemberton and Jonathan King executors; Security for executors by Thos. McChesney).^[6]

Children mentioned in will . . . .balance divided among my nine children, to wit, Betsy Laughlin, John Dunken, Peggy Laughlin, Joseph Dunkin, Polly Hignite, Sally Laughlin, Ann Martin, Faithful Lock and Elenor Campbell.

Location: (in Elk Garden about 1769)

He is buried in Green Spring Cemetery, Green Spring, Washington County, Virginia.

Timeline

May have migrated from Scotland to Ireland to Pennsylvania. Duncan Family presumed arrival in Lancaster Co. About 1740.

1755 Duncan Family living in Lancaster Co. PA

1761, Aug. 27, John Dunkin of Salisbury , Lancaster Co., married Elenore Sharp of Hanover, Dauphin Co.; then to Washington Co. VA)

1763 Father died intestate owning 127a in Sadsbury Twp (Lancaster PA)

• On March 1, 1763, John was chosen by the Orphans Court of Lancaster Co,, PA, to be the guardian of his sister, Ann (an infant over 14).

Location in Elk Garden (VA) about 1769

1779 Moved from Clinch (VA) to Kentucky in 1779

1780 - 1782 John, Elenore and his family, Elizabeth (his mother) & sisters (Martha, Elizabeth and Jane, (and families) were held by the British at Montreal, (Reportedly held 2 years (1782))

• Other family captured and held included (son) John (later escaped); Samuel Porter (m. Sister Elizabeth) and Soloman Litton. (m. sister Martha); 3rd Sister Jane (m. James Laughlin -who appears to be in Elk Garden VA (1781) (Reportedly prisoners taken at Ruddle's should belong to the Indians, and those at Martin's Fort to the British.
• (Co-Mingled) John & Elizabeth's eldest Son (John) escaped from the British at Montreal; he is said to have reported personally to General Washington. -- in New York, Pennsylvania and Maryland to Western VA

Appears to relate to Son of Capt John and Elenore vs Capt John, who "helped him to escape" ; as found in other texts.

• 1781 - At a court held for Washington County, Virginia, on the 20th of March, 1781, . . ."On motion of James Litton (brother of Solomon) and James Laughlin, (m. sister Mary Jane) and by consent and order of the Court they are appointed guardians of the estates of Captain John Dunkin and Solomon Litton, prisoners of the enemy in Canada See - Litton Letter - Mary Jane Profile
• 1782 - Captives returned.^[7]

Gravestone for John Duncan

From Findagrave.com

Capt John Thomas Dunkin

Birth: 1743 Lancaster County, Pennsylvania; Death: 6 Aug 1818 (aged 74–75) Abingdon, Washington County, Virginia, USA; Burial: Green Spring Cemetery, Green Spring, Washington County, Virginia, USA. Memorial #: 36528415.

Bio: Like his sister, Elizabeth, John led a most unforgettable life. His grave stone and that of his mother attests to the time they were held as prisoners by the British in Quebec, Canada during the Revolutionary War.John's parents were:Thomas Duncan/Dunkin 1692 – 1756Elizabeth Alexander 1710 – 1814 Thomas & Elizabeth immigrated from Scotland by way of Ireland in 1737. John was their only son. His sisters were:Mary Jane Duncan 1740 – 1787 (married James Laughlin) Margaret Duncan 1741 – 1821 (married Mr. Robinson)Ann Duncan 1747 – Elizabeth Duncan 1750 – 1845 (married Samuel Porter) Martha Duncan 1756 – 1821 (married Solomon Litton) John's father died in Lancaster, PA in 1756 when John was 17 years old. -----He married Eleanor "Nellie" Sharp in Hanover, Lancaster, PA on August 27, 1761.

John and Eleanor's children:

1. Elizabeth Duncan - July 14, 1762 in VA – 1850,
2. John Thomas Duncan - Feb. 25, 1765 in VA - 1832,
3. Nancy Duncan 1765 – 1813,
4. Margaret Duncan - Feb. 8, 1767 – 1819,
5. Agnes Peggy Duncan - 1767 – 1846,
6. Joseph Duncan - March 16, 1769 – 1847,
7. Mary Duncan - Oct. 15, 1771,
8. Sarah Duncan Sept. 3, 1773 – 1843,
9. Anne Duncan - Nov. 18, 1775 – 1856,
10. Faithful Sharp Duncan - March 18, 1778 – 1845,
11. Eleanor Duncan - 1781 born in captivity near Montreal, Quebec Province, Canada – 1845-----

On March 1, 1763, John was chosen by the Orphans Court of Lancaster Co, PA to be the guardian of his sister, Ann (an infant over 14). By 1769 John & his family had moved west of the Blue Ridge Mountains to the frontier of southwest Virginia to the Elk Garden, near the present-day Lebanon in Russell county. He was made first a Sergeant, and later a Captain in the frontier militia of Washington Co, and was very active in protecting the frontier against the Indian from 1774 to 1778. When Powell Valley was evacuated in 1776 because of the Cherokee War, he led a party of settlers and militia into the valley and guarded the settlers while they brought out their personal property, which they had been unable to do because of the sudden evacuation of the valley. In early 1779, John & Eleanor & children, his 70 year old mother, his two sisters, and their husbands, Samuel Porter and Solomon Litton, moved from the Clinch to KY in 1779 to the fertile meadows of central Kentucky. That spring after the men planted their crops, they traveled to KY with several other men from the area. They followed Boone's Road through Cumberland Gap, then north to Stoner Creek 25 miles north of Boonesborough (just west of present-day Paris). There a small fort named Martin's station stood. The men stayed at the fort while they ventured into the countryside scouting possible homestead sites. That winter was unusually severe. The rivers and the streams were all frozen; cattle and domestic animals died by the hundreds and thousands. Settlers were reduced to the point of starvation.In June 1780, Colonel Byrd, a British officer, and about 600 Canadians and Indians, attacked Ruddle's and Martin Stations and captured the settlers. The prisoners taken at Martin's were united to the prisoners from Ruddle's. There was understood to be an agreement between the British and Indians, that the prisoners taken at Ruddle's should belong to the Indians, and those at Martin's to the British. The whole of the property of the Americans including their Negroes, were given to the Indians. John Dunkin, had ten or twelve likely Negroes, and a fine person property in stock and furniture, etc., of which he was altogether plundered. Colonel Byrd gave his promise that no to harm would come to them if they surrendered; however the Indians savagely ravaged their settlements killing and maiming some and taking their possessions. All the prisoners were forced on a "death march" down the Licking River to the Ohio River to the mouth of the Great Miami, then up that river as far as navigable, to Detroit, and then to Montreal. It has been claimed that those who couldn't keep up or wouldn't be quiet were killed.-----Information compiled by Gill Bergman, gggg-grandson of Elizabeth (Duncan) Porter, in February 2009. John & his family were held by the British at Montreal, which included the following: John Duncan, age 40, John's wife, Eleanor "Nellie" Sharp Duncan, 38, Elizabeth Duncan, 18, John Duncan, Jr., 16 (escaped in 1781), Margaret "Peggy" Duncan, 14, Joseph Duncan, 12, Mary "Polly" Duncan, 9, Sarah Duncan, 7, Anne Duncan, 5, Faithful Duncan, 2, Eleanor Duncan, born in 1781, in the early part of 1781.

The family was released on November 6, 1782-----Captain John Thomas's eldest son, John Dunkin, Jr., escaped from the British at Montreal. Captain John, an officer of standing, was suspected of having aided his son to escape to carry communications across the wilderness through New York to General Washington's army. John Dunkin, Jr. reported personally to General Washington, by whom he was well provided for until his father and family, including John's elderly mother, were exchanged and met him in Pennsylvania on their return home, through western New York and by Philadelphia, through Pennsylvania and Maryland and to where he had lived in western VA before moving to KY. Kentucky, and there he continued to live for the rest of his life. -----His grandson, Samuel Harvey Laughlin, wrote, My grandfather Dunkin, ever after I knew him, was a taciturn, serious, and rather melancholy man. He was a large stout man, and in his younger days, and until his spirit was broken and his health impaired by his Canadian captivity, and the loss of his property, had been a man of great vigor of mind and body, and fond of hazardous and arduous adventure. "Upon returning to Kentucky after being help captive in Canada, Captain John Dunkin made the following statement: "June 26, 1780, I was taken from Licking Creek in Kentucky County by Captain Henry Bird of the 8th Regiment of his Majesty's forces in conjunction with about eight hundred Indians of different Nations--Viz. Mingoes, Delawares, Shawnees, Hurons, Ottaways, 'Taways and Chippeways. We marched from our village the 27th, being in number 129 men, women and children. We marched down Licking about 50 miles to the Ohio and from thence up ye Big Miami River about 170 miles to the Standing Stone, and from thence up said river to Larramie's (Lorimer's) Store 14 miles on the head of the Miami; and from thence across by land 18 miles to the Landing on the River Glaise - and from thence down said river passing a Taway village and to the mouth of said river about 80 miles at a small village to Miami Indians on the River Miami; from thence down said river about 40 miles to an Indian village called Rose de Boo - and from thence down said river about 18 miles to Lake Erie, where we went on board the Hope, mounted six pounders, Captain Graves, Commander; and so across the said lake to the mouth of Detroit River, and 18 miles up to the same to the fort and town of Detroit, which place we arrived at the 4th of August, 1780 - where we were kept until the 24th when 33 of us were put on board the Gage, Captain Burnit commander, mounted 8 guns, and from thence to Fort Erie and thence in battles 18 miles down the River Niagara to Fort Slusher, at the head of the great fall - and from thence in wagons, 9 miles, where we again went in battles down said river to Fort Niagara at the mouth of said river on the 19th; and on the 5th of September we were again put on board the Ontario, Captain Cowan commander and so across the Lake Ontario to Carlton Island on the 8th, and on the 10th we sent off down the long Sac and into Sandijest Lake, and so down Rapids into Grand River and through a small lake and so the Lasheen. From thence by land 9 miles to Montreal on the 14th of September, 1780, and on the 17th we were sent into Grant's Island and remained there until the 25th of October, when we were again taken back into Montreal and billeted in St. Lawrence suburbs. I was put in confinement in the Long Gaol ... September 1st, and remained in close confinement until the 17th day of October, when I was permitted to go and live with my family with the privilege of walking the town and suburbs." After the war was over the Duncan and Berry families returned to the Holston area. They had lost their land, their possessions, and their slaves. They were never repaid for their losses. -----

Washington Co. VA, District Court Record of Deeds B, Vol.8, pg.418John Dunken of Washington Co. VA, weak in body, .. executors should sell my personal property all and singular at twelve months credit the product to be disposed of as hereinafter mentioned. .. daughter Sally Laughlin, $100; daughter Elenoar Campbell, $50; balance divided among my nine children, to wit, Betsy Laughlin, John Dunken, Peggy Laughlin, Joseph Dunkin, Polly Hignite, Sally Laughlin, Ann Martin, Faithful Lock and Elenor Campbell. Executors to convey to John Laughlin the track of land on which I now live in compliance with a bond given by me to the said Laughlin for that purpose. Appoint my beloved friends Stanton Pemberton and Jonathan King executors. Dated October 2, 1817. /s/ John Dunken. Wit. Thomas McChesney, John Sharp, Jonathan King. Recorded 27 October 1817. Security for executors by Thos. McChesney.-----More about John can be found on the memorial of his wife, Eleanor.

Family Members: Parents: Elizabeth Alexander Dunkin (1710-1814); Spouse: Eleanor Sharp Dunkin (1740-1816); Siblings: Elizabeth Duncan Porter (1750-1845), Martha Dunkin Litton (1756-1821); Children: Elizabeth Duncan Laughlin (1762-1850), John Thomas Duncan (1765-1832), Margaret Jane Duncan Laughlin (1767-1816), Joseph Duncan (1769-1847), Sarah Duncan Laughlin (1773-1843), Faithful Sharp Dunkin Lock (1778-1845).^[8]

American Revolution

John Duncan was a Captain in Washington County, Virginia; was commissioner of police. During the revolution he and his wife Elinor Sharp were taken prisoner and held at Quebec. Sources: Summers, History OF SW VA, 1746-1786: Washington Count, 1777-1870, P 285; Clark, Militia of Washington Co, Virginia P 18; and McHenry, Rebel Prisoners at Quebec 1778-1783, PP 27, 64. ^[9] his wife Elinor Sharp is DAR A034867.

YDNA

This family is in the ClanDonnachaidh Y-DNA Project in Duncan Subgroup B, halogroup R-M269 (no Big Y-DNA test done yet).^[10] Family confirmed in the same halogroup:

• John Thomas Duncan Sr (abt.1700-bef.1760)
• son of Thomas: John Duncan (1743-1818)

Sources

1. ↑ From: Historical Sketches, Volume 10, 1976, pages 22-28, published by The Historical Society of Southwest Virginia Bio of CAPTAIN JOHN DUNKIN OF ELK GARDEN by Emory L. Hamilton
2. ↑ 1743 Lancaster Birth. URL: http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~varussel/families/samuelherveylaughlindiary.html Hervey Diary]
3. ↑ 1896 "Early Lutheran Baptisms and Marriages in Southeastern Pennsylvania : the records of Rev. John Casper Stoever from 1730 to 1779" (FHL book 974.8 K2se)
4. ↑ Laughlin, Samuel Hervey, A Diary of Public Events and Notices of My Life and Family and Of My Private Transactions including Studies, Travels, Readings Correspondence, Business Anecdotes, Miscellaneous Memoranda of Men, Literature, Etc From January 1st, 1845 to August, 1845 and Sketch of my Life from Infancy. URL: http://www.frontierfolk.net/ramsha_research/laughlin.html Accessed 26 May 2019.
5. ↑ Washington Co. VA, District Court Record of Deeds book B, vol. 8, pg. 418
6. ↑ Mary Ann Duncan Dobson "Duncan Research Files" (Consolidated, sourced and acknowledged); and the many Duncan Researchers that have provided information.URL: http://homepages.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~dobson/va/vawashin.htm Washington Co VA Records]
7. ↑ From: Historical Sketches, Volume 10, 1976, pages 22-28, published by The Historical Society of Southwest Virginia Bio of CAPTAIN JOHN DUNKIN OF ELK GARDEN by Emory L. Hamilton
8. ↑ Virginia Brown (47053782), “Capt John Thomas Dunkin,” Findagrave.com. Record added 29 Apr 2009. URL: https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/36528415/dunkin%20Findagrave%20Memorial%20365284150. Accessed 9 April 2019.
9. ↑ Daughters of the American Revolution, DAR Genealogical Research Databases, database online, (http://www.dar.org/ : accessed 30 August 2022), "Record of John Duncan Sr", Ancestor # A034922.
10. ↑ https://www.familytreedna.com/public/ClanDonnachaidh?iframe=ycolorized

• Virginia Brown (47053782), “Capt John Thomas Dunkin,” Findagrave.com. Record added 29 Apr 2009. URL: https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/36528415/dunkin%20Findagrave%20Memorial%20365284150. Accessed 9 April 2019. part of the group taken to Quebec during the American Revolution. Very complete story on that page. Dates are a little different, but wife and children's names match Mary Pierce Hughes's records.
• Dunkin, John Thomas, Will. John Dunkin's Will - Pro. 27 Oct 1817, Washington Co., Va. , The Southwest Virginian, Vol II, #12, p. 2-7. , [Broderbund WFT Vol. 5, Ed. 1, Tree #1038, Date of Import: 14 Jun, 1998]
• King Watkins kin -- the "green book" Maellen King Ford. (Possibly: William King - Virginia Watkins, their ancestors and descendants, [U.S.] : [M.K. Ford], 1986.) This tells that John born about 1735 in PA, married 27 Aug 1761, died Washington, PA with will proved 27 Oct 1817
• U.S. and International Marriage Records, 1560-1900 gives John Duncan's bride's name as Eleanor Nelly Sharp.
• Title: U.S. and International Marriage Records, 1560-1900
• Title: Family Data Collection - Individual Records
• Title: U.S., Sons of the American Revolution Membership Applications, 1889-1970 (Elinor Sharp Sr - SAR Membership: 84343 Role: Ancestor Application Date: 4 May 1960 Spouse: John Duncan)
• Title: U.S. and International Marriage Records, 1560-1900
• Title: Pennsylvania, Lutheran Baptisms and Marriages Early Lutheran Baptisms and Marriages in Southeastern Pennsylvania
• We Relate (sourced)
• Sharp Family Genealogy/Research
• Sharp Family Genforum Message #4568 Title: "Migration from Lancaster, PA to East Tennessee" Author: Hersch, Jane05 Jan 2003
• http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=36528415&ref=acom

N.B. I have removed biographical material that was in the Sources section and placed it in a .pdf, which you may access by clicking here. Patricia Prickett Hickin, (9 Apr 2019).

• Laughlin, Samuel Hervey, A Diary of Public Events and Notices of My Life and Family and Of My Private Transactions including Studies, Travels, Readings Correspondence, Business Anecdotes, Miscellaneous Memoranda of Men, Literature, Etc From January 1st, 1845 to August, 1845 and Sketch of my Life from Infancy. URL: http://www.frontierfolk.net/ramsha_research/laughlin.html Accessed 26 May 2019.
• Repository: #R-1193521765 Pennsylvania, Land Warrants and Applications, 1733-1952 Ancestry.com Publication: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc.
• Repository: #R-1193521765 Pennsylvania, Church Records - Adams, Berks, and Lancaster Counties, 1729-1881 Ancestry.com Publication: Ancestry.com Operations Inc
• Repository: #R-1193521765 Web: Virginia, Find A Grave Index, 1607-2012 Ancestry.com Publication: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc.
• Repository: #R-1193521765 Pennsylvania, Revolutionary War Battalions and Militia Index, 1775-1783 Ancestry.com Publication: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc.
• Repository: #R-1193521765 U.S., Revolutionary War Rolls, 1775-1783 Ancestry.com Publication: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc.
• Repository: #R-1193521765 U.S. and International Marriage Records, 1560-1900 Yates Publishing Publication: Ancestry.com Operations Inc
• Repository: #R-1193521765 Family Data Collection - Births Edmund West, comp. Publication: Ancestry.com Operations Inc
• Repository: #R-1193521765 Family Data Collection - Individual Records Edmund West, comp. Publication: Ancestry.com Operations Inc
• Repository: #R-1193521765 Millennium File Heritage Consulting Publication: Ancestry.com Operations Inc
• Repository: #R-1193521765 1810 United States Federal Census Ancestry.com Publication: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc.
• Repository: #R-1193521765 Ancestry Family Trees Publication: Online publication - Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com. Original data: Family Tree files submitted by Ancestry members. Ancestry Family Tree https://www.ancestry.com/family-tree/tree/90285541/family
• Repository: #R-1193521765 U.S., Find A Grave Index, 1600s-Current Ancestry.com Publication: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc.
• Repository: #R-1193521765 Pennsylvania and New Jersey, Church and Town Records, 1708-1985 Ancestry.com Publication: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc.
• Repository: #R-1193521765 Pennsylvania, Lutheran Baptisms and Marriages Ancestry.com Publication: Ancestry.com Operations Inc
• Repository: #R-1193521765 Pennsylvania, Land Warrants, 1733-1987 Ancestry.com Publication: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc.

Acknowledgements

• WikiTree profile Duncan-1983 was created through the import of McChesney_Susan Berry m Abram McConnell.ged on Oct 16, 2012 by Patricia Hickin.
• Thank you to Terry Duncan for creating WikiTree profile Duncan-2966 through the import of J Duncan.ged on Apr 12, 2013.
• Thank you to Jim Berry for creating WikiTree profile Dunkin-383 through the import of Thos_Berry_1776_anc.ged on Dec 19, 2013.
• Michelle (Welborn) Simpson created John Thomas (Dunkin) Duncan (1743-1818) on 2 Feb 2016.
• Patricia Prickett Hickin created John Thomas (Duncan) Dunkin (1743-bef.1818) on 17 May 2019.